非谓语动词2.doc

非谓语动词一、现在分词（Present Participle）一.构成形式一般式doing 一般被动式beingdone完成式havingdone 完成被动式havingbeendone所有否定式都是在ing前面加not包括独立主格形式三.可作成分定语补语表语状语.作定语单个分词作定语时放在所修饰名词前 分词短语作定语时放在后，并且名词与现在分词之间存有逻辑上的主谓关系，这是区分现在分词作定语和动名词作定语的判断方法之一。eg.a runningboythegirlstandingthere 并且一般都可以转化为一个进行时的定语从句eg.aboywhoisrunningagirlwhoisstandingthere注意：分词的完成时不可作定语注意：在messagelettersignnewsnotice等词后要用现在分词作定语，不用过去分词，这是考试的易错点。注意：某些现在分词作定语时，已不再表示动作，已经从分词变为了形容词词性。eg. aninterestingstory；anexcitingmatch这些也可以属于现在分词作定语但是不能转化为相应的定语从句，但是可以有三级变化（原级比较级最高级）和被某些副词如very修饰。.作宾语补足语只有两类动词可以加现在分词作宾补）感官动词：seehearwatchfeelnoticeobservekeepfindlisten tolook at ）使役动词：havegetcatchleaveset值得注意的是：要想用现在分词来作宾补，只能是用于这些词后。但是并不代表这些动词后的宾补形式都要用现在分词（有些后面可以加不带to的不定式作宾补）eg.I saw him singing now. Dont have the students studying all day.注意 ：宾语与作宾补的现在分词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，即宾语是现在分词动作的发出者。.作表语现在分词作表语的情况只适用于上述的现在分词做定语部分中的注意3。有三级变化，可被副词修饰。eg. The story is interesting. The match is exciting.注意：表动作的现在分词不能作表语，例如上面例子的变形A boy is running.这不是主系表，而是主谓（其中助动词is与现在分词running和起来作谓语）.作状语doing/ having done作时间、条件、原因、让步状语时，要位于句首。且与后面用逗号隔开，能转换为一个相应的状语从句；作结果、方式、伴随状语时，要位于句尾。且与前面用逗号隔开。有时也可以不用。注意：分词作状语时的逻辑主语（即分词动作的发出者）一般要与句中主语保持一致）作时间状语eg. Walking in the street, I saw him.当我在街上走时，我看到他了可以转化为一个时间状语从句When/While I was walking in the street, I saw him.当要表达正在进行的动作时，我们可以在分词前面加上whenwhileWhen/While walking in the street, I saw him. 如果分词的动作先于主句的动作，用分词的完成式having doneAfter he had rested in Sydney for a few weeks, he set off once more.Having rested in Sydney for a few weeks, he set off once more.After resting/having rested in Sydney for a few weeks, he set off once more.）作条件状语eg. Working hard, you will succeed.）作原因状语eg. Being ill, she stayed at home.注意：being是常用来作原因状语的。）作让步状语eg. Having failed many times, he didnt lost heart.）作结果状语eg. His friend died, leaving him a lot of money,）作方式状语eg. Please answer the question using another way.）作伴随状语（可以转化为一个并列句）eg. He is standing there, singing. 可接受的无依着动词+ing形式，作独立成分，他们的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致。如：Supposing he is ill, who will do that work?Generally speaking, boys are more interested in science than girls.Judging from his accent, he must have come from Canada.常见的不需要逻辑主语的动词ing形式结构：generally speaking一般来说 Judging from/by 由判断出considering (that)考虑到 supposing (that)如果frankly speaking 坦白地说 concerning关于talking of 说到 coming to谈到allowing for 考虑到，顾及，留有余地 setting aside除开.现在分词的独立主格当分词的逻辑主语不和句中主语保持一致，也就是分词拥有了自己的独自的逻辑主语时，就用独立主格。eg.Winter coming，it gets colder and colder冬天来了，天变的越来越冷了。注意：当逻辑主语是人的身体部位时，如果后面的动词是及物动词，我们就用过去分词；如果是不及物动词，我们就用现在分词。其实用过去分词时是因为身体部位作了它的宾语。如果是由身体部位自己本身发出的动作时就用现在分词。eg. The boy lay on the ground，his eyes closed and his hands trembling这个男孩躺在地上，眼睛闭着，手在发抖。二、过去分词（Past Participle）在句中可作成分：定语、补语、表语和状语。1 过去分词作定语 作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词。及物动词的过去分词作定语，既表被动又表完成；不及物动词的过去分词作定语只表完成。 过去分词用作定语，如果是单个的，常置于其所修饰的名词之前；过去分词短语用作定语时，一般置于其所修饰的名词之后，其意义相当于一个定语从句，多用于书面语中。 We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况。 The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功。 The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero.他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会，到会的有五千多人。 注意：用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物，这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人，但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关。 The boy looked up with a pleased expression. 男孩带着满意的表情举目而视。2 过去分词作表语及物动词的过去分词作表语，与句子主语是被动关系，既表示被动，又表示完成。The cup is broken. 茶杯破了。 The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山。不及物动词的过去分词作表语，与句子主语是主动关系，只表示动作的完成。 He is retired. 他已退休。 【注意】一般来说，过去分词表示被动或完成, -ing 形式表示主动或进行。