Environmental Control（上）.pdf

Book 19 Environmental Control Series editors Johan Gullichsen Helsinki University of Technology Hannu Paulapuro Helsinki University of Technology Book editor Pertti Hynninen Enviro Data Oy Series reviewer Brian Attwood St Anne s Paper and Paperboard Developments Ltd Book reviewer Katheleen M Bennet Fort James Corporation Allan M Springer Miami University Published in cooperation with the Finnish Paper Engineers Association and TAPPI Foreword Johan Gullichsen and Hannu Paulapuro PAPERMAKING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Papermaking is a vast multidisciplinary technology that has expanded tremendously in recent years Significant advances have been made in all areas of papermaking including raw materials production technology process control and end products The complexity of the processes the scale of operation and production speeds leave little room for error or malfunction Modern papermaking would not be possible without a proper command of a great variety of technologies in particular advanced process control and diagnostic methods Not only has the technology progressed and new technology emerged but our understanding of the fundamentals of unit processes raw materials and product properties has also deepened considerably The variations in the industry抯 heterogeneous raw materials and the sophistication of pulping and papermaking processes require a profound understanding of the mechanisms involved Paper and board products are complex in structure and contain many different components The requirements placed on the way these products perform are wide varied and often conflicting Those involved in product development will continue to need a profound understanding of the chemistry and physics of both raw materials and product structures Paper has played a vital role in the cultural development of mankind It still has a key role in communication and is needed in many other areas of our society There is no doubt that it will continue to have an important place in the future Paper must however maintain its competitiveness through continuous product development in order to meet the ever increasing demands on its performance It must also be produced economically by environment friendly processes with the minimum use of resources To meet these challenges everyone working in this field must seek solutions by applying the basic sciences of engineering and economics in an integrated multidisciplinary way Book 19 Environmental Control Series editors Johan Gullichsen Helsinki University of Technology Hannu Paulapuro Helsinki University of Technology Book editor Pertti Hynninen Enviro Data Oy Series reviewer Brian Attwood St Anne s Paper and Paperboard Developments Ltd Book reviewer Katheleen M Bennet Fort James Corporation Allan M Springer Miami University Published in cooperation with the Finnish Paper Engineers Association and TAPPI Foreword Johan Gullichsen and Hannu Paulapuro PAPERMAKING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Papermaking is a vast multidisciplinary technology that has expanded tremendously in recent years Significant advances have been made in all areas of papermaking including raw materials production technology process control and end products The complexity of the processes the scale of operation and production speeds leave little room for error or malfunction Modern papermaking would not be possible without a proper command of a great variety of technologies in particular advanced process control and diagnostic methods Not only has the technology progressed and new technology emerged but our understanding of the fundamentals of unit processes raw materials and product properties has also deepened considerably The variations in the industry抯 heterogeneous raw materials and the sophistication of pulping and papermaking processes require a profound understanding of the mechanisms involved Paper and board products are complex in structure and contain many different components The requirements placed on the way these products perform are wide varied and often conflicting Those involved in product development will continue to need a profound understanding of the chemistry and physics of both raw materials and product structures Paper has played a vital role in the cultural development of mankind It still has a key role in communication and is needed in many other areas of our society There is no doubt that it will continue to have an important place in the future Paper must however maintain its competitiveness through continuous product development in order to meet the ever increasing demands on its performance It must also be produced economically by environment friendly processes with the minimum use of resources To meet these challenges everyone working in this field must seek solutions by applying the basic sciences of engineering and economics in an integrated multidisciplinary way Chapter Foreword Environmental Control Page 1 The Finnish Paper Engineers Association has previously published textbooks and handbooks on pulping and papermaking The last edition appeared in the early 80 s There is now a clear need for a new series of books It was felt that the new series should provide more comprehensive coverage of all aspects of papermaking science and technology Also that it should meet the need for an academic level textbook and at the same time serve as a handbook for production and management people working in this field The result is this series of 19 volumes which is also available as a CD ROM When the decision was made to publish the series in English it was natural to seek the assistance of an international organization in this field TAPPI was the obvious partner as it is very active in publishing books and other educational material on pulping and papermaking TAPPI immediately understood the significance of the suggested new series and readily agreed to assist As most of the contributors to the series are Finnish TAPPI provided North American reviewers for each volume in the series Mr Brian Attwood was appointed overall reviewer for the series as a whole His input is gratefully acknowledged We thank TAPPI and its representatives for their valuable contribution throughout the project Thanks are also due to all TAPPI appointed reviewers whose work has been invaluable in finalizing the text and in maintaining a high standard throughout the series A project like this could never have succeeded without contributors of the very highest standard Their motivation enthusiasm and the ability to produce the necessary material in a reasonable time has made our work both easy and enjoyable We have also learnt a lot in our 搊wn field by reading the excellent manuscripts for these books We also wish to thank FAPET Finnish American Paper Engineers Textbook which is handling the entire project We are especially obliged to Ms Mari Barck the project coordinator Her devotion patience and hard work have been instrumental in getting the project completed on schedule Finally we wish to thank the following companies for their financial support A Ahlstrom Corporation Enso Oyj Kemira Oy Mets Serla Corporation Rauma Corporation Raisio Chemicals Ltd Tamfelt Corporation UPM Kymmene Corporation We are confident that this series of books will find its way into the hands of numerous students paper engineers production and mill managers and even professors For those who prefer the use of electronic media the CD ROM form will provide all that is contained in the printed version We anticipate they will soon make paper copies of most of the material List Of Contributors Pertti Hynninen Dr Tech Docent Enviro Data Oy Helsinki University of Technology The Finnish Paper Engineers Association has previously published textbooks and handbooks on pulping and papermaking The last edition appeared in the early 80 s There is now a clear need for a new series of books It was felt that the new series should provide more comprehensive coverage of all aspects of papermaking science and technology Also that it should meet the need for an academic level textbook and at the same time serve as a handbook for production and management people working in this field The result is this series of 19 volumes which is also available as a CD ROM When the decision was made to publish the series in English it was natural to seek the assistance of an international organization in this field TAPPI was the obvious partner as it is very active in publishing books and other educational material on pulping and papermaking TAPPI immediately understood the significance of the suggested new series and readily agreed to assist As most of the contributors to the series are Finnish TAPPI provided North American reviewers for each volume in the series Mr Brian Attwood was appointed overall reviewer for the series as a whole His input is gratefully acknowledged We thank TAPPI and its representatives for their valuable contribution throughout the project Thanks are also due to all TAPPI appointed reviewers whose work has been invaluable in finalizing the text and in maintaining a high standard throughout the series A project like this could never have succeeded without contributors of the very highest standard Their motivation enthusiasm and the ability to produce the necessary material in a reasonable time has made our work both easy and enjoyable We have also learnt a lot in our 搊wn field by reading the excellent manuscripts for these books We also wish to thank FAPET Finnish American Paper Engineers Textbook which is handling the entire project We are especially obliged to Ms Mari Barck the project coordinator Her devotion patience and hard work have been instrumental in getting the project completed on schedule Finally we wish to thank the following companies for their financial support A Ahlstrom Corporation Enso Oyj Kemira Oy Mets Serla Corporation Rauma Corporation Raisio Chemicals Ltd Tamfelt Corporation UPM Kymmene Corporation We are confident that this series of books will find its way into the hands of numerous students paper engineers production and mill managers and even professors For those who prefer the use of electronic media the CD ROM form will provide all that is contained in the printed version We anticipate they will soon make paper copies of most of the material List Of Contributors Pertti Hynninen Dr Tech Docent Enviro Data Oy Helsinki University of Technology Chapter Environmental Control Page 2 Preface Pertti Hynninen In today抯 forest industry environmental protection is part of everyone抯 duties The work of environmental management as it is frequently referred to is taking up more and more time not least in solving related technical and economic issues However this work is now being done to increasing effect The purpose of this volume is to provide a broadly based source of information for those working in this field Given the rate at which environmental protection is moving readers and others are constantly in need of new information This need has been addressed in this book The compilation of this book has involved numerous people The contribution of Pertti Laine Director at the Finnish Forest Industries Federation has been of major importance in relation to the content as well as to the material included in the appendices I wish to thank all those who took part in this work Pertti Hynninen Chapter 1 Introduction Effluent loadings and sulfur emissions from the forest industry came under considerable scrutiny in Finland in the 1970s Actions taken to further develop the processes and to deal with emissions brought the results shown in Figs 1 and 1 Figure 1 Trend in effluent loadings from the Finnish forest industry Figure 2 Trend in sulfur emissions from Finnish pulp mills The fall in emissions corresponds with other established forest industry countries in Europe North America and Asia The reasons for the decrease in emissions are changes in production technology and in the products themselves For example the industry has discontinued the production of calcium sulfite pulp which causes high emissions The energy crises of the 1970s and early 80s forced the introduction of numerous measures that resulted in reductions in mill water consumption and emissions to the environment Legislation and regulatory controls also have tightened particularly in relation to effluents As forest industry units are major point sources of effluent loadings it is often a simple matter to determine the effects of reductions in their loadings The increasing importance attached to the quality of the environment in recent years also has prompted nongovernmental organizations to press for lower emissions and for multiple use of forests Despite this the debate over environmental pollution has lost none of its intensity Demands for an end to the use of chlorine to the clearcutting of forests and to the pollution of soil by wood preservatives in addition to other somewhat sensationalist headlines have helped shape public opinion The reasons for this are found both within the industry and outside it Much still remains to be done in the area of environmental protection Over the past decade environmental protection in the forest industry has become increasingly integrated into general managementof the mill Employees have received training Preface Pertti Hynninen In today抯 forest industry environmental protection is part of everyone抯 duties The work of environmental management as it is frequently referred to is taking up more and more time not least in solving related technical and economic issues However this work is now being done to increasing effect The purpose of this volume is to provide a broadly based source of information for those working in this field Given the rate at which environmental protection is moving readers and others are constantly in need of new information This need has been addressed in this book The compilation of this book has involved numerous people The contribution of Pertti Laine Director at the Finnish Forest Industries Federation has been of major importance in relation to the content as well as to the material included in the appendices I wish to thank all those who took part in this work Pertti Hynninen Chapter 1 Introduction Effluent loadings and sulfur emissions from the forest industry came under considerable scrutiny in Finland in the 1970s Actions taken to further develop the processes and to deal with emissions brought the results shown in Figs 1 and 1 Figure 1 Trend in effluent loadings from the Finnish forest industry Figure 2 Trend in sulfur emissions from Finnish pulp mills The fall in emissions corresponds with other established forest industry countries in Europe North America and Asia The reasons for the decrease in emissions are changes in production technology and in the products themselves For example the industry has discontinued the production of calcium sulfite pulp which causes high emissions The energy crises of the 1970s and early 80s forced the introduction of numerous measures that resulted in reductions in mill water consumption and emissions to the environment Legislation and regulatory controls also have tightened particularly in relation to effluents As forest industry units are major point sources of effluent loadings it is often a simple matter to determine the effects of reductions in their loadings The increasing importance attached to the quality of the environment in recent years also has prompted nongovernmental organizations to press for lower emissions and for multiple use of forests Despite this the debate over environmental pollution has lost none of its intensity Demands for an end to the use of chlorine to the clearcutting of forests and to the pollution of soil by wood preservatives in addition to other somewhat sensationalist headlines have helped shape public opinion The reasons for this are found both within the industry and outside it Much still remains to be done in the area of environmental protection Over the past decade environmental protection in the forest industry has become increasingly integrated into general managementof the mill Employees have received training Chapter 1 Introduction Environmental Control Page 3 responsibility and the authority to act in accordance with environmental quality systems In this book the aim is to consider environmental management by reviewing the relevant legislation ISO 14000 systems life cycle analysis and environmental labels This section on the basics of environmental protection concerns mainly the forest industry By broadening our understanding of the issues dealt with here we shall be able to deal with the environmental requirements the industry will have to face in the future This applies particularly to the production of pulp and paper Mechanical wood processing and printing with the special issues these raise are not discussed A short list at the end of Chapter 6 provides recommended reading for those interested in finding out more The same sources were used in producing the text for this book Chapter 2 Environmental controls Environmental protection is a much wider concept than say nature conservation It means different things to different people and is constantly changing The driving force behind environmental protection has always been the desire to secure man s well being The methods currently used in directing environmental protection are shown in Fig 1 Figure 1 Controls in environmental protection2 Originally the most stringent measures were based on legislation and on enforcement of the resulting statutes and decrees which in turn were based on stipulations and instructions issued by the authorities In some respects this approach is now very much out of date For example in certain parts of southern Europe the laws governing the management of irrigation systems contain elements dating back to Roman times In Finland the first water legislation concerned the harnessing of rapids for hydropower and lake drainage t