常用物理常数.doc

常用材料密度序号材料密度备注序号材料密度备注1空气（20）0.00122软木0.1-0.43泡沫塑料0.24泥煤0.29-0.55工业用毛毡0.36木炭0.3-0.57焦炭0.36-0.538烟煤粉0.4-0.79木材0.4-0.7510皮革0.4-1.211石墨（粉）0.4512石棉线0.45-0.5513熟石灰（粉）0.514胶合板0.5615褐煤0.6-0.816高炉渣0.6-117干煤灰0.64-0.7218汽油0.66-0.7519煤灰0.720无烟煤0.7-1.021锌烟尘0.7-1.522粘土（块）0.7-1.523煤油0.78-0.8224酒精0.825烟煤0.8-126橡胶夹布传动带0.8-1.227造型砂0.8-1.328石油（原油）0.8229无烟煤粉0.84-0.8930软钢纸板0.931竹材0.932石蜡0.933机油0.9-0.934聚丙烯0.9-0.9135沥青0.9-1.536聚苯乙烯0.91-1.0737聚乙烯0.92-0.9538纯橡胶0.9339水（4）140ABS树脂1.02-1.0841尼龙10101.04-1.1542聚苯醚1.06-1.0743生石灰（块）1.144尼龙6/661.13-1.1545有机玻璃1.18-1.1946盐酸1.247熟石灰1.248水泥（粉）1.249生石灰（粉）1.250电石1.251电木1.2-1.452石灰石（中小块）1.2-1.553白云石（块）1.2-254褐铁矿1.2-2.155聚砜1.2456纤维纸板/纤维板1.3-1.457胶木/胶木板1.3-1.458酚醛层压板1.3-1.4559锌精矿1.3-1.760铜精矿1.3-1.861工业橡胶1.3-1.862铅锌精矿1.3-2.463碎石1.32-264聚氯乙烯1.35-1.465赛璐珞1.35-1.466细砂（干）1.4-1.6567粗砂（干）1.4-1.968聚甲醛1.41-1.4369玻璃钢1.4-2.170电玉1.45-1.5571砾石1.5-1.972橡胶石棉板1.5-273硝酸1.5474平胶板1.6-1.875平炉渣1.6-1.8576石灰石（大块）1.6-2.077粘土砖1.778锰矿1.7-1.979铁烧结块1.7-2.080铜矿1.7-2.181镁1.7482镁合金1.74-1.8183磷酸1.7884硫酸（87%）1.885碎白云石1.8-1.986硅质耐火砖1.8-1.987细砂（湿）1.8-2.188褐铁矿1.8-2.189混凝土1.8-2.4590砌砖1.9-2.391铅精矿1.9-2.492银10.593石棉板1-1.394铅/铅板11.3795汞13.5596硬质合金（钨钴）14.4-14.997金19.3298石棉布制动带299赤铁矿2.0-2.8100粘土耐火砖2.1101镁砂粉2.1-2.2102聚四氟乙烯2.1-2.3103石英玻璃2.2104硅藻土2.2105碳化钙（电石）2.22106纤维蛇纹石石棉2.2-2.4107石膏2.2-2.4108高铬质耐火砖2.2-2.5109镁砂（块）2.2-2.5110耐高温玻璃2.23111陶瓷2.3-2.45112石灰石2.4-2.6113实验器皿玻璃2.45114平板玻璃2.5115磁铁矿2.5-3.5116镁铬质耐火砖2.6117大理石2.6-2.7118花岗岩2.6-3.0119铝镍合金2.7120工业用铝/铸铝合金2.7121云母2.7-3.1122石墨2-2.2123碳化硅3.1124角闪石石棉3.2-3.3125金刚石3.5-3.6126普通刚玉3.85-3.9127白刚玉3.9128金刚砂4129锌铝合金6.3-6.9130灰铸铁7131轧锌7.1132锡7.29133可锻铸铁7.3134锌板7.3135锡基轴承合金7.34-7.75136白口铸铁7.55137硅钢片7.55-7.8138无锡青铜7.5-8.2139铸钢7.8140钢材7.85141碳钢7.85142工业纯铁7.87143合金钢/镍铬钢7.9144不锈钢7.9145高速钢8.3-8.7含钨9%-18%146黄铜8.4-8.85147铸造黄铜8.62148锡青铜8.7-8.9149轧制磷青铜8.8150冷拉青铜8.8151镍铜合金8.8152纯铜8.9紫铜153镍8.9154锡基轴承合金9.33-10.68155硬质合金（钨钴钛）9.5-12.4常用材料极限强度材料名拉压疲劳极限弯曲疲劳极限扭转疲劳极限拉压脉动疲劳极限弯曲脉动疲劳极限扭转脉动疲劳极限结构钢0.3b0.43b 0.25b 1.42-1l1.33-1 1.5-1铸铁0.225b 0.45b 0.36b 1.42-1l1.35-1 1.35-1铝合金b/6+73.5MPab/6+73.5MPa(0.550.58)-11.5-1l-结构钢0.3b0.43b0.25b1.42-1l1.33-1 1.5-1铸铁0.225b 0.45b 0.36b 1.42-1l1.35-11.35-1铝合金b/6+73.5MPab/6+73.5MPa(0.550.58)-11.5-1l-常用物理常数序号名称 符号 常数 量纲1转动惯量千克平方米kgm21kgm22转动惯量盎司平方英寸ozin21ozin2=1.8290*10-5kgm23转动惯量磅平方英寸lbin21lbin2=2.92640*10-4kgm24转动惯量磅平方英尺lbft21lbft2=0.0421401kgm25阿伏加德罗常数L,NA(6.0220450.000031)*1023mol-16标准大气压p00.101325MPa7冰点的绝对温度T0273.15K8玻尔半径a0(5.29177060.0000044)*10-11m9玻尔兹曼常数k(1.3806620.000044)*10-23J/K.mol10纯水三相点的绝对温度T273.16K11磁导率（真空中）04*10-7H/m12地球密度5.517t/m313地球平均半径r6.37*106m14地球与太阳平均距离d1.496*1011m15地球与月球平均距离d3.84*108m16地球质量5.98*1024kg17第二辐射常数c2(1.4387860.000045)*10-2m.K18第一辐射常数c1(5.670320.000020)*10-16W.m219电子半径（经典）re(2.81793800.0000070)*10-15m20电子静止质量me9.109534*10-31kg21法拉第常数F(9.6484560.000027)*104C/mol22光速（真空中）、电磁波速度c0(2.997924580.000000012)*108m/s23哈特里能量Eh4.35981*10-18J24基本电荷（电子电量）e(1.60218920.0000046)*10-19C25基本电荷（电子电量）e4.803242*10-10esu26介电常数（真空中）08.854187818*10-12F/m27精细结构常数0.00729735060.0000000060无量纲28绝对0度-273.1529空气密度（标准条件下，干燥）0.001293kg/l，t/m330里德伯常数R(1.0973731770.000000083)*107m-131粒子或原子核的磁矩玻尔磁子B(9.2740780.000036)*10-24A.m232粒子或原子核的磁矩核磁子N(5.0508240.000020)*10-27A.m233摩尔体积(理想气体0，0.101MPa)Vm(0.022413830.00000070)m3/mol34普朗克常数h(6.6261760.000036)*10-34J.s35名称符号常数量纲36热功当量J4.1868J/Cal37声速（在标准条件下空气中）c331.4m/s38水的密度（0）13.5951kg/l，t/m339水的密度（4）0.999973kg/l，t/m340斯忒藩玻尔兹曼常数(5.670320.00071)*10-8W/K4m241通用（普适、摩尔）气体常数R8.314410.00026J/(mol.K)42万有引力常量G6.673*10-11N.m2/kg243圆周率3.141592653644质子的磁旋比(2.67519870.0000075)*108A.m2/J.s45质子的康普顿波长cp(1.32140990.0000022)*10-15m46质子静止质量mp1.6726485*10-27kg47中子的康普顿波长cn(1.31959090.0000022)*10-15m48中子静止质量mn1.6749543*10-27kg49重力加速度（标准）ga9.80665m/s250弹性模量与热物理性质材料名称弹性模量剪切模量泊松比熔点线膨胀系数热导率比热容(105MPa)(105MPa)(oC)(10-6/K)(W/(mk)J/(kgK)1灰口铸铁/白口铸铁1.13-1.570.450.23-0.2712008.5-11.639.24702可锻铸铁1.550.4581.1/纯铁455/纯铁3碳钢2.0-2.10.79-0.810.25-0.281400-150011.3-1349.84654镍铬钢、合金钢2.060.79-0.810.25-0.311.5-14.5154605铸钢1.750.349.84706轧制纯铜1.080.390.31-0.34108317.53983867冷拔纯铜1.270.4-0.48108317.54074188轧制磷青铜1.130.410.32-0.3517.922.2镍青铜410/镍青铜9冷拔黄铜0.90-0.97034-0.370.32-0.42108318.810637710轧制锰青铜1.080.390.3524.8锡青铜343/锡青铜11轧制铝0.690.26-0.270.32-0.36658238/纯铝902/纯铝12铸铝青铜1.030.410.317.95642013硬铝合金0.70.270.323.6162/硅铝871/硅铝14轧制锌0.820.310.2712138815铅0.170.070.423273512616球墨铸铁1.4-1.540.73-0.7617玻璃0.550.2-0.220.254-11.518混凝土0.14-0.230.049-0.1570.1-0.182002-10-1419纵纹木材0.098-0.120.00520横纹木材0.005-0.000.0044-0.006421橡胶7.84e-0050.4722电木0.0196-0.02940.0069-0.02060.35-0.3823尼龙0.02830.01010.424大理石0.5525花岗岩0.4826尼龙10100.010727夹布酚醛塑料0.04-0.08828石棉酚醛塑料0.01329高压聚乙烯0.015-0.02530低压聚乙烯0.0049-0.007831聚丙烯0.0132-0.014232不锈钢24.5510法定计量单位序号物理量名称单位名称单位符号导出符号备注1（放射性）活度贝可（勒尔）Bqs-12（光）亮度米坎每平方cd/m23（光）照度勒（克斯）lxlm/m24（截面）惯性矩、极惯性矩四次方米m45（线、体）膨胀系数每度1/K6（质量）流量千克每秒kg/s7比焓、比内能焦每千克J/kg8比热容焦每开千克J/Kkg9比容立方米每千克m3/kg10比熵焦每开千克J/Kkg11表面张力牛每米N/m12波长米m13波数每米m-114泊松比无量纲15长度海里n mile1n mile=1852m16长度米m基本单位17磁场强度安每米A/m18磁导亨H19磁导率亨每米H/m20磁化率无量纲21磁化强度安每米A/m22磁矩安平方米Am223磁通（量）韦（伯）WbVs24磁通量密度、磁感应强度特（斯拉）TWb/m225磁为位差、磁通势安A26磁阻每亨1/H27弹性模量、切变模量帕Pa28电磁能密度焦每立方米J/m329电导西（门子）SA/V30电导率西每米S/m31电感亨（利）HWb/A32电荷（量）库（仑）CAs33电荷密度库仑每立方米C/m334电极化强度库仑每平方米C/m235电流安（培）A基本单位36电流密度安每平方米A/m237电能焦，千瓦时JkWh1kW.h=3.6*106J38电偶极矩库仑米Cm39电容法（拉）FC/V40电通量库仑C41电通量密度、电位移库仑每平方米C/m242电压、电动势、电位伏（特）VW/A43电阻欧（姆）V/A44电阻率米欧姆m45动力粘度帕秒Pas46动量千克米每秒kgm/s47动量矩、角动量千克平方米每秒kgm2/s48发光强度坎（德拉）cd基本单位49功率、辐（射能）通量瓦（特）WJ/s50光通量流（明）lmcdsrsr=立体角球面度51焓、内能、自由能焦J52级差、功率级差分贝dB无量纲53剂量当量希（沃特）SvJ/kg54加速度米每秒平方m/s255角度（平面角）度1圆周=36056角加速度弧度每秒平方s-2=rad/s257角速度弧度每秒s-158角速度、角频率弧度每秒s-1=rad/s59截面系数、截面模量三次方米m360介电常数法每米F/m61力、重力牛（顿）Nkgm/s262力矩、转矩、力偶矩牛米Nm63立体角球面度sr（辅助单位）顶点在球心，其在球面上截取的面积=r*r,r为球半径64密度千克每立方米kg/m365面积平方米m266面密度千克每平方米kg/m267摩擦系数无量纲68能电子伏eV1eV=1.6021892*10-19J69能量、功、热（量）焦（耳）JNm70频率赫（兹）Hzs-171平面角，角弧度弧度rad辅助单位，无量纲，1圆周=2（rad）72热导率（传热系数）瓦每平方米开，瓦每米摄氏度W/mK，W/（m）开开尔文73热扩散率平方米每秒m2/s74热流量瓦W瓦瓦特75热流密度瓦每平方米W/m276热容焦每开J/K77热阻开每瓦K/W78热阻系数mK/W，m/W79熵焦每开J/K80摄氏温度摄氏度=(t-273.15)K81声功率瓦W82声能密度焦每立方米J/m383声强瓦每平方米W/m284声压帕Pa85声压级、声强级、声功率级分贝dB无量纲86声阻抗、声阻、声抗帕秒每立方米Pas/m387声阻抗率帕秒每米Pas/m88时间秒s基本单位89速度米每秒m/s90体积立方米m391体积升，立方分米L、ldm292体积流量立方米每秒m3/s93温度开（开尔文）K基本单位94物质的量摩（尔）mol基本单位95吸收剂量戈（瑞）GyJ/kg96线密度特（克斯）texg/kmkg/m97相对介电常数无量纲98相位、相位差弧度Rad无量纲99压缩系数每帕1/Pa100应变无量纲101应力、压力、压强、帕（斯卡）PaN/m2102运动粘度平方米每秒m2/s斯103噪声级分贝dB无量纲104振幅级差、场级差分贝dB无量纲105质量千克（公斤）kg基本单位106周期秒s一个循环的时间107转动惯量千克平方米kgm2108转速转每分rpmr/min109阻尼系数每秒，分贝每秒s-1,dB/s钢铁硬度与强度近似换算KLQD=抗拉强度bMPaHRCHRAHR15NHR30NHR45NHVHB30D2d10、2d5、4d2.5mm碳钢铬钢铬钒钢铬镍钢铬钼钢铬镍钼钢铬锰硅钢超高强度钢不锈钢不分钢种洛氏硬度洛氏硬度表面洛氏硬度表面洛氏硬度表面洛氏硬度维氏硬度布氏硬度布氏硬度抗拉强度bMPa抗拉强度bMPa抗拉强度bMPa抗拉强度bMPa抗拉强度bMPa抗拉强度bMPa抗拉强度bMPa抗拉强度bMPa抗拉强度bMPