语言学概论chapter 1 introduction.ppt

Chapter1Introduction Outline 1 1Definitionoflinguistics1 2Scopeoflinguistics1 3Somedistinctionsinlinguistics1 4Definitionsoflanguage1 5Designfeaturesoflanguage1 6Functionsoflanguage1 7Task 1 1Whatislinguistics Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage Linguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage butitstudieslanguagesingeneral Whyislinguisticsascientificstudy Itisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata conductedwithsomegenerallinguistictheories Collectandobservelanguagefacts Formulatesomehypotheses Testthehypothesesrepeatedly LinguisticTheory Valid Invalid 1 2Thescopeoflinguistics ThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGeneralLinguistics 普通语言学 Phonetics 语音学 Thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication Phonology 音位学 Howsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication Phoneticsvs Phonology Phoneticsstudiesthesoundsonebyone itisgeneral descriptiveandclassificatory Itisgeneral becauseitstudiesallthesoundsthatexistinallhumanlanguages Itisdescriptivebecauseitdescribeshowsoundsarepronounced p voiceless bilabial stop b voiced bilabial stop Itisclassificatory becauseittriestoclassifylanguagesoundsintodifferentgroups Phonologystudieshowthesoundsarecombinedtoexpressmeaning soundpatterns soundsystems Morphology 形态学 Thestudyofthewayinwhichthesymbolsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwords Thestructureofwords Syntax 句法学 Syntaxstudieshowthewordsareorganizedintosentences thestructureofsentences Semantics 语义学 Thestudyofmeaning Pragmatics 语用学 Thestudyofmeaninginthecontextoflanguageuse Semanticsvs Pragmatics Semanticsstudiesthemeaninginisolation Pragmaticsstudiesthemeaninginthecontextoflanguageuse 1 3Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics 1 3 1Prescriptivevs descriptiveDescriptive describe analyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse Prescriptive laydownrulesfor correctandstandard behaviourinusinglanguage Descriptivevs Prescriptive Don tsayX Peopledon tsayX Thedistinction DescribinghowthingsarePrescribinghowthingsoughttobe 1 3 2Synchronicvs diachronic Synchronicstudy descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime modernlinguistics Diachronicstudy descriptionofalanguagethroughtime historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime Synchroniclinguistics Diachronic Historical linguistics Synchronicapproachenjoyspriorityoveradiachronicone SynchronicorDiachronic 1 ThechangeofvocabularysinceChina sreformandopeningup 2 ThestudyofInternetlanguagein21stcentury 3 TheCategoriesandTypesofPresent dayEnglishWord Formation 1 3 3Speechandwriting Speech PrimarymediumoflanguageWriting Laterdeveloped Speechispriortowriting 5reasons 1 Thewritingsystemisinventedwhenneeded2 Todaytherearelanguageswhichcanonlybespokenbutnotwritten3 Speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingindailycommunication4 Eachhumanbeingfirstacquiresspeechandthenlearnswriting5 Modernlinguisticstendstopaymoreattentiontoauthenticspeech 1 3 4 Langueandparole F deSaussure 1857 1913 Langue theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityParole therealizationoflangueinactualuse Langueisabstract Paroleisconcrete Langueisstable Parolevariesfrompersontoperson andfromsituationtosituation Whatlinguistsshoulddoistoabstractlanguefromparole Langue Parole Abstract 1 3 5Competenceandperformance Chomsky Competence theidealuser sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguagePerformance theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication Whatlinguistsshouldstudyistheidealspeaker scompetence nothisperformance SimilarityanddifferencebetweenSaussure sdistinctionandthatofChomsky Similarity bothmakethedistinctionbetweentheabstractlanguagesystemandtheactualuseoflanguage Difference Chomsky scompetence performanceisfrompsychologicalpointofview Saussure slangue paroleisfromsociologicalpointofview Q Whatarethedifferencesbetweentraditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics Firstly linguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive Secondly modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary notthewritten ModernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin basedframework 1 4Definitionsoflanguage Generallyaccepteddefinition Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication 1 5DesignFeaturesofLanguage Languagedistinguisheshumanbeingsfromanimalsinthatitisfarmoresophisticatedthananyanimalcommunicationsystem Humanlanguageis unique Arbitrariness Duality Creativity Displacement Culturaltransmission Designfeaturesoflanguage Arbitrariness Generallythereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds Thinkaboutonomatopoeicwords ThedogbarkswowwowinEnglishbut 汪汪汪 inChinese Arbitrarinessincompoundingwordsandinthesyntacticlevel a Hecameinandsatdown b Hesatdownandcamein c Hesatdownafterhecamein languageisnotarbitraryatcompoundingwordsandatthesyntacticlevel Duality Ordouble structured Languageconsistsoftwosetsofstructures ortwolevels Lowerlevel soundswhicharemeaningless Higherlevel unitsofmeaningbygroupingorregroupingsounds Unitsofmeaningcanbearrangedintoinfinitenumberofsentences HierarchyoflanguageSounds syllables morphemes words phrases clauses sentences utterances texts discourses Creativity productivity languageiscreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers Thisiswhytheycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences includingsentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore Forinstance Heboughtabookwhichwaswrittenbyateacherwhotaughtinaschoolwhichwasknownforitsgraduateswho Displacement Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker Adogcannottellpeoplethatitsmasterwillbehomeinafewdays Thehoneybee sdanceexhibitsdisplacementalittlebit hecanrefertoasourceoffood whichisremoteintimeandspacewhenhereportsonit Culturaltransmission Languageisculturallytransmittednotgeneticallytransmitted Alanguageistaughtandlearnedwithinaparticularculturalbackground 1 4Definitionsoflanguage Whatislanguage 1 6Functionsoflanguage Jakobsondefinedsixprimaryfactorsofanyspeechevent namely addresser addressee context message code contact Theyareassociatedwithsixbasicfunctions