高三英语科备课小组集体备课.doc

高三英语科备课小组集体备课备课老师：米仙珠 陈凤英定语从句专项讲练一概念：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。定语从句分为：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。二先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。三关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有when, where, why等。关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。定语从句分为：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。四关系词的选用（1）关系词的选择完全取决于先行词在定语从句中所充当的什么成分。关系词一共有九个，它们在从句中所充当的句子成分见下表。关系词 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 说明that 人/物 人/物 不能用于非限定性从句which 物 物 who 人 whom 人 whose 人/物 when where why as 主要用于非限制性的定语从句和suchas, the sameas, asas,结构中。1who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning.想去博物馆的人必须在明晨7点到大门口集合。Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。2whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。Mr Liu is the person ( whom )you talked about on the bus.刘先生是你们在公车上谈论的那个人Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. 李明正是我想要见的男孩。The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已经来了。The girl (whom)the teacher often praises is our monitor.老师经常表扬的那个女孩是我们的班长注意：关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替，也可省略。The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.3Which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。The factory which makes computers is far away from here.制造计算机的那家公司离这儿很远。He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers.他喜欢外国作家写的书。The house which is by the lake looks nice. 湖边的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天买的钢笔。The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。4That 指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million.每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind. 你介绍给我的那个人很友好。The season that / which comes after spring is summer. 春天以后的季节是夏季。Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia.昨天我收到封来自澳大利亚的信5Whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country.我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?6. when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together.我永远忘不了我们一起度假的日子。I will never forget the days that / which we spent together.我永远忘不了我们一起度过的日子。7 where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。I know a place where we can have a picnic. 我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方。I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. 我知道一个以自然景色优美而闻名的地方。8 why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。This is the reason why he was dismissed. 这就是他被解雇的原因。This is the reason that / which he explained to me for his not attending the meeting.这就是他向我解释的他没有参加会议的原因。注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如：那就是他工作的大学。 at which he works.which he works at.That is the college where he works.that he works at.he works at.它出生的那一天是1952年8月20日。on which he was bornwhich he was born onThe day when he was born was Aug.20,1952.that he was born onhe was born on五关系词的选用（2）限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况1当先行词是everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。如：Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? 李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world.All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做好了。There is little that I can do for you. 我不能为你干什么。注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who，如：Any man that / who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people. 所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。2当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.3当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。4当先行词被the very, the only修饰时。如：This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 这正是我要买的词典。After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns.家里发生了火灾过后，那辆旧车成了他的唯一拥有。注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。如：Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting.5当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。如：Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁？Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最合我的身？6当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如：They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street.瞧那个沿街走来的人和他的驴。way后面的定语从句，引导定语从句有三种情况：a.在比较正式的文体中用in which；b.一般情况下用that；c.in which和that省去。a. I was struck by the beauty of the way in which she stood.b. Lincone asked the people to think of slavery in the way that these men did.c. The assistant who served her did not like the way she was dressed.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for.Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine for which you asked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.This is the boy with whom I played tennis yesterday. 这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。Well go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about.Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.我们将去听那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家演唱。The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.我工作的那家公司的经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。注意： 含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正) 这是我正在找的手表。This is the watch for which I am looking . (误)The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. (正) 那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。 The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. （误）若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正)The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误)The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (正)The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (误)“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。如：He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.他深深地爱着他的父母，他们俩待他都很好。In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.我们班总共有个学生，大多数来自大城市。Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life.迄今为止，他写了部小说，其中部是关于农村生活。六限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上译成先行词的定语：“的”通常译成主句的并列句。关系词的使用上A作宾语时可省略 A不可省略B可用that B不用thatC可用who 代替whom C不可用who 代替whom注意区分下列几组句子的不同含义：1. Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college.她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学。（意含： 她还有其他哥哥。）Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college.她哥哥是当兵的，他总是鼓励她上大学。（意含： 她只有一个哥哥。）2. All the books that have pictures in them are well written.所有里面带插图的书都写得很好。（意含： 不带插图的书则不一定写得好。）All the books, which have pictures in them, are well written.所有的书都带插图，这些书都写得很好。（意含： 没有不带插图的书。）七关于as引导定语从句的问题as引导定语从句主要用于非限制性定语从句和the sameas，suchas，asas的结构中。1.as与which都可以引导一个非限制性定语从句，并代表前面整个句子或主句中的表语。He married the girl，as(which)was natural.He seemed a foreigner, as(which)in fact he was.不同的是：as引导的定语从句可以前置，而which不行。As was natural, he married the girl.2.在the sameas, suchas, asas结构中，same, such, as之后应是名词或形容词名词。We are facing the same problems as we did years ago.Some people have no doubt that their cat understands as many words as a dog does.We hope to get such a tool as he is using.3.the sameas与the samethat引导的定语从句在意义上的区别是：前者修饰的是与原物同样的；而后者修饰的就是先行词同样的东西。是比较：This is the same watch as I lost. 这和我丢失的那一只表一样。（不是同一只）This is the same watch that I lost 这就是我丢失的那一只表。（同一只）八定语从句与同位语从句的区别1定语从句修饰限定先行词，它与先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，它与先行词是同位关系。The plane that has just taken off is for Paris. （定语从句）刚刚起飞的那架飞机是开往巴黎的。The fact that he has already died is quite clear.（同位语从句） 他已经去世了，这个事实很明了。2定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分，关系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略。同位语从句主要由连词that 引导，在从句中一般不担当成分；有时也由where, when, how, who, whether, what 等连词引导，这些连词则在从句中担当成分。The news that he told me is true. （定语从句） 他告诉我的消息是真的。The news that he has just died is true. （同位语从句） 他刚刚去世了，这个消息是真的。The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. (定语从句) 我们现在面临的问题是如何筹集这么多资金。The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve. （同位语从句） 我们如何筹集这么多资金，这个问题很难解决。The question that he raised puzzled all of us. （定语从句） 他提出的问题让我们很为难。The question whether he is sure to win the game is hard to answer. （同位语从句） 他是否一定会赢得那场比赛，这个问题很难回答。定语从句训练：1. The man _ _ visited our school yesterday is from London. A. who B. which C. whom D. when2. The woman _ is talking to my mother is a friend of hers. A. whose B. who C. whom D. which3. Because of my poor memory, all _ you told me has been forgotten. A. that B. which C. what D. as4. Do you remember those days _ we spent along the seashore very happily? A. when B. where C. which D. who5. Tom did not take away the camera because it was just the same camera _ he lost last week. A. which B. that C. whom D. as6. Those _ want to go please sign their names here. A. whom B. which C. who D. when7. Where is the man _ _ I met this morning? A. when B. where C. which D. who8. Who is the woman _ _ is sweeping the floor over there? A. who B. / C. that D. when9. The man _ you talked just now is a worker. A. who B. whom C. to whom D. to who10. The man _ you are going to make friends is my fathers neighbour. A. with whom B. when C. to whom D. which11. The doctor， _ _， is leaving for Africa next month. A. the nurse is talking to him B. whom the nurse is talking C. the nurse is talking to D. who the nurse is talking12. The man _a_ around our school is from America. A. which you showed B. you showed him C. you showed D. where you showed13. He talked about a hero _ no one had ever heard. A. of whom B. from whom C. about that D. who14. In fact the Swede did not understand the three questions _ were asked in French. A. where B. who C. in which D. which15. Have you read the book _ I lent to you? A. that B. whom C. when D. whose16. Finally, the thief handed over everything _ he had stolen to the police. A. that B. which C. whatever D. all17. The foreign guests, _ were government officials, were warmly welcomed at the airport. A. most of them B. most of that C. most of whom D. most of those18. This is the very letter _came last night. A. who B. which C. that D. as19. I know only a little about this matter; you may ask _ knows better than I. A. whoever B. whomever C. anyone D. the one20. This is the school _ we visited three days ago. A. where B. / C. when D. what21. This is the factory _ we worked a year ago. A. where B. that C. which D. on which22. Nearby were two canoes _ they had come to the island. A. which B. in which C. that D. /23. Jack is pleased with _ you have given him and all _ you have told him. A. that, what B. what, that C. which, what D. that, which24. Do you work near the building _ _ colour is yellow? A. that B. which C. its D. whose25. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. A. whom B. who C. to whom D. form whom26. Is this school _ we visited three years ago? A. the one B. which C. that D. where27. Is this the school _ we visited three years ago? A. the one B. where C. in which D. /28, How many students are there in your class _ homes are in the country? A. whose B. who C. whom D. which29. Alice received an invitation from her boss, _ came as a surprise. A. it B. which C. that D. he30. The train was crowded and I had to get into a carriage _ already seven other people. A. when there were B. which there were C. that there were D. where there were31. I live in the house _ windows face south. A. which B. whose C. where D. in that32. - What game is popular with them? - The _c_ most is tennis. A. game they like it B. game they like C. best game they like D. best game they like it33. They stayed with me three weeks, _ they drank all the wine I had. A. which B. which time C. during which time D. during which34. The room _ Mr White lives is not very large. A. that B. which C. where D. when35. Dont forget the day _ you were received into the Youth League. A. when B. that C. at which D. where36. Ive finished writing the novel, _ is to be published next month. A. that B. what C. which D. when37. He returned home safe and sound after a fierce battle, _ was unexpected. A. which B. as C. that D. it38. _ we is known to all, English is not very difficult to learn. A. What B. As C. That D. Which39. The old man had three sons, all of _ died during World War . A. whose B. that C. whom D. who40. I have bought two pens, _ write well. A. none of which B. neither of which C. both of which D. all of which41. Do you know the reason _ she has changed her mind? A. why B. which C. for that D. of which42. He failed in the exam, _ proves that he wasnt working hard enough. A. which B. what C. it D. that43. During the week _ he tried to collect materials for his ar