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矿山摇摆式输送机设计【7张CAD高清图纸和说明书】【SJ系列】

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徐州工程学院毕业设计(论文)图书分类号:密 级:摘要当今社会,随着科技的发展,矿山摇摆式输送机的应用越来越广泛,人们对输送机的研究从来没有停止过,为了满足不同的需求,出现了各式各样的输送机,有摇摆式输送机和带式输送机,平板式输送机等为了把自己所学的专业知识理论更好的应用于实际,以摇摆式输送机为目标,该输送机主要有三部分组成:连杆机构,电动机,还有个减速器,它的设计是在连杆机构运动分析的基础上,进行电动机的选择,减速器零件的设计,其中包含有:轴,齿轮,轴承的设计和校核,材料的选择和附件的设计,最后完成减速器装配,从而构建了矿山摇摆式输送机,相比其他几类传输机而言,该减速器结构简单,装拆使用都很方便,适用范围也比较广,一般可应用于煤矿运输,也可用于矿山一类的材料运输。关键词 减速器;传输机;摇摆Abstract Todays society, along with the development of technology, mining sway conveyor application of more and more extensive. People on the conveyor of the study have never stopped. In order to meet different requirements for a wide range of conveyor. A swing-and conveyor belt, such as concrete mixers. With the progress of mankind, more and more and more good swing-conveyor will be manufactured to meet the needs of production development. Through this study and research the subject so that students learn knowledge on a systematic grasp and understanding. They found that training and problem-solving abilities. In order to study their expertise in theory better applied to practical, to sway for the transmission of goals. The design of transmission linkage is in motion analysis on the basis of the choice of motors, parts of the design reducer (shaft, gear, bearing the design and verification), the complete reducer assembly, which built a swing-transfer machine.Keywords Reduction gear Transmission machine SwingII徐州工程学院毕业设计(论文)目 录1绪论.11.1毕业设计的目的,内容和进行形式11.2机械设计的一般过程.11.2.1选定设计的课题12机构简介和设计数据22.1机构简介23连杆机构与物料的运动分析33.1机构进行速度分析.33.2对机构进行速度加速度分析43.3连杆机构与物料的动态静力分析.54传动装置的总体设计94.1动力机的机械特性.94.2电动机的选择.94.2.1 确定电动机的转速.94.3总传动比的计算与分配114.3.1总传动比的计算.114.3.2传动比的分配.115传动零件的设计计算135.1带传动的设计135.2齿轮的设计155.2.1对高速级齿轮的参数计算.155.2.2对低速级齿轮的参数计算.186轴和轴承的设计.226.1绘制装配图前的准备工作226.2对轴的设计226.2.1概述.236.2.2初步设计.236.3轴的校核246.4轴承的设计267减速器的附件和机体297.1附件概述297.1.1附件.297.1.2轴承端盖设计.307.1.3轴承的润滑与密封.3072箱体的设计.307.2.1箱体的结构.307.2.2箱体的结构尺寸.317.2.3箱体设计时应满足的要求.327.3承盖、套杯、调整垫片组设计与选择327.3.1轴承盖.327.4速器的润滑与密封337.4.1齿轮油的选择.337.4.2润滑济的选择.337.4.3减速器的密封.348机架的设计.35结论37致谢.38附录.39英文原文:.39中文翻译:.50II徐州工程学院毕业设计(论文)1绪论1.1毕业设计的目的,内容和进行形式 培养理论联系实际的设计思想,训练综合运用机械设计和有关先修课程的理论,结合生产实际分析和解决工程实际问题的能力,巩固,加深和扩展有关机械设计方面的知识;通过制定设计方案合理选择传动机构和零件类型,正确计算零件工作能力,确定尺寸和选择材料,以及较全面的考虑加工制造工艺,使用和维护等要求,之后进行结构设计,达到了解和掌握机械零件,机械传动装置或简单机械的设计过程和方法; 进行设计基本技能的训练。例如计算,绘图,熟悉和运用资料(手册,图册,标准和规范等)以及使用经验数据,进行经验估算和处理数据的能力。 1.2机械设计的一般过程 任何一部新机器都要经过设计,研制,生产和使用等四个阶段。其中设计阶段通常没有固定的程序,典型的顺序: (1)明确设计任务,制定设计任务书 (2)提供方案并进行评价 (3)按照选顶的方案进行各零部件的总体布置,运动学,动力学和零件工作能力计算,结构设计和绘制总体设计图 (4)施工设计:根据总体设计的结果,考虑结构工艺性等要求,绘出零件工作图 (5)审核图纸 (6)整理设计文件,包括:编写计算书,使用说明书等。 1.2.1选定设计的课题 摇摆式传输机一般在矿山采煤,或者用于矿山运输,整个机器的工作过程就包括了运动学,动力学和零件工作能力,通过对摇摆式传输机的设计可以让我们了解整个机器的设计过程,也能够加深和巩固运动学,动力学,还有零件设计的能力,更加熟悉机械设计的计算机设计工具(auto-cad)和资料。 明确设计的目的和设计的一般过程。 2机构简介和设计数据2.1机构简介 摇摆式输送机一种是水平传送材料用的矿山运输机械(如图2-1)。电动机通过齿轮Z5-Z6,Z3-Z4,与Z1-Z2 使曲柄 2在经过六连杆机构使输料槽 6作往复移动,放置在槽上的物料 7 借助摩擦力随输料槽一起运动。无聊的输料是利用机构在某些位置输料槽有相当大的加速度,使物料在惯性力的作用下克服摩擦力而发生滑动,滑动的方向恒自左往右,从而达到输送的目的。在该位置时,物料正好和槽有相对滑动,也就是说,此时物料具有最大的速度,而槽此时有向左的加速度,使得物料能够脱离小车达到输送的目的。 2-1输送机构原理图设计的数据如下表2-1所示:表2-1设计数据设计连杆机构与物料的运动分析符号N2LHH1L01ALABL02BL02CLAS3L02S4F0fG7单位r/mmmm数据57.52829347590302160270110400.450.3550000N3连杆机构与物料的运动分析连杆机构与物料的运动分析:已知:各构件的尺寸及重心S的位置(构件2的重心与轴O1重合),曲柄2每分钟转数n2,物料对槽的静、动摩擦系数f0、f,以及物料的重量G。要求:分析机构5位置的运动简图、速度、加速度多边形在该位置时,物料正好和槽有相对滑动,也就是说,此时物料具有最大的速度,而槽此时有向左的加速度,使得物料能够脱离小车达到输送的目的。3.1机构进行速度分析图3-1 A点的速度分析图由图3-1可以知道:W01A=2n/60=57.56.28/60r/min 式(3.1)VA=W01AL01A=57.56.280.09/60=0.53m/s 式(3.2)VB = VA + VBA 式(3.3)大小 ? 0.53 ?方向 O O1A BA由于这个速度矢量方程只含有二个未知量,因此可以用矢量图解法求解。具体步骤如下:选定适当的速度比例尺Uv ,Uv=速度大小/代表速度大小的线段(m/s)/mm 在图纸上任选一点p作矢量VA的起点,画线段pa=VA/uvmm方向O1A,所得矢量表示VA的大小和方向,沿VA矢量端a作VBA的方向线(AB)以表示VBA的方向,过矢量端p点作VB的方向线(O2C)则二线交点b就是矢量VB的端点所以其大小为VBA=0.55m/s,VB=0.69m/s因为VB和VC是同一杆O2上的两点,所以其速度大小与VB成比例,其方向与VB相同,VC =(270/160)VB1.16m/s由VC速度可以得到VD,VC是在D杆上的滑块,速度沿两个方向运动,水平方向和垂直方向,利用VC的正交分解可以得到VDX=VD=1.1m/s方向水平向右此前物料和槽没有相对滑动,即槽的速度和加速度就是物料的速度和加速度在此时5位置时,物料的惯性力uN=500000.45=22500N,当稍过5后,物料的惯性力大于静摩擦力,故物料开始滑动滑动以后其速度不在等于槽的速度加速度,此时物料在大小,方向都不变的动摩察力f=500000.35=17500N作用下做等速运动。3.2对机构进行速度加速度分析B点的加速度aB W02B=VB/L02B=0.69/0.16=431r/min 式(3.4) aBn=W02B2L02B=4.314.310.16=2.98m/s2 式(3.5) aB = aBn + aBt大小 ? 2.98 ?方向 ? BO O2B因为该等式具有3个未知量,所以无法求解,但是以下等式可以等同上式: anA=wo1A2L01A=3.26m/s2 因为 VBA =0.55m/s 所以 WBA=V BA/LBA =0.55/0.3021.82r/min a nBA=WBA2LBA=1.821.820.3021.0 m/s2 aB = anB + atB 式(3.6)aB = anBA + atBA + anA = anB + atB大小 ? 1 ? 6 ? 2.98方向 ? BA BA AO1 ? BO2该等式只有两个未知量,可求解,具体作图如下:选定适当的加速度比例迟uaua=加速度的大小/代表加速度大小的线段(m/s2)mm图3-2 AB杆和CD杆加速度分析图在图纸上任选一点p,过p作矢量pn1代表anA,方向AO1过 n1作矢量 n1n2,代表anBA,方向BA,过n 2作直线BA,在过p作矢量pn3代表anB方向,过O2作直线O2B,两直线交于B,所以由图知道,pb代表aB, n2B代表atBAn3b代表atB,所以: a B=pbua=3m/s2 式(3.7)a BA=n2bua=5.7 m/s2atB=n3bua=0.4 m/s2图3-3 加速度分析图因为B和C是位于同一杆上的两点,所以其加速度的大小成相应的比例,如图3-3所示,其方向应相同: aC=aB270/260=5.2 m/s2,由此可以得出来连杆2在5位置时,小车的速度为1.1m/s2方向向右的加速度大小为0.8 m/s2,方向和速度方向相反,所以该时候物料由于惯性力的作用继续向右运动,使得物料达到输送的目的。当刚过 5位置时候,小车就具有向左的加速度,使得小车作减速运动,我们就把这个时候 5位置当作是小车有最大的速度。 3.3连杆机构与物料的动态静力分析 在进行机构的动态静力分析时候,必须考虑如何先确定各构件的惯性力。机构的动态静力分析的步骤如下:(1) 分析各构件的惯性力,并把它们视为外力加于产生这些惯性力的构件上.(2) 根据静定条件将机构分解为若干个构件组和平衡力作用的构件,进行力的分析其顺序一般是由外力全部已知的构件组开始,逐步推算到平衡力(为未知外力)作用的构件。求构件杆AB的质心S3处的惯性力利用上面的已经求出来的条件和加速度分析图示,可以得出来,质心S3处的加速度确定各构件的惯性力和惯性力偶矩作用在构件AB上的惯性力Fi3和惯性力偶矩Mi3为 Fi3=G3/g=356/10N 式(3.8)Mi3=0.556.92/0.32=12Nm 式(3.9)由图将通过质心S3的G3和作用在构件AB上的Mi3合成一个总惯性力Fi3,其大小和方向仍为Fi3,但是作用线从质心S3偏移一实际距离hi3,值hi3=Mi3/Fi3=12/=0.21m=207mm 式(3.10)同样对于构件O2C上质心S4的偏移距离 hi4其大小为: Fi4=G4/g=136=136N 式(3.11) Mi4=116.2/0.16=100Nm 式(3.12) Mi4/ Fi4 =100/136=700mm 式(3.13)对杆AB和O2C进受力分析:AB杆的力的图示:以构件AB和构件O2C作为示力体,将其运动副中的反力分解为沿构件和垂直构件轴线的两个分力,则考虑构件AB平衡时,由MB=0得: Fi3179+FAt 302G3167=0 式(3.14)如要合适的分析该图,能找到F66就可以求出来F01t的大小,所以对小车进行分析:小车上50000N的物料对小车具有向左的摩擦力f76,以及小车下面的托滚对小车也有摩擦力 f,而此时小车没有加速度,所以小车没有惯性力,及: F66=F66=f76+ f 式(3.15)对小车下的托滚进行受力分析 N=G7+G6=50000+2940=52940N 式(3.16)由 N 和 F所产生的转动力矩相等得到: F252=N2 式(3.17)F252=529402F3180N而 f76=N7f=500000.35=17500N 式(3.18)所以: F66= F66=f76+ fma=175003179294017170N 式(3.19)由MB=0得:图3-4杆4的受力分析F660.1+Fi40.011F01t 0.16G40.03=0 式(3.20)17170 0.11360.011- F01t0.16-1360 0.03=0F01t=1297N以整个杆组 AB 和O2C作为示力体,可画出下图3-5是所示,最后由力得平衡条件FB=0得:图3-5 杆3杆4的受力分析 FAn+ FAt+Fi3+G3+Fo1t+ Fo1n +G4+Fti4+F66=0 式(3.21)FAn=4626N所以 My=4814Nm此时已经求出来O1A杆的最大力矩。通过对连杆机构的速度分析,加速度分析和静态动力分析,得到杆O1的最大力矩,为传动装置的设计做准备。4传动装置的总体设计传动装置总体设计的目的是确定传动方案。选定电动机型号,合理分配传动比及计算传动装置的运动和动力参数,为计算各级传动件准备条件。机器一般由原动机,传动装置和工作机三部分组成,常见机械传动的主要性能,在布置传动顺序时,一般考虑以下几点:(1) 带传动的承载能力小,传递相同转距时结构尺寸其他传动形式大,但传动平稳,能缓冲减振,因此宜布置在高速区。(2) 链传动运转不均匀时,有冲击,不适合高速度传动,应布置在底速级(3) 圆锥齿轮加工困难,特别是大直径,大摸数的圆锥齿轮,所以只有在需改变轴的布置方向时采用,并尽量放在高速级和限制传动比,以减小圆锥齿轮的直径和摸数。(4) 开式齿轮传动的工作环境差,润滑条件不好,磨损严重,寿命短,应布置在底速级(5) 一般将改变运动形式的机构(螺旋传动,连杆机构,凸轮机构)布置在传动系统的最后一级,并常用于工作机的执行机构。4.1动力机的机械特性此机器设计可把电动机看作为二次动力机。二次动力机是用一次动力机驱动发电机等变能机产生的各种形态的能,转变为机械的机械能机器。如发电机液压马达等。机械特性的一般都用转矩T(或功率P)与转速n 的关系曲线,即:T=f(n)或 P=f(n)曲线表示该输送机采用电动机作为动力源,一下对电动机性能作介绍尺寸:大功率/重量:大调速方法和性能:交流电动机通常是不可调速的,需要时则可通过变频、变级或变转差率进行调速。运行温度的控制:在正常环境下使用,电动机采用风冷,温低于允许值。高温使用性能:受缘的限制,采用耐热的缘材料和特殊设计可提高使用温度。防燃爆性能:需要采用防爆电动机。恶劣环境适应性:采用封闭式电动机。故障反应:运转故障或严重过载可能烧坏电动机,加需有过载保护装置。噪声:噪声小。初始成本:低。维护费用:少。4.2电动机的选择电动机是最常用的原动机,具有结构简单,工作可靠,控制简便和维护容易等优点。电动机的选择主要包括选择其类型和结构形式、容量(功率)和转速,确定具体型号。 4.2.1 确定电动机的转速额定功率相同的电动机有四种同步的转速可以选用,电动机的转速越高,则磁极越少,尺寸及重量越轻,价格也就越低,但是电动机的转速较高也引起传动装置的尺寸和重量的增大,使成本增加,因此该电动机选择合理的转速为1480r/min电动的功率主要根据工作装置的功率来确定,工作装置的功率根据工作阻力的速度确定,即: PW=TWnW/9550=481857.5/9550=29kw 式(4.1)其中:PW表示工作机所需工作功率;TW表示工作机的阻力矩,Nm;nW工作机的转速,r/min;电动机的额定功率应等于或略大于电动机所需的输出功率,以便电动机工作时不会过在载过热,所以取电动机的功率:P0= PW /0.885=33.84kw查相关的手册得:电动机的型号: Y225S-4额定功率: P0=37 kw同步转速: n=1500r/min满载转速: nw=1480r/min其具体实例见下图:E=225mmL=820mmF=18X16mmG=53mmC=149mm图4-1电动机示意图4.3总传动比的计算与分配4.3.1总传动比的计算电动机确定以后,根据电动机的满载转速nm=1480r/min,和工作机构O1A的转速 57.5r/min,可以计算传动装置的总传动比: i=nm/nw=1480/57.5=25.7 式(4.2)该传动比较大,一级传动无法实现,传动装置由多级串联而成,则必须设计合理的各级传动比的乘积和总传动比相等4.3.2传动比的分配总传动比的分配是个比较重要的问题,它将影响到传动装置的外廓尺寸、重量、润滑等许多的问题,具体分配时应考虑以下的问题:个级传动比最好在其范围内选取,平带 i=24,imax=6,圆柱齿轮i=35,imax=10应使各级传动结构的尺寸协调,匀称利于安装,防止相干涉,在有带传动的传动装置中,为防止大带轮和底盘相碰撞,通常使带的传动比小于齿轮的传动比ibig在卧式减器中,应使各级大齿轮的直径相近,便于齿轮浸油润滑,由于低速级的圆周速度低,大齿轮直径可稍大些,传动级数较多时,按前小后大的原则,即从高速轴到低速轴的传动比依次增加,这样可使中间轴具有较高的转速和较小的转矩,从而减小其尺寸和重量(1) 计算总传动比i=25.7 (2) 分配各级传动比为了使带的尺寸不至过大,满ibi.可取ib=2。则齿轮的传动比i=25.7/2=12.8由于齿轮采用二级传动分配12.8的传动比取第一级传动比:i12=3.21因为: i =i23i12 式(4.3)所以:i23=4(3) 计算传动装置的运动和动力参数各轴的转速 n1=nm/ib=1480/2=740r/min 式(4.3)n2=n1/i12=740/3.21=231r/minn3=n2/i23=231/4=57.75 r/min(4) 各轴的功率 P1=Pm=370.98=36.26kw 式(4.4)P2=P1=36.260.95=34.45kwP3=P2=34.450.95=32.73kw(5) 各轴的转矩 T0=9550Pm/nm=955037/1480=238.75Nm 式(4.5)T1=9550P1/n1=955036.26/740=467.95NmT2=9550P2/n2=955034.45/231=1424.23NmT3=5412 Nm把上面计算的数据,综合到下表4-1中:表4-1 运动和动力参数参数电动机轴1 级轴2 级轴3 级轴转速n/(r/min)148074023157.75功率P/kw3736.2634.4532.73转矩T/Nm238.75467.951424.235412 传动比i23.214效率0.980.950.955传动零件的设计计算传动装置包括各种类型的零部件,其中决定其工作性能,结构布置和尺寸大小的主要是传动零件。支承零件和联接零件都要根据传动零件的要求来设计,因此一般先应先设计计算传动零件,确定其尺寸,参数,材料和结构。减速器是独立,完整的传动部件。为了使设计减速器时的原始条件比较准确,通常应先设计减速器以外的传动部件,例如 V 带传动,链传动和开式齿轮传动。5.1带传动的设计此处用 V 带有一下的优点:(1)电动机的主轴与一级轴的皮带设计,该从动轮常用 V 带,V 带已经标准化、系列化主要设计内容是 V 带型号和根数,带轮的材料、直径和轮缘宽度、中心距。(2)注意带轮的大小与其他机件的装配或协调关系,如小带轮直径与电动机中心距高是否相称,其轴孔直径与电动机是否一致,大带轮直径是否过大导致与机架相碰,大小带轮直径及带长均应符合标准系列(3)应计算出 V 带对轴的压力,因为在分析轴的受力时还要使用(4)能缓和载荷冲击(5)运行平稳无噪声(6)制造和安装精度不像啮合传动那样严格(7)过载时将引起带在带轮上的打滑,因而可防止其他的零件的损坏(8)可增加带长的以适应中心距较大的工作条件此处用 V 带有一下的缺点:(1)有弹性滑动和打滑,使效率低和不能保持准确的传动比传递(2)传递同样大的圆周力时,轮廓尺寸和轴上的压力都比啮合传动大(3)带寿命短由上面的计算可以知道,电动机为Y系列三相异步电动机,功率为37kw,转速为 1480r/min,轴1上的转速为 493r/min,因为矿山输送机,所以每天工作不低于16h,载荷变动较大。工作状况系数:KA=1.5计算功率: PC =KAP=1.537=55.5kw 式(5.1)选带的型号可以根据上面的数据查相关手册,选C型带小带轮的直径:D1=250mm大带轮的直径: D2=(1A) D1n1/n2=494mm 式(5.2)设 A=1% 选D2=500mm大带轮的转速: n2=(1A) D1n1/ D2= (10.01) 2501480/500=732r/min 式(5.3)计算带长: Dm=(D1+D2)/2=(250+500)/2=375mm 式(5.4)=( D2D1)/2=250/2=125mm初取中心距:2(D1+D2)a0.55(D1+D2)+h1500mma564mm取: a=700mm带长:基准长度: Ld=3150mm求中心角和包角:中心距: 式(5.5)=780mm1200求带的根数:带速: 式(5.6) =19.36m/s传动比: i=2 带根数: =55.5/(9.1+1.3)0.90.97 =6.5所以取带的根数为7根轴上的载荷: 式(5.7)=带的材料:以涤纶为带的承载层V型带。带轮的结构设计(小带轮):带轮采用的是HT200。由选的电机型号可知:其轴伸直径为140mm,长度为L=225mm,故小带轮的轴孔直径应取140mm。5.2齿轮的设计(1)齿轮传动的设计需要确定齿轮的材料,模数,齿数,分度圆螺旋角,转向,变位系数,分度圆,顶圆,根圆齿宽和中心距等。(2)材料选择的时候应注意毛坯的制造方法,当齿轮直径d500mm时,多采用锻造毛坯,当直径d500mm时,多采用铸造毛坯,小齿轮齿根圆直径与轴劲接近时,多做成齿轮轴,材料应兼顾轴的要求。(3)齿轮设计时,应注意在确定齿数,模数和分度圆螺旋角时,不能独立的一个一个决定,而应综合考虑,当齿轮传动中心距一定时,齿数多,模数小,既能增加重合度,又能降低齿高,减小滑动系数,减轻摩损胶合。(4)要正确处理设计计算的尺寸数据,应分别不同情况进行标准化,整圆或求出精确数值。5.2.1对高速级齿轮的参数计算由于传动装置带有连杆机构,则设计为闭试传动,每天工作不低于16小时,两班制,预期寿命10年,每年300个工作日,在使用期间内工作时间占50%,动力为电动机,工作中有中等振动,传动不逆转,齿轮对称布置,传动尺寸无严格限制,齿面允许少量点噬,无严重过载。故小齿轮采用40Cr,调治处理,硬度为240HB286HB,平均取260HB,与轴1相啮合的大齿轮用45号钢调质处理,硬度229HB286HB,平均取240HB齿面接触疲劳强度计算初步计算转矩: 式(5.8)齿宽系数:d=b/d1=0.81.4,选d=1.0接触疲劳极限:min1=710MPamin2=580MPa初步计算的许用接触应力: H1=0.9710=639MPa H2=0.9580=522MPaAd值查表得: Ad=85初步计算小齿轮1的直径: 式(5.9) 114.4mm d1取113mm初步取齿宽: b=mm 式(5.10)校核计算:圆周速度 v= 式(5.11)精度等级为:8级初选齿数:z1=20, z2=iz1=3.2120=64.264 m=d1/z1=113/20=5.65 式(5.12)m取5.5z1=113/5.5=21,z2=213.21=67使用系数KA: 查表可得:KA=1.5载荷系数Kv:查表可得:Kv=1.2 Ft=2T1/d1=2467950/113=8282N 式(5.13)KAFt/b=1.59550/113=136.8N 式(5.14) =1.7 KH=A+B(b+d1)+Cb=1.4 式(5.15)载荷系数: 式(5.14)弹性系数: 节点区域系数: ZH=2.5接触最小安全系数: SHmin=1.05总工作时间: th=接触寿命系数: 接触许用应力: 式(5.15)验算: 式(5.16)上述表明接触疲劳强度适合,无需调整确定传动主要尺寸实际分度圆直径: mm 式(5.17)mm中心距: 式(5.18)齿宽: b=d 式(5.19)取 b1=126mm,b2=116mm齿根弯曲疲劳强度验算:重合度系数Y:Y=0.25+0.75/=0.7齿间载荷分配系数:,弯曲疲劳极限:,应力循环次数NL: ,弯曲寿命系数: 许用弯曲应力: 式(5.20)验算: 式(5.21)综上,弯曲疲劳强度符合要求所以可得参数数据如表5-1所示:表5-1 圆柱齿轮高速轴传动参数表名称代号小齿轮大齿轮中心距a242传动比i3.21齿数Z2167分度圆直径D116368.5节圆直径d116368.5齿顶圆直径da126379齿根圆直径df103354齿宽B1261165.2.2对低速级齿轮的参数计算小齿轮采用40Cr,调治处理,硬度为240HB286HB,平均取260HB,与轴1相啮合的大齿轮用45号钢调质处理,硬度229HB286HB,平均取240HB转矩: 齿宽系数:d=b/d1=0.81.4,选d=1.0接触疲劳极限: min1=710MPamin2=580MPa初步计算的许用接触应力: H1=0.9710=639MPa H2=0.9580=522MPaAd值查表得: Ad=85初步计算小齿轮1的直径: 158.9mm d1=160mm初步取齿宽: b=mm校核计算:圆周速度: v=精度等级为:9级初选齿数 z1=30, z2=iz1=430=120m=d1/z1=160/30=5.33m取5z1=120/5=24,z2=244=96使用系数KA: 查表可得:KA=1.5载荷系数Kv: 查表可得:Kv=1.2Ft=2T1/d1=21424.231000/160=NKAFt/b=1.5/160=166.9N =1.75KH=A+B(b+d1)+Cb=1.32载荷系数: 弹性系数: 节点区域系数: ZH=2.5接触最小安全系数: SHmin=1.05总工作时间: th=接触寿命系数: 接触许用应力:验算 :上述表明接触疲劳强度适合,无需调整确定传动主要尺寸实际分度圆直径:mmmm中心距:齿宽:b=db1=190mm,b2=180mm齿根弯曲疲劳强度验算:重合度系数Y :Y=0.25+0.75/=0.7齿间载荷分配系数: 弯曲疲劳极限: 应力循环次数NL : 弯曲寿命系数: 许用弯曲应力: 验算:综上,弯曲疲劳强度符合要求所以可得参数数据如表5-1所示:表5-2 圆柱齿轮低速轴传动参数表名称代号小齿轮大齿轮中心距a450传动比i4 续表5-2齿数Z30120分度圆直径D180720节圆直径d180720齿顶圆直径da192732齿根圆直径df165707齿宽B1801706轴和轴承的设计装配图是反映各个零件的相互关系,结构形状以及尺寸的图纸,因此,设计通常是画装配图着手,确定所有零件的位置,结构和尺寸,并以此为依据绘制零件工作图,装配图也是机器组装,调试,维护等的技术依据,所以绘制装配图是设计过程中的重要环节,必须综合考虑对零件的材料,强度,刚度,加工,装拆,调整和润滑等要求,用足够的试图和跑面图表达清楚。减速器主要由传动零件,轴,轴承,箱体及其附件所组成,其基本结构有三部分组成:(1) 齿轮,轴及抽承组合;(2) 箱体;(3) 减速器附件齿轮,轴及轴承组合。小齿轮一轴制成一体,称齿轮轴,这种结构用于齿轮直径与轴的直径相关不的情况下,如果轴的直径为d,齿轮齿根圆的直径为df,则当dfd67mn时,应采用这种结构,而当df-d67mn时,采用齿轮与轴分开为两个饿零件的结构,如低速轴与大齿轮,此时齿轮与轴的周向固定平键联结,轴上零件利用轴肩,轴套和轴承盖作轴向固定,两轴均采用了深沟球轴承,这种组合,用语承受径向载荷和不大的轴向载荷的情况,当轴向载荷叫大时,应采用角接触球轴承,圆锥滚子轴承或深沟球轴承,轴承是利用齿轮选状时溅起的稀油,进行润滑,箱座中油池的润滑油,被选状的齿轮溅起飞溅到箱盖的内壁上,沿内壁流到分箱面坡口后,通过导油槽流入轴承,当浸油齿轮圆周速度v2m/s,时,应采用润滑脂润滑轴承,为避免可能溅起的稀油冲掉润滑脂,可采用挡油环将其分开,为防止润滑油流失和外界回程进入箱内,在轴承端盖和外伸轴之间装有密封元件。6.1绘制装配图前的准备工作在画装配图前,应看有关资料,装拆实际减速器。弄懂各部分的功用,做到都设计内容心中有数,选择计算出有关零部件的结构和主要尺寸,具体内容有:(1) 确定各类传动零件的中心距,最大圆直径和宽度,我们可以知道中心距离是260mm360mm(2) 选出电动机型号和类型并查出轴径和伸出长度(3) 按工作情况和转矩选出联轴器类型和型号(4) 确定滚动轴承类型,我们用的是深沟球轴承(5) 根据轴上零件的受力,固定和定位等要求,初步确定轴的阶梯段(6) 确定机体的结构方案(7) 计算有关机体的尺寸6.2对轴的设计这一阶段的设计内容是通过绘图设计轴的结构尺寸及选出轴承型号,确定轴的支点距离和轴上零件力的作用点,计算轴的强度和轴承寿命传动零件轴和轴承是减速器的主要部件,其他零件的结构和尺寸是根据主要零件的位置和结构而定的。6.2.1概述作回转运动的零件都要装在轴上来实现其回转运动,大多数轴还起着传递转矩的作用,此处的轴用语齿轮的传动,所以只有转矩不受弯矩或弯矩很小。轴材料主要采用碳素钢和合金钢,碳素钢比合金钢价廉,对应力集中敏感性小,所以应用较为广泛,常用的碳素钢有3050钢,最常用的是45号钢,为了保证其力学性能,应进行调质处理,不重要的或较小的轴以及一般传动轴可以使用Q235Q275钢,合金钢具有较高的机械强度,可淬性好,可以在传递大功率并要求减少质量和提高轴径耐磨性时使用。轴设计主要注意的问题有:在不一般情况下,轴的工作能力取决于它的强度和刚度,对机床主轴后者犹为重要,高速轴还决定于踏青的震动稳定性。多数轴上的零件不允许在轴上作轴向移动,需要用轴向固定的方法使弹压们在轴上有确定的位置(1) 为传递转矩,轴上零件还应该作轴向固定(2) 对轴与其他零件间有华东的表面有耐磨性的要求(3) 轴的加工,热处理,装配,检验,维修等都应有良好的工艺性对重要的轴还必须考虑毛坯的制造,探伤,起重等问题6.2.2初步设计初步计算轴径当轴的支撑点没有确定时,无法由强度确定轴径,要用初步古段的办法,即按纯扭矩并降低叙用扭转切应力确定轴径d,计算公式为: dC 式(6.1)式中: P表示轴所传递的功率;n表示转速A为轴的许用应力;可以得到:d143mmd262mm d386mm分别为大齿轮顶圆和 齿轮端面与机体内壁间应留有的空间,以避免铸造机体时的误差造成间隙过小甚至齿轮与机体相碰,L内壁距离,其值应圆整l2内壁至轴承座端面的距离,与考虑扳手空间的c1,c2值有关,取l2=25mmB轴承座端面的距离,其值应圆整轴承内壁至机体之间的距离轴的结构设计即要满足强度的要求也要满足轴上零件的定位,固定和装配的要求,并有良好的加工工艺,所以在轴的结构一般都做成阶梯,并轴的结构设计是以初步计算轴径为基础的,可分为轴的轴向设计和径向设计。6.3轴的校核根据一直条件,设计各级轴的尺寸:对于齿轮轴2(1) 计算两齿轮分度圆直径及其受力 式(6.2)大齿轮: 式(6.3)小齿轮: 式(6.3) 式(6.4)(2) 竖直面内的受力分析支反力: 式(6.5) 式(6.6)弯矩 : 由此可以作出竖直面内的弯矩图(3) 水平面内的变力分析图支反力: 式(6.7)弯矩:由此做出水平弯矩图(4) 求合成弯矩 式(6.8)由此作出合成弯矩图(5) 画出扭矩图,由扭矩T作出扭矩图图6-1 减速器2轴的受力分析(6) 求当量弯矩Me 式(6.9)(7) 危险截面的抗弯截面系数W近似运算时,可省略去B处键槽的影响,则:(8) 确定许用应力查得45号刚,调质的许用应力=60MPa(9) 校核计算 式(6.10)所以轴的强度足够轴1,轴3的强度校核,也采用同样的方法。6.4轴承的设计根据实际的需要选用滚动轴承,由于滚动轴承是标准件,由专门的轴承工厂成批量生产。在机械设计中只需要根据工作条件选用合适的滚动轴承的类型和型号进行组合结构的设计。轴承安装、维修方便,价格也便宜,故应用广泛。优点:(1) 在一般工作条件下,摩擦阻力矩大体和液体动力润滑轴承相当,比混合润滑轴承要小很多。(2) 径向游隙比较小,向心力接触轴承可用预紧方法消除游隙,运转精度高(3) 对于同尺寸的轴颈,滚动轴承的宽度比滑动轴承小,可使机器的轴向结构紧凑。(4) 大多数滚动轴承能同时承受轴向和径向载荷,故轴承组合机构简单(5) 消耗润滑济少,便于密封,易于维护(6) 不需要用有色金属 (7) 标准化程度高,成批量生产,成本低根据以上的原来,选择深沟球轴承,其结构简单,主要承受径向载荷,也可以承受一定的轴向载荷。高速装置中可代替推力轴承。摩擦系数小,极限速度高,价廉,应用广泛。因为 d143mmd261mmd385mm我们要求轴承的寿命Lh8000h ,工作温度在100度以下滚动轴承组件的结构设计应考试到轴承的支承刚度、同轴度、以及轴承的固定、调整、安装拆卸、密封等问题 (1) 轴承的支承刚度和座孔的同轴度滚动轴承必须具有足够的刚度。为了提高轴承支座的刚度,应尽量采用整体支座,并增加轴承处支座壁厚或设置加强筋。另外,滚子轴承不球轴承刚度大,同一支座上安装两个向心角接触轴承时,反排列安装的支座刚度大于正排列安装。(2) 滚动轴承配合的选择滚动轴承的内圈与轴颈、外圈与座孔均需要合适的配合,配合的松紧根据载荷的大小、方向与性质、转速高低、旋转精度以及使用条件等来选择。转动的套圈一般采用 紧的配合,固定的套圈一般采用松的配合。转速越高、载荷和振动精度越高,应采用紧点的配合;游动的套圈和经常拆卸的轴承,则要采用松一些的配合。我们以轴承2例来计算并选用轴承(1) 计算附加轴向力。由于轴承的型号未定,初选轴承的 e=0.31,Y=1.9。我们可以求得俩轴承的内部轴向力分别为: 式(6.11)(2) 计算轴承所受轴向力。S2的方向和 Fa 一致,并 S2FaS3所以 II 端为压紧端,I 端为放松端,故: 式(6.12) 式(6.13)(3) 计算当量动载荷,对于轴承2因为:741/2817=0.31故X=1,Y=0,P1=1.12817=3099N,41/3100=1.4e(4) 求Cr值,选择轴承型号,依C= ,由于P2P1,故P=P2由于:Lh=8000h,得到.fn=0.3由于:N由于工作温度小于100度,gT=1,C=CT=73905N按需要的额定动载荷C,查手册,选得轴承6000型16016参数如下:d=80mm,D=125mm(5) 演算16016轴承疲劳寿命。Y值以及Cor和上述不一样需要重新验算: 计算轴承所受轴向力,Si的方向和Fa一致,并S2FaS3计算当量载荷动载荷,对于轴承2,因为939/2817=0.3e故X=1,Y=0, P1=计算疲劳寿命Lh ,所以16016满足要求按照轴承2验算方法依次验算轴承1轴承3,并选择他们的型号分别为轴承1用6210,轴3用6000型16021。其型号参数见下图6-2:图6-2 轴承的示意图具体尺寸见下表(表6-1)表6-1 轴承的尺寸型号DDBrminr1smin62105590200.30.31601680125140.60.51620211051601810.57减速器的附件和机体这一阶段的主要工作是设计传动零件,轴上其他零件及支点结构有关零件的具体结构, 7.1附件概述7.1.1附件为了保证减速器的正常工作,除了对齿轮、轴、轴承组合和箱体的结构设计给予够的重视外,还应考虑到为减速器润滑油池注油、排油、检查油面高度、加工及拆装检修时箱盖与箱座的精确定位、吊装等辅助零件和部件的合理选择和设计检查孔是为检查传动零件的啮合情况,并向箱内注入润滑油,应在箱体的适当位置设置检查孔。检查孔设在上箱盖顶部能直接观察到齿轮啮合部位处。平时,检查孔的盖板用螺钉固定在箱盖上(1) 箱体 箱体是减速器的重要组成部件。它是传动零件的基座,应具有足够的强度和刚度。箱体通常用灰铸铁制造,对于重载或有冲击载荷的减速器也可以采用铸钢箱体。单体生产的减速器,为了简化工艺、降低成本,可采用钢板焊接的箱体。灰铸铁具有很好的铸造性能和减振性能。为了便于轴系部件的安装和拆卸,箱体制成沿轴心线水平剖分式。上箱盖和下箱体用螺栓联接成一体。HotTag轴承座的联接螺栓应尽量靠近轴承座孔,而轴承座旁的凸台,应具有足够的承托面,以便放置联接螺栓,并保证旋紧螺栓时需要的扳手空间。为保证箱体具有足够的刚度,在轴承孔附近加支撑肋。为保证减速器安置在基础上的稳定性并尽可能减少箱体底座平面的机械加工面积,箱体底座一般不采用完整的平面。(2) 通气器 减速器工作时箱体内温度高,气体膨胀,压力增大,为使箱内热胀空气能自由排出,以保持箱内外压力平衡,不致使润滑油沿分箱面或轴伸密封件等其他缝隙渗漏,通常在箱体顶部装设通气器。(3) 轴承盖 为固定轴系部件的轴向位置并承受轴向载荷,轴承座孔两端用轴承盖封闭。轴承盖有凸缘式和嵌入式两种。利用六角螺栓固定在箱体上,外伸轴处的轴承盖是通孔,其中装有密封装置。凸缘式轴承盖的优点是拆装、调整轴承方便,但和嵌入式轴承盖相比,零件数目多,尺寸大,外观不平整。(4) 定位销 为保证每次拆装箱盖时,仍保持轴承座孔制造加工时的精度,应在精加工轴承孔前,在箱盖与箱座的联接凸缘上配装定位销。安置在箱体纵向两侧联接凸缘上,对称箱体应呈对称布置,以免错装。(5) 油面指示器 检查减速器内油池油面的高度,经常保持油池内有适量的油,一般在箱体便于观察、油面稳定的部位,装设油面指示器。(6) 放油螺塞换油时,排放污油和清洗剂,应在箱座底部,油池的最低位置处开设放油孔,平时用螺塞将放油孔堵住,放油螺塞和箱体接合面间应加防漏用的垫圈。(7) 启箱螺钉 为加强密封效果,通常在装配时于箱体剖分面上涂以水玻璃或密封胶,因而在拆卸时往往因胶结紧密难于开盖。为此常在箱盖联接凸缘的适当位置,加工出 12 个螺孔,旋入启箱用的圆柱端或平端的启箱螺钉。旋动启箱螺钉便可将上箱盖顶起。小型减速器也可不设启箱螺钉,启盖时用起子撬开箱盖,启箱螺钉的大小可同于凸缘联接螺栓。(8) 起吊装置 当减速器重量超过 25kg 时,为了便于搬运,在箱体设置起吊装置,如在箱体上铸出吊耳或吊钩等.上箱盖装有两个吊环螺钉,下箱座铸出四个吊钩。7.1.2轴承端盖设计端盖用以固定轴承及调整轴承间隙并承受轴向力。我们采用的是简单的形式,根据需要设计其尺寸。为了调整轴承间隙,在端盖与机体之间放置由若干簿片组成的调整垫片。7.1.3轴承的润滑与密封我们可以计算出齿轮的圆周速度小于 2m/s,我们就用润滑脂。并在输入轴和输出轴外伸处,都必须在端盖孔内安装密封件,以防止润滑油外漏及灰尘,水汽和其他杂质进入机体内72箱体的设计7.2.1箱体的结构减速器以已经有系列标准,及标准减速器,并由专业厂家生产。一般情况下应尽量选用标准减速器,但是在设计生产过程中,标准减速器不能满足机器的功能要求,有时候还要设计非标准减速器。该摇摆式箱体的设计是非标准的,所以只有根据实际的需要,实际的尺寸,设计符合要求的减速器箱体。箱体是减速器的一个重要零件,它用于支撑和固定减速器中的各种零件,并保证传动件的啮合精度,使箱内零件具有良好的润滑和密封。箱体的形状较为复杂,其重量约占整台减速器总重量的一半,所以箱体结构对减速器的工作性能、加工工艺、材料消耗、重量及成本等有很大的影响,因此,对箱体的设计要给予足够的重视。结构形式:箱体分为铸造箱体和焊接箱体,减速器箱体多用HT150或HT200灰铸铁铸造而成。对于重型减速器,为了提高承受振动和冲击能力,可采用球墨铸铁(QT40017 或 QT270500、ZG310570)制造。铸造箱体刚性好,易于获得合理和复杂的外形,用灰铸铁制造的箱体易切削加工,但工艺复杂、制造周期长、重量大,适合于成匹生产。在单件生产中,特别是大型减速器,为了减轻重量和缩短生产周期,箱体也可以用Q215或Q235钢板焊接而成。此时,轴承座部分可用圆钢、锻钢或铸刚制造。焊接箱的壁厚可以比铸造箱体减薄20%30%,但是焊接箱体易于产生热变形,要求有高的焊接技术且焊后要进行退火处理。7.2.2箱体的结构尺寸表7-1名称符号计算公式箱座厚度箱盖厚度箱盖凸缘厚度箱座凸缘厚度箱座底凸缘厚度地脚螺钉直径地脚螺钉数目查手册轴承旁联结螺栓直径盖与座联结螺栓直径=(0.5 0.6)轴承端盖螺钉直径=(0.40.5)视孔盖螺钉直径=(0.30.4)定位销直径=(0.70.8),至外箱壁的距离查手册表112,至凸缘边缘距离查手册表112外箱壁至轴承端面距离=+(510)大齿轮顶圆与内箱壁距离1.2续表7-1齿轮端面与内箱壁距离箱盖,箱座肋厚轴承端盖外径+(55.5)轴承旁联结螺栓距离7.2.3箱体设计时应满足的要求 箱体接合面的结构要求:剖分式箱体要求结合面有良好的密封性。为此结合面要有足够的宽度L。结合面应精刨,重要的还需要刮研。为了提高密封性,还可在结合面上制出油沟,以使渗入结合面的由经油沟重新回到箱体内。当减速器中滚动轴承采用飞溅润滑或刮板润滑时,常在箱座结合面上制出油沟,使飞溅的润滑油沿箱内壁汇入油沟流入轴承室。箱体的结构要有良好的工艺性箱体结构工艺性的好坏对于提高加工精度和装配质量,提高劳动生产率和经济效益,以便于检查维修等方面均有直接影响,故应特别注意在设计铸造箱体时,应考虑铸造工艺的特点,力求形状简、壁厚均匀、过度平稳、金属不要有局部积聚。为了便于铸件造型,铸件结构形状应力求简单。为了铸造时取模方便,铸件表面沿拔模方向应有1:101:20的拔模斜度。若相邻轴承座两凸台相距太近,形成狭缝结构,因而铸造砂型易破碎,浇注时铁水难以流进,以采用连成一体的结构为宜。箱体结构应尽可能减少机械加工面积,以提高生产效率和减少刀具的磨损。在机加工时要尽量减少工件和刀具的调整次数,以缩短加工时间和提高加工精度。例如在同一轴心线的两个轴承座孔直径应尽量相等,以便一次镗孔和保证镗孔精度。箱体同侧外表的被加工的面应尽量相等,以便一次镗孔和保证镗孔的精度。为了保证结合面处螺栓联接可靠和减少作用于螺栓上的附加弯曲应力,螺栓头部或螺母接触的支承面应进行机械加工,制出小凸台或线型鱼眼坑。7.3承盖、套杯、调整垫片组设计与选择7.3.1轴承盖轴承盖的作用是用来固定轴承、承受轴向力和调整轴承间隙轴承盖的设计时应注意如下几点:当轴承盖与孔配合处长时,为了减少配合和加工表面,应在端面部铸出一段小的直径。但是必须保留足够的配合长度e,以免拧紧螺钉时轴承盖歪斜。当轴承采用输油沟飞溅润滑时,轴承盖的端部应车出一段小直径和出对称口让油能顺利进入轴承室。端盖伸出的结构决定于密封形式:铸造轴承盖应满足铸造工艺,轴承套杯。套杯的主要作用:(1) 避免因轴承孔座的铸造或机械加工缺陷而造成整个箱体的报废;(2) 当同一轴线上两端轴承外径不相等的时,可利用套杯使轴承座孔直径保持一致,以便于镗孔及保证加工精度。(3) 轴承轴向位置,特别是当几个轴承组合在一起时,采用套杯使轴承座固定和装拆更为方便。(4) 调整支座的轴向位置。普遍用于高速级圆锥齿轮的支承结构中。(5) 调整垫片组(6) 调整垫片组的作用是调整轴承游隙及支承的轴向位置。垫片组由若干种厚度不同的垫片组成,使用时可根据调整需要组成不同的厚度。材料为冲压铜片或 08F 刚抛光。7.4速器的润滑与密封7.4.1齿轮油的选择由于该减速器的结构比较简单,转动速度想度比小,所以采用浸油润滑。当齿轮圆周速度小于V0.5m/s时候,常采用浸油润滑。即齿轮浸入油箱的油液中,当传动件运转时粘在其上的油液被带到啮合区进行润滑,同时油池是油被甩到箱壁,有助散热。为了避免油浸润滑的搅油功耗太大及保证轮齿啮合区的充分润滑,传动件浸入油中的深度不易太深或太浅,合适的浸油深度如下:二级或多级圆柱齿轮减速器,高速级:hf约为0.7个齿高,但不小于10mm。低速级:hs按低速级大齿轮的圆周速度确定;当Vs=0.812m/s 时,hs 约一个齿高;当Vs=0.50.8m/s时,hs小于齿轮半径。浸油润滑的油池内应保持一定的深度和贮油量。油池太浅易激起箱底沉渣和污垢,引起磨料磨损,也不易散热。换油时一般为半年左右,主要取决于油中杂质多少及油被氧化、污染的程度。7.4.2润滑济的选择润滑济的选择与传动类型、载荷性质、工作条件、传动速度等多种因数有关,一般按照以下原则选择。减速器中的齿轮、和轴承大都依靠箱体中的油进行润滑,这时润滑油的选择主要考虑箱体内传动零件的工作条件,适当考虑轴承的工作情况。此处选择的润滑油是:中负荷齿轮油,代号220,运动黏度40时198242;50时108129,闪点开不低于200,凝点/ C不高于8,此类润滑油主要用于,有冲击的低负荷齿轮中负荷齿轮面应力为5001000N/mm,如冶金、化工、矿山等机械的齿轮中。在多级传动中,由于高、低速级传动的润滑粘度要求不同,选用时候可取平均值。尽管润滑油品种繁多,性能不一,但单品种油仍难完全满足近代减速器的全部要求。为此,常采用几种不同的油按照一定的比例组成混合油,或在润滑油中加入各种添加济,以改善或获得润滑油的某些特殊的要求,如抗高温或抗低温性、抗高压性、抗乳化性和抗泡沫性等。在减速器的轴承中主要采用润滑脂,润滑脂主要根据工作温度和工作环境选择。轴承的工作温度为4080,干燥环境使用,钠基2号,钠基3号7.4.3减速器的密封减速器需要密封的部位很多,一般有轴伸出处、轴承室内侧、箱体结合面和轴承盖、窥视孔和放油的结合面处(1) 轴伸出处的密封 轴伸出处密封的作用的使滚动轴承与箱外隔,防止润滑油的漏出箱外杂质、水及灰尘等侵入轴承室,避免轴承急剧磨损和腐蚀。本箱体采用毡圈式密封,便于定期更换毡圈和径向调整密封力,以保持密封性及延长使用期。毡圈式密封结构简单、价廉、安装方便,但对轴承颈接触面的摩擦严重,因损耗大,故毡圈寿命短。主要用于脂润滑、工作温度t90以及密封处轴颈圆周速度V5m/s的场合。安装前毡圈须用热矿物油浸渍(8090)(2) 室内侧的密封该密封可分为封闭环和挡油环两种封闭环用于脂润滑轴承,其作用是使轴承室与箱体隔开,防止轴承内的油脂流入箱内及箱内润滑油溅入轴承室而稀释、带走油脂。挡油环用于油润滑轴承,防止过多的油、杂质进入轴承室内以及啮合处的热油冲入轴承内。挡油环于轴承座之间应留有不大的间隙,以便让一定量的油能溅入轴承室进行润滑。(3) 与箱座结合面的密封 常用的方法是在结合面处涂胶密封,7302密封胶和1577密封胶等液体尼龙密封胶或水玻璃,也可以在结合面处同时开油沟。少数在结合面上开槽,并在槽内嵌耐油橡皮条进行密封。为了保证轴承与轴座的配合要求,一般禁止用在结合面上加垫片的方法来密封。另外,凸缘式轴承端盖的凸缘,窥视孔盖板以及油塞等与箱座、箱盖的配合处均需装纸封油环或皮封油环以保证密封的效果良好8机架的设计机架零件按构造形式不同大体上可归纳成四类:(1) 机座类;(2) 板类;(3) 箱体类;(4)框架类,此外也有其他分类方法,例如整体机架和剖分机架,铸造机架和焊接机架,固定机架和移动机架等等。机器的全部重量将通过机架传至基础上。机架零件还负有承受机器工作时力和使机器稳定在基础上的作用。对于机架零件一般可提出下列基本要求:(1) 足够的强度和刚度;(2) 形状简单,便于制造;(3) 便于在机架上安装附件等。对于带有缸体,导轨等的机架零件,还应有良好的耐磨性,以保证机器有足够的使用寿命,高速机器的机架零件还应满足震动稳定性的要求。强度和刚度是评定机架零件工作能力的基本准则,象锻压机床,冲剪机床等类机器,其机架零件的截面尺寸往往由强度条件决定,对于金属切削机床及其他要求精准运转的机器,其机架零件的截面尺寸主要由刚度条件决定。机架零件形状复杂,受外界因素的影响又很多(如:在机架上装置零件时的锁紧力,机架中的残余应力,基础下沉等),因而难于用数学分析方法准确计算机架中的应力和变形,设计时通常都是先根据机器的工作要求和类型相近的机器拟订机架的机构形状和尺寸,然后进行粗略计算以核验其危险截面的强度。多数机架零件由于形状较为复杂,故多采用铸件,铸铁的铸造性能好,廉价,吸振能力强,所以在机架零件中应用最广,受载情况严重的机架常用铸钢,例如轧钢机机架。要求质量轻时可以采用轻合金,例如飞机发动机的汽缸体多采用铝合金铸成。在载荷比较强烈,形状不是很复杂,生产批量又较少时,最好采用钢材焊接机架,由于铸铁的抗呀强度较高,所以受压的机架如采用焊接机架在减轻重量方面未必有利。参考文献:1.罗圣国,李平林等,机械设计课程指导书,1982,6 2.邱宣怀,郭可谦等,机械设计,高等教育出版社, 1996,103.陈秀,严国良等,机械设计课程图册,高等教育出版社,1989.5 4.范思冲,周建平等,画法几何及机械制图,机械工业出版社,1999.6 5.谢铁邦,李柱等,互换性与技术测量,华中科技大学出版社,1998.26 .单丽云,张亚非等,工程材料,中国矿业大学,2002.127 .孙桓,陈作模等,机械原理,高等教育出版社,2001.58 .周开勤,机器零件手册,第七版,19949 .徐灏主编,机械设计手册,机械工业出版社,199110 .机械工程手册编委会编,机械工程手册,北京工业出版社,1995结论经过三个多月的专心设计,终于将自己得毕业设计如期的圆满完成 ,看到自己努力完成得设计论文和图纸,一种喜悦油然而生。输送机的设计是在连杆机构运动分析的基础上,电动机的选择减速器零件的设计(轴,齿轮,轴承的设计和校核),最后完成减速器装配图,从而构建了矿山摇摆式输送机,该输送机结构简单,主要由传动部分,电动机部分,还有就是工作部分,使用也很方便,此外,经过设计中的强度校核,它还能承受相当大的工作载荷,在设计过程中,由于个人水平有限,还有很多不足的地方需要改进,比如:整个传动装置的体积质量问题,设备维护的问题,因为是矿山机械,工作条件比较恶劣加上连续繁重的工作,进而导致机器的损坏,使用寿命也随之下降,还有机器外部的清洁,防止机器外部生锈的问题等等。因此,希望在以后的学习和设计中,全面的考虑到各个方面,吸取此次设计的经验,达到实用性和经济性的最佳结合。致谢本人开始研究此机器时,倍觉得此方面的知识太少,以至无法下手。时间在无奈之中流逝。指导我的徐老师,耐心的指导我。在复杂的连杆力计算的过程中,当自己无法理解其中的原理时,徐老师又循循善道。才使我有了更深的理解。在绘图的过程中,徐老师又不辞劳苦的给我指出好多错误让我在绘图方面有了很大的提高,在此表达我衷心的感谢。无论是在论文的选题还是定稿、研究的方法以及本文的撰写都得到徐老师的严格要求和精心指导,徐老师花费了大量的精力,在各个环节中给了我许多宝贵的意见。在几个月的论文设计中,徐老师严谨的学术作风、治学态度,严实的工作作风,以及平易近人的师长风范给我造就了良好的设计环境。徐老师不仅关心我的设计,还在生活上给了我无微不至的关怀,这些都是我不断前进的动力,必将对我今后的学习和生活受益匪浅,我将终生学习和铭记。在此,谨向徐老师的培育之恩表示最深的谢意!再次感谢学校又给我们一次锻炼的机会,让我们又一次运用所学的知识应用于实践中。感谢学校对我四年的培养,让我在学校里不仅学到专业知识,还学到了一些为人处事的道理,让我们以后多了一些适应社会的本领,我不会辜负学校对我的期望,在以后的人生道路中会用自己所学的知识为学校争光,为社会和国家的建设做贡献,努力使自己成为四有新人。再次感谢学校、老师对我的厚爱。 附录英文原文:Chinas coal belt conveyor status quo and development trend 1 Summary Belt conveyor with long distance, large volume, for transportation, and other advantages, and the operation of reliable, easy to implement automated centralized control. Belt conveyor efficient coal mining has become the key equipment. In the 1990s, Chinas coal belt conveyor to the long distance, with high-speed, large capacity, high-power direction of the development of the scientific research and the introduction, digestion and absorption of foreign advanced technology, to meet the basic development needs However, with foreign advanced than the belt conveyor there are still many gaps. In order to adapt to modern requirements for the development of coal mine construction, domestic belt conveyor design and manufacturing level, to be a qualitative leap.2 Domestic mine belt conveyor of the status quo More than 10 years, domestic coal belt conveyor from the SDJ, SSJ, STJ, DT series of stereotypes to the development of various special belt-lose Sending machine, such as steep belt conveyor complete sets of equipment, high yield and high efficiency face Gate retractable belt conveyors, steep, long distance products such as belt conveyors, and use dynamic analysis, intelligent control technology The key equipment of the theoretical research and product development, successfully developed a variety of soft starting and braking devices and programmable electronic control devices. But compared to models and advanced foreign and domestic conveyor models generally small, usually no more than speed with 4 m / s, generally use static design, high equipment costs, the reliability of running low. In addition, China has not yet formed components of the large-scale specialized production plants, design and manufacturing level needs to be raised.3 belt conveyors used models (1) fixed belt conveyor Fixed belt conveyor is the maximum use of coal as a model, mainly for the level of less than 18 inclination or the occasion. The largest main parameters are: capacity 1000 4500 t / h, distance 1000 8000 m, with speed 2. 5 5. 6m / s, bandwidth 2200 mm, the total power-driven 750 5550 kW. Domestic steel cord conveyor belt is now the highest use ST5000, the entire core band used PVG3150S, high-intensity mechanical joints still need to import. In order to reduce demand and reduce the intensity of tape drive size, usually middle or middle-driven linear friction unloading drive, and use of soft-start technology. Development is now nearly 10 kinds of soft-start, better to solve the major issues conveyer the start-up. Coal Branch of the Shanghai branch of the hospital, Zhao Jincheng Coal Mine Design and Development of the main manufacturing inclined belt conveyor main parameters: volume 2500 t / h, distance 1650 m, with speed 5. 6m / s, bandwidth 1600 mm, Drive 3 1850kW, Frequency Control. (2) retractable belt conveyor Retractable belt conveyor transport coal face for the main roadway transportation, the tail can advance with the coal face of contraction, the use of certificates with warehouses asylum redundant conveyor belt, compact, rack lightweight, easy accessibility, General use of the entire core zone, linked by mechanical joints, with the middle drive to meet larger capacity and greater distance requirements. 2005 Shenhua Group Corporation of God East mine with an annual output of 8 million t of high yield and high efficiency face supporting a homemade large retractable conveyor, the main parameters are: capacity 2500 t / h, distance 6000 m, with speed 4 m / s , The bandwidth of 1400 mm, transfer dip 3 , power 3 375 + 3 375kW, with the entire core PVG1800S. 2006 Shenhua Group Shendong company also equipped with a volume of Taiwans 4000 t / h, distance 6000 m, with speed 4 m / s, bandwidth 1600 mm, transfer dip 3 , power 3 560 + 3 560kW of China-made large-scale Scalable conveyor, and its technical performance has reached the international advanced level. (3) Inclination, under the belt conveyor Steep, downward belt conveyor is a commitment to the Shanghai branch of the state, July 5 key project, has been the State Planning Commission, State Science and Technology Commission and the Ministry of Finance issued by the major scientific and technological achievements Awards, the Ministry of coal a scientific and technological progress Prize and the promotion of the second prize. Up to now, have been put into use more than 300, of which transmission angle 26 28 of 5, transmission angle 30 35 of four. To meet the domestic coal use the angle on the urgency of the belt conveyor and widespread, a series designed to meet different needs, different bandwidth improvement and development of the Deep V-shaped double row roller group, the inclination to transfer the + 35 , under the transport plane angle also send up to - 28 . Big dip on the belt conveyor series can achieve soft-start and are contained, but also improve the braking performance. Conveyor bandwidth to 1600 mm; power to 3000 kW; distance to 1500 m above; belt speed to 4. 5m / s; volume increased to 2500 t / h; coal relaxed to allow water to 20 percent. (4) the level of turning corners belt conveyor belt conveyor level can be bypassed the building or unfavorable terrain, reduce or even no middle reproduced stations, concentrated power supply and control system, or plug the overflow of materials to reduce the risk and reduce dust Dust and noise, reduce unnecessary energy consumption. Chinas level of turning on the conveyor earlier study, in the 1990s, the successful trial production level of turning devices, successfully applied in the coal mine. 2001 in Shanghai Subway Construction, also used a standard retractable turning conveyor, the tunnel length of 2000 m, various corners, the minimum radius of curvature of the level of 360 m, the largest level of turning angle to 89 . The level of turning the belt conveyor, the United States, Germany and Austria are widely used. 1980 French captain a belt conveyor turning 11. 12km, elevation difference 577 m. Australia and the level of a mine belt conveyor turning radius of curvature 9 km, arc length 4 km, Power 3 700 kW (DC). (5) under the belt conveyor Long distance, large capacity, the steep downward belt conveyor use, can greatly reduce the mining area of the roadway project, reduce infrastructure costs and shorten the construction period, the motor running, but also to the power transmission grid, Have greater energy efficiency, is a good development prospects of a belt conveyor. However, as with high-speed, mobile and part of the rotational inertia of the great, great decline of production in the often slippery, rolling material, such as coaster accident, the transport plane sent to the key technology is the brake. Coal at home and abroad have used the brakes are: hydraulic brakes; hydraulic brakes; disc brakes. State, June 5 key scientific and technological projects with the hydraulic braking system installed under the belt conveyor, the drive is installed in the hydraulic braking system, brake to achieve the two-step, the first conveyor Speed reduced to one-third of the rated speed (by the speed 0. 1 0. 3m / s2 within the scope) and then by mechanical braking have the final gate. When mine accidents occur when a sudden power failure, can still achieve two brake. This downward belt conveyor to present the main parameters: inclination - 25 , volume 1500 t / h, with speed 3. 15m / s, distance 2000 m. Disc brakes are the most simple transport plane sent to the braking device, but because high-speed braking and a large quantity of heat produced sparks, braking only for an hour less than 10 times the number of low-speed braking. - Damping under the conveyor belt conveyor damper on the underside of the load transported, to offset the decline, and also has a wider application, the drive can be arranged on the lower end of the conveyor so that the motor Driver always maintain electrical functioning of the state. To improve the force of the conveyor belt, at the same time solve the transport conveyor belt conveyor retractable telescopic difficult problems. The inclination of not more than 16 transported under the condition can be applied at any time can be adjusted downward to prevent damping force, is very flexible; such a conveyor belt conveyor tension small, simple structure, can be achieved in long-distance And a series of advantages, but also a soft start and power balance, and other functions; security facilities, computer control, sensor monitoring, to meet the requirements of coal mine explosion-proof, the use of safe and reliable. Pingshuo, Huating, and other mining areas can be transported under the retractable belt conveyor, the main technical parameters are: capacity 2500 t / h, distance 3000 m, with speed 3. 15m / s, bandwidth 1200 1400 mm, transfer dip 3 , Power 3 375kW. (6) vertical belt conveyor Abroad from the late 1960s started to develop vertical belt conveyors, Germany Trellex Flexowell more than 50,000 Taiwan companies have products, distributed in over 90 countries and regions. May 1996, Liao Dai-vertical belt conveyors used in the United States, New York tunnel north of a reservoir built in the shaft, continuous vertical height of 208 m, Yun-speed 2. 42m / s.Under the right conditions the use of Liaodai belt conveyors, and upgrading and skip-belt conveyor with corrugated wall compared to the initial investment and operating costs can be significant savings. Vertical belt conveyors in Chinas coal mines is still blank. According to Chinas large coal mines, to meet the needs of upgrading the main shaft, the main parameters must be met volume 1200 t / h, upgrading a high degree of 400 m.Vertical conveyor upgrade the existing problems:1) conveyor belt a. flame retardant because of the special nature of the coal industry, steel cord belt has requested fire-retardant properties, must be consistent with industry standards MT45021995 Mine steel cord with flame-retardant, anti-static test methods and rules of judgement requirements.b. security to prevent the fault zone, is still vertical belt conveyor outstanding issues, blind expansion of safety factor, neither economic nor scientific. Abroad as a full computer tracking X-ray detection method to detect sulfide joint reliability of the link, my experience is still a law.c. cold Nien technology with corrugated wall of the base-band and the diaphragm is now linked through a secondary method of curing one, my cold Nien technology has yet to be improved. d. conveyor belt of economic price of about 5,000 U.S. dollars / m. If the conveyor belt all rely on imports, most coal companies are not acceptable.2) technical performance a. cleaning devices because of the conveyor system more complicated, cleaning effect is to address a key technology.b. convex arc of the material issues of materials left in the convex arc, in the role of inertia force and centrifugal force, the material can easily Paola, in particular with corrugated wall conveyor 0 30 , materials Paola phenomenon Even more serious. Liaodai laden belt conveyor also expected to throw. Shanghai Subway Construction in 2001 adopted a vertical belt conveyor, the main parameters: the rated capacity for 180 200 t / h, the level of the transport distance 8. 96m, vertical height 25 m, with speed 1. 25m / s, bandwidth 1000 mm, drive power 45 kW, the plane in September 2002 completed the installation commissioning, in normal use. (7) tubular belt conveyor Japan tubular belt conveyors, Ltd. (Japan PipeConveyor Co. L td.) In the late 1970s gradually formed a belt conveyor design theory and tubular products, in 32 countries patents, to 12 countries and regions Transfer of technology. According to incomplete statistics, produced a total of more than 1,000 Taiwan, the largest volume 3000 t / h, the largest pilots 3414 m, the largest transport angle 35 42 . In the early 1990s, Guoneishoutai tubular belt conveyor in Huainan Mining Bureau Xinzhuangzi coal mine ground transportation, traffic 600 t / h, distance 227. 65m, upgrading the total height 6. 52m, with speed 175 m / min, Clean Coal Wharf to bypass a central angle of 40. 15 , the 115 m radius of curvature of the vertical bend. The successful operation of its domestic bulk materials and created a new era of transportation. (8) pressure belt conveyor Pressure from the belt conveyor, closed-loop conveyor belt under the two components. Starting with the next load, the band also known as the coverage zone, mainly used to clamp materials, a gripping role to stop the decline of materials and rolling, and the materials and synchronous operation of the conveyor system. Pressure for increased transmission belt conveyor is designed to dip. 1954 in Germany there is pressure on the belt conveyor patents. 1979 U.S. mainland conveyor equipment company started to develop pressure belt conveyors, and in 1983 developed a pressure high inclined belt conveyor belt HAC (High2angle Conveyor) transport angle 30 60 , the largest transport capability 2900 t / h, rotating through the roller group loaded with pressure. , The mainland has produced more than 40 Taiwan HAC. From 1991 to 1994, Germanys MAN TAKPRFODERTECHN IK three companies developed a ship unloader for the pressure conveyor belt. The former Soviet Union and Japan and other countries have developed such a belt conveyor. Domestic product up to the pressure belt conveyor inclination 90 , the largest block of material to reach 300 mm. This conveyor because of their structural weaknesses and economic reasons, there is no application in the coal mine.4 Chinese mine belt conveyor direction of development (1) Large-scale and increase transport capacity In the next 10 years to increase transmission capacity to 3000 10000 t / h, with speed up to 5 8 m / s, retractable belt conveyor Transmission distance to reach 6000 m and above, the steel cord belt conveyor to be strong to 14000 m above, a single motor power to reach more than 1000 2500 kW, the conveyor belt tensile strength greater than 6000 N / mm (steel cord) and 3150 N / mm (The entire core). (2) improve the performance and reliability of components In addition to further improve and enhance the existing components of the performance and reliability, but also continue to study new technologies and the development of new components.(3) expand the functions of a multi-purpose machine Belt conveyor structure will make appropriate changes to expand Yun, Liu Yun-or two-way transportation, and other features, to use a machine to enable it to maximize economic efficiency. (4) for the development of models Chinas coal mine geological conditions vary significantly, in order to meet special requirements, should develop a special type belt conveyor, such as bending belt conveyors, steep or vertical conveyor, and so on. 5 mine belt conveyor development of the technology foresight (1) Dynamic Analysis the process of running the dynamic nature of the analysis, involving basic theory and modern advanced technology, comprehensive and high-tech. Germany, the United States, Japan and other countries in dynamic characteristics of an earlier study, and in practical engineering applications. Application of dynamic analysis technology to optimize the design of large belt conveyor, the minimum safety factor up to 4.8. Domestic conveyor without the dynamic characteristics of analysis, even if the use of a controlled launch devices, the safety factor also needs to take around 8. Crown land mines to be used in a large-scale use of the belt conveyor controlled devices activated, the safety factor must take 8.02, the only choice ST3500 strong steel cord conveyor belt. If the dynamic design, optical conveyor belt can be a cost-saving over 600 million, economic efficiency is considerable. Master dynamic analysis technology, will enable Chinas technological level of belt conveyors have a qualitative leap, as soon as possible in this area of work. (2) Controlled Start Launched a large belt conveyor speed up the process, the conveyor belt in viscoelastic deformation and a dynamic tension. When higher speed zone, the short-time start-up time, start acceleration and viscoelastic deformation on the conveyor belt is, the greater dynamic tension, will be seriously damaged when the conveyor system and other components. Controlled use of activated (also known as the soft-start) technology, will start at the beginning of the conveyor system is less than 10 percent decline in tension, the conveyor system does not guarantee skid. In recent years, at home and abroad have successfully developed various forms of soft-start devices:a. viscous liquid soft-start devices, such as Australias BOSS system, the United States of the CST;b. hydraulic-type soft-start devices, such as the governor of hydraulic coupling, after the Commission extended cavity fluid coupling; c. Electrical-soft-start devices, such as Frequency Control, SCR control SRM start; d. mechanical soft-start devices, such as BEST, Germany Rexroths auxiliary hydraulic motor revolving gear system. (3) transported under braking technology The belt conveyor in normal operation, with the rotor to achieve synchronous motor speed when the anti-torque to limit the speed of the conveyor system. But when downtime or power failure, due to loss of control, will cause material or roller coaster accident, the need for braking. Braking process is a slow process, the existence of the same conveyor belt deformation and the release of stored energy issues, such as improper control, in addition to a roller expected, the coaster accident, but also damaged the conveyor system and components, that may occur when a serious collapse of the conveyor belt . The belt conveyor of technical difficulties:1) the braking energy Brake absorb the mechanical energy into heat, the temperature increased rapidly, more than 150 have caused gas and coal dust explosion hazards. And the gates lining the friction coefficient decreased, the braking torque brake sharp decline, resulting in a coaster accident.2) the high requirements of the smooth braking Braking speed limit by 0. 1 0. 3m / s2 within the scope of, the brake for about 10 20 s. In order to maintain stability in the braking deceleration, braking torque request to load the size of the automatic adjustment.3) The power outage accident at the request quickly brake safety braking device must meet the technical requirements:a. braking by the speed must be limited to 0. 1 0. 3m / s2 scope;b. 10 per hour brake, contacts, in addition to not produce sparks, Various components may not be higher than the temperature MT820 - 1999 coal mine belt conveyor technical conditions set forth in temperature;c. the entire mining area also must ensure that the power outage to brake. Hydraulic braking devices, has been widely used in the coal mine. However, size, use a variety of energy (electricity, liquid, gas) complicated to operate, easy to accidents, raising the need to improve. Disc brakes small size, light weight, have saved a mechanical brake gate, operation and maintenance is simple, more suitable for use in the coal mine. But there are still key problems to be solved. (4) automatically tensioning technology In the early rally to ensure that the conveyor system to meet the minimum requirements of deflection, drum-driven trend towards the point and from the point of tension than the value should be set. Tension started with the requirements set tension ratio of 1.4 to 1.5, allowing fluctuations 10%; in the normal course of their work for the 0.9 to 1.1. Large belt conveyor tensioning device the technical requirements:1) automatically adjust tension As the conveyor belt tension can be adjusted automatically change to the starting point to trend-driven drum and Ben from the point of tension than to maintain the fixed value.2) fast response When the conveyor belt tension changes, tensioning device to restore responsiveness to the actual value of the sooner the better so that the conveyor belt tension stability and smooth operation, otherwise it may have vibration, or even resonance.3) there is no dead zone If the tail is the bottom of the high degree of vertical conveyor, the brake when the conveyor system may collapse and severe deformation, resulting in material Gunla, should be avoided.4)Gravity tensioning device by the coal mine because of space constraints, only for inclined belt conveyor. Winch with a combination of the fuel tank automatically tensioning device, the actual use that to achieve the requirement. The use of hydraulic winch automatically tensioning device, the response speed and reliability is much higher. Tensioning device installed in different positions, the necessary tension and the tension difference between a great trip. Domestic response to the current slow take-up devices, reliability is not high, to be further improved. (5) middle-driven technology Driven by the middle of the conveyor system can reduce the maximum tension, the conveyor system to reduce the intensity of demand, the unit drives small, not only handling, ease of installation, but it may also reduce the installation space, the widening of the roadway greatly reduced. There are two intermediate driver: linear friction drum-and-unloading. Line-by-friction conveyor belt conveyor to mastering the importation of power, not only greater investment, and Zhuangchai conveyor belt of heavy workload, the impact of face forward, thus stretching belt conveyor rollers are used for unloading Middle-driven. Middle-driven technology is the key to drive the load distribution and drive the boot sequence and the time interval. At present domestic and international use of hydraulic device to resolve the governor. (6) high-speed roller technology Transmission capacity in the same premise, with increased speed ratio increased bandwidth savings to investment in equipment costs. For security purposes, generally with speed control in 4 5 m / s. With increased speed, roller speed and spin resistance increased, decreased service life. Standards require that the roller speed can not exceed 600 r / min. Improve the quality of the roller reduce energy consumption, save costs and increase operational reliability of great significance. Roller bearing life depends largely on the performance, about roller bearings friction resistance of the rotating 1 / 4 to 1 / 8, Roller roller bearing commonly used 204,205 series. Bearing the performance of domestic and the United Kingdom, West Germany and other countries is basically the same.(7) tail since the rapid technology transfer High yield and high efficiency face to the tail retractable belt conveyor continuously under the conditions of the fast-moving. Now move abroad since the tail hydraulic drive configuration are tracked run institution, its power supply from the stent pumping station. China has introduced dozens of Taiwan, but also does not have its own design and manufacture of the rapid shift from the tail. (8) were shipped belt conveyor technology British coal mines has nearly 1,000 Taiwan manned belt conveyor, the former Soviet Union Donbas coal mine in 1998 alone 140 manned cargo conveyor put into use. 1969, and coal and personnel, more than 18 inclination of the mountain in Benxi Steel traction belt conveyor Choi Tuen coal mine in use. As long belt conveyor technology continues to develop, mine to resolve a growing need for multi-purpose technology, transportation technology of people become one of the issues that need to be resolved. (9) electronic control and monitoring of automation technology In order to achieve conveyor controllable Kai (system) moving, middle-driven, power balance, with speed synchronization, automatic take-up with the crew since the end of shift, and various protection devices, communication and signal contact comprehensive functions, such as the requirements of foreign countries with large Conveyor have been used for high-end PLC PLC, the development of advanced software and integrated power relay control technology and data collection, processing, storage, transmission, fault diagnosis and tracing such as the integrity of automatic monitoring system, in addition to automatic Monitoring the conveyor controllable Kai (system) moving, with speed synchronization with the External balance of power, but also the protection and security devices, conveyor belt tension, the drive pulley and roller bearing temperature, conveyor belt joint strength, transmission of measurement Such as implementation of monitoring. Domestic use of mid-range belt conveyor PLC programmable logic controller to control the conveyor of the entire process, no automatic monitoring devices, no fault diagnosis and tracing, and no staff for help function. (10) CST-made technology CST is the best start controllable technology, there is an urgent need for domestic. August 2001 State Science and Technology will be dynamic soft start device issued subject to the Shanghai Branch is currently being developed.Reference: 1 Funke H. Zum dynamischen verhalten von Forderbandanlagen beim Anfahren und stillsetzen unter Berueksichtigung der Bewegungswiderstande D. Hannover: TU Hannover,19732 Funke H. Hartmann K., Lauhoff H., Design and Operating Performance of a Long-Distance Belt Conveyor System with Horizontal Curves and Simultaneous Material Transport in the Upper andLower StrandsJ. Bulk Solids Handling, 2000, 20 (1): 45553 Harrison A. Belt Conveyor Research 19802000J. Bulk Solids Handling, 2001, 21(2): 159-1644 Harrison A. Roberts A.W., Technical Requirements for Operating Conveyor Belts at High SpeedJ. Bulk Solids Handling, 1984, 4(1): 991045 Nordell L K. The channer 20km overlandA Flagship of Modern Belt Conveyor TechnologyJ. Bulk Solids Handling, 1991, 11(4): 781-7926 Nordell L K, Ciozada Z P. Transient Belt Stresses During Starting and Stopping; Elastic Response Simulated by Finite Element MethodJ. Bulk Solid Handling, 1984, 4(1): 93-987 Lodewijks G. Non-Linear Dynamics of Belt Conveyor Systems, Bulk Solids Handling, 1997, 17(1): 57-678 Zur T W. Viscoelastic Properties of Conveyor Belts - Modelling of Vibration Phenomena in Belt Conveyors During Starting and StoppingJ. Bulk Solids Handling, 1986, 6(3): 5535609 Kim W, Park T, Lee S. Transient Dynamic Analysis of Belt Conveyor System Using the Lumped Parameter MethodJ. Bulk Solids Handling, 1995, 15(4): 573-57710 Singh M P. The Role of Drive System Technology in Maximizing the Perfomance and Economics of Long Belt ConveyorsJ. Bulk Solids Handling, 1994,14(4): 695670中文翻译:我国煤矿带式输送机现状与发展趋势1概述带式输送机具有长运距、大运量、连续输送等优点,且运行可靠,易于实现自动化集中控制。带式输送机已成为煤炭高效开采的关键设备。上世纪九十年代以来,我国煤矿带式输送机向长运距、高带速、大运量、大功率的方向发展;经过科研攻关和引进、消化吸收国外先进技术,基本满足了发展需求,但与国外先进带式输送机比仍然存在不少差距。为了适应现代化煤矿建设的发展要求,国产带式输送机的设计和制造水平,都亟待有一个质的飞跃。2国产矿用带式输送机的现状十多年来,国产煤矿带式输送机从SDJ、SSJ、STJ、DT等系列定型发展到各种多功能特种带式输送机系列,如大倾角带式输送机成套设备、高产高效工作面顺槽可伸缩带式输送机,大倾角、长运距带式输送机系列产品等,并用动态分析、智能化控制技术等对关键设备进行了理论研究和产品开发,研制成功了多种软起动和制动装置以及可编程电控装置。但和国外先进机型相比,国内输送机机型一般较小,带速通常不超过4 m / s,普遍沿用静态设计法,设备成本偏高,运行的可靠性偏低。此外,我国尚未形成元部件的大规模专业生产厂,设计制造水平有待提高。3带式输送机常用机型(1) 固定带式输送机固定带式输送机是目前煤矿使用量最多的一种机型,主要用于水平或倾角小于18的场合。目前最大主参数分别为:运量10004500 t/h,运距10008000m,带速2. 55. 6m / s,带宽2200mm,驱动总功率7505550kW。国产输送机现在钢绳芯带最高用到ST5000,整芯带用到PVG3150S,高强度机械接头仍然需要进口。为了降低胶带强度要求和减小驱动装置尺寸,通常采用中间直线摩擦驱动或中间卸载式驱动,并采用软启动技术。现已开发出近10种软启动方式,较好解决了大型输送机的启动问题。煤科总院上海分院为晋城局赵庄煤矿设计开发制造的主斜井带式输送机主参数: 运量2500 t/h, 运距1650m,带速5. 6m / s,带宽1600mm,驱动功率3 1850kW,变频调速。 (2) 可伸缩带式输送机可伸缩带式输送机主要用于采煤工作面运输巷道运输,机尾可随采煤工作面的推进收缩,利用储带仓收容多余的输送带,结构紧凑,机架轻巧,拆装方便,一般采用整芯带,用机械接头联结,可配中间驱动装置满足较大运能和较大运距要求。2005 年神华集团神东公司年产800万t矿井的高产高效工作面配套了一台国产大型可伸缩输送机,主参数为:运量2500 t/h,运距6000m,带速4m / s,带宽1400mm,输送倾角3,功率3 375 + 3 375kW,整芯带PVG1800S。2006年神华集团神东公司又装备了二台运量4000 t/h, 运距6000m, 带速4m / s, 带宽1600mm,输送倾角3,功率3 560 + 3 560kW的国产大型可伸缩输送机,其技术性能已达到国际先进水平。(3) 大倾角上、下运带式输送机大倾角上、下运带式输送机是上海分院承担的国家“七五”攻关项目,先后获国家计委、国家科委和财政部颁发的科技攻关重大成果荣誉奖,煤炭部科技进步一等奖和部推广二等奖。到目前为止,已投入使用300多台,其中输送倾角2628的5台,输送倾角3035的4台。为了适应国内煤矿使用大倾角上运带式输送机的迫切性和广泛性,经过系列化设计满足不同需要,改进和研制不同带宽的双排V形深槽托辊组,使输送倾角提高到了+ 35,下运输送机倾角也可达- 28。大倾角上运带式输送机系列既能实现软启动和均载,又能改善制动性能。输送机带宽增加到1600mm; 功率增加到3000kW;运距达到1500m以上;带速提高到4. 5m / s;运量提高到2500 t/h;原煤允许含水量放宽到20%。 (4) 水平拐弯带式输送机水平拐弯带式输送机可以绕开建筑物或不利地形,减少甚至不设中间转载站,集中系统供电和控制,减少物料溢出或堵塞的危险,减少粉尘飞扬和噪声,减少了不必要的能耗。我国对水平拐弯的输送机研究较早,上世纪90年代,试制成功水平拐弯装置,在煤矿井下成功应用。2001年在上海地铁工程施工中,也采用了水平拐弯可伸缩输送机,隧道长度2000m,多处拐弯,最
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