有些动词如 interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人，用 -ing 形式来修饰物。 The book is interesting and Im interested in it. The little girl was frightened to death, when she saw the snake then.3过去分词作宾语补足语能够接过去分词作宾补的动词有以下两类： a) 表示感觉或心理状态的动词。如：see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等。I heard the song sung in English. 我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌。He found his hometown greatly changed. 他发现他的家乡变化很大。b) 表示“致使”意义的动词。如：have, make, get, keep, leave等。Ill have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要理发。He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了。Dont leave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完。 【注意】过去分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系。 4. 过去分词作状语 过去分词作状语表示被动的动作。 Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因为写得匆忙，这篇文章不是很好。Given another hour, I can also work out this problem. 再给我一个小时，我也能解这道题。Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us. 从山顶看城市，城市显得更漂亮。Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。【注意】过去分词作状语，一般表示被动。 但有些过去分词因来源于系表结构，作状语时不表被动而表主动。常见的有： lost （迷路）； seated （坐）； hidden （躲）； stationed （驻扎）； lost / absorbed in （沉溺于）； born （出身于）； dressed in （穿着）； tired of （厌烦）。 Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didnt hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中，所以他没听到那个声音。 【注意】状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词，构成“连词过去分词”结构作状语。 When given a medical examination, you should keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定。 过去分词可放在主句前作句首状语，后面有逗号与主句隔开；也可放在主句后面，前面有逗号与主句隔开。 He stood there silently, moved to tears. = Moved to tears, he stood there silently. 他静静地站在那里，被感动得热泪盈眶。三、 动名词（Gerund）1动名词由动词 + ing构成，否定形式为not doing，具有动词和名词的性质，在句中起名词作用，可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。1）作主语。如：Seeing is believing. Laying eggs is the ant queens full-time job. It is no use arguing with him. 注意：动名词和不定式都可以作主语，动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。如：Playing with fire is dangerous. （泛指玩火）To play with fire will be dangerous. （指一具体动作）但对于一些比较长的动名词短语，一般采用It is 和There is 两种句式来表示。例如：It is no use waiting for him any longer。It is no good learning without practice.It is dangerous using this method to measure the speed of light. It is worthwhile consulting your tutor about it again.。There is no joking about such matters.There is no denying the fact that China has made a rapid progress in every aspect since it was founded.There is no littering about. 2）作定语，一般只限于单个的动名词作定语，表示“用于的”或表示“处于某件事情中的”含义. 例如：reading room阅览室 reading material 阅读材料 walking stick 手杖 opening speech 开幕词 listening aid 助听器 waiting room 候车室 注意：动名词作定语与现在分词作定语的区别：动名词与被修饰词之间逻辑上无主谓关系，而现在分词与被修饰词之间有主谓关系。如： a writing boy boy 与 writing 有主谓关系 a writing desk desk 与 writing无主谓关系3）作表语。如：Her job is teaching.注意：动名词和不定式都可以作表语，动名词作表语表示一般或长久的行为，不定式作表语往往表示具体的或临时的、将要发生的动作。如：My task is feeding chickens. (动名词表经常性地、永久性地)My task today is to feed chickens. （不定式表动作没进行，将来的动作）4）作宾语。如：He is fond of playing football. I like swimming. admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，face，feel，like，finish，forgive，give up，imagine，include，keep，mention，mind，miss，practise，put off，resist，risk，suggest，cant help（情不自禁），cant stand（无法忍受）等动词成词组后可以用动名词作宾语，但不能用不定式。forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try等动词或词组可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别。Lets go on studying Lesson 6. （让我们继续学第六课。说明前面已学了一部分。）Lets go on to study Lesson 6. （让我们接着学第六课。说明前面已学了第五课。）I remember doing the exercise. （我记得做过练习。）I must remember to do it. （我必须记着做这事。）I tried not to go there. （我设法不去那里。）I tried doing it again. （我试着又干了一次。）Stop speaking. （不要讲话。）He stopped to talk. （他停下来讲话。）I mean to come early today. （我打算今天早些来。）Missing the train means waiting for another hour. （误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时。）在allow，advise，forbid，permit等动词后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。如：We dont allow smoking here. We dont allow students to smoke. 动词need，require，want作“需要”解，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语表示事情需要做，这时，动名词的主动式表示被动意义。be worth后必须用动名词的主动形式来表示被动意义。如：The window needs/requires/wants cleaning/to be cleaned. Her method is worth trying. 在短语devote to，look forward to，stick to，to be used to，object to，thank you for，excuse me for，be(kept) busy，have difficulty/trouble/problem(in)，have a good/wonderful/hard time(in)，theres no use/good/need，feel/seem like, get down to(认真地静下心（工作）)等后的动词也必须用动名词形式，例如：I look forward to hearing from you soon. 在love，hate，prefer，like等动词后用动名词或不定式无多大区别。有时用动名词作宾语时，指一般情况，而跟不定式作宾语时指某一具体行为。start，begin，continue在书面语中多后接动名词，在口语中多后接不定式。但start和begin在下列情况下一般跟不定式作宾语：当主语是物而不是人时；当start或begin以-ing形式出现时，当后面作宾语的动词表示感情、思想或意念时。如：It started to snow. He is beginning to cook dinner. I began to understand what he meant. 在“have difficulty (trouble, problem, a hard time, fun, a good time) (+in) + 动名词； be busy (in) + 动名词；waste time (in) + 动名词；lost time (in) + 动名词；There is no point (in) + 动名词”等结构中，动名词做介词宾语，in常要省去。例如：The children are busy doing their homework.There is no point (in) making the simple experiments once again.再做一次这种简单的实验是毫无意义的。2动名词的复合结构动名词的复合结构由物主代词或人称代词宾格、名词所有格或普通格加动名词构成。在句子开头必须用名词所有格或物主代词。如果动名词的复合结构作宾语，其逻辑主语是无生命的名词时，用普通格。如：His coming made me very happy. Marys crying annoyed him. She didnt mind his crying. Is there any hope of Xiao Wangs winning? He insists on the plan being carried out. 3动名词的时态和语态动名词的时态分一般式doing和完成式having done两种，如果动名词的动作没有明确地表示出时间是与谓语词所表示的动作同时发生或在谓语动词所表示的动作以前发生，用动名词的一般式。如：We are interested in playing chess. His coming will be of great help to us. 如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常用动名词的完成时态。如：Im sorry for not having kept my promise. 注意：在某些动词或词组后，常用动名词的一般形式，尽管其动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的。如：Excuse me for coming late. 主语是动名词所表示的动作的对象时，动名词用被动语态。被动语态由一般式“being + 过去分词”或完成式“having been + 过去分词”构成。后一种一般很少使用，以免使句子显得累赘。如：He likes being helped. He was afraid of being left at home. I dont remember having ever been given a chance to do it. 四、 不定式一）. 不定式的时态和语态时态语态 主动 被动一般式 to do to be done进行式 to be doing完成式 to have done to have been done完成进行式 to have been doing1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动作，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。He seems to know this.I hope to see you again. = I hope that Ill see you again.我希望再见到你。2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.3) 进行时： 表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。He seems to be eating something.4) 完成进行时： They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan. 据说他们一直在云南收集民歌。二）不定式的语法功能不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作真实主语的不定式短语后置。It took me only five minutes to finish the job.不定式作表语1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。To do two things at a time is to do neither一次做两件事等于未做。What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。To work means to earn a living工作就是为了生活。3)如果主语是以aim， duty， hope， idea， happiness， job， plan， problem， purpose， thing， wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant最重要的是与他们协商一下这个工厂的未来发展。不定式作定语1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系He was the last one to leave school yesterday昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。The train to arrive was from London将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系Get him something to eat给他拿点儿东西吃。She has a lot of work to do in the morning早上他有很多工作要做。3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，这里的介词不能省去。I need a pen to write with我需要一支笔写字。There is nothing to worry about没有什么值得发愁的。4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如：ability能力，本领 drive赶，驾驶 movement运动，活动 ambition抱负，野心 effort努力，尝试 need需要，需求campaign战役，运动 failure失败，不及格opportunity机会 chance机会 force力，压力，要点 promise许诺，希望courage勇气 intention意向，意图 reason理由，原因 decision决定 method方法，方式 light光，光线，亮光determination决心，决定 motive动机，目的 struggle奋斗，努力， tendency倾向，趋势 wish希望，愿望，祝愿5）被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next， second, last, only和not a，the等限定词时候，只能用不定式。That will be the only thing to do now.这恐怕是目前唯一可行的办法。Is that the best way to solve the problem?这是解决这问题的最好办法吗？He is always the first to come and the last to leave他总是第一个到来，最后一个离去。6）不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。I want to get something to read during the vacation.我想找点书假期看。John will do anything but work on a farm除了农活，约翰什么都愿意干。7）如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语，或者其形容词要求接不定式做补语，则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如： tend to do-tendency to do；decide to do = decision to do；be curious to do = curiosity to doHis wish to buy a car came true他要买辆车的愿望实现了。8)不定式作定语时的时间关系一般来说，不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后。例如：Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗？动词不定式作状语常常表示目的。They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)比较：They stood by the roadside talking about the plan他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的：1) not/never tooto, toonot to , but/only too to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义2) 做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾，常见的不定式动词有：find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。3) 不定式做状语时，其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则用for引导主语。三）疑问词+不定式结构疑问词who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如：When to start has not been decided何时动身尚未决定。(主语)I dont know what to do我不知道该怎么办。(宾语)The difficulty was how to cross the river困难在于如何过河。(表语)I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。（双重宾语）注）1) 有时疑问词前可用介词，如：I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。2) 动词know 后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语，只能跟疑问词（如：how, what）+不定式：While still a young boy, Tom knew how to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.四）不带to的不定式1）在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有：feel 觉得， observe 注意到，看到 overhear听到，watch注视， listen to，听 perceive察觉，感知notice注意， see看见， look at看， hear听.On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue.2)另一类是某些使役动词，如make, let，have等。如：Let him do it.让他做吧。I would have you know that I am ill我想要你知道我病了。(注)：上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时其后的不定式一般需带to，如：He was seen to comeThe boy was made to go to bed early.在动词find与help之后，不定式可带to亦可不带to，如:He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏，感到惊讶。3)在do nothinganythingeverything but(except)结构中。例如：Last night I did nothing but watch TV昨天晚上，我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but get your shoes wet.但是，如果谓语动词不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带。The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking医生除了让他戒烟，其它什么都没有说。五）.不定式的逻辑主语.for +名词(或代词宾格) 引出的逻辑主语例如：I found it impossible for him to do the job alone我发现他个人干这活是不可能的。.在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词后面，常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。这类词主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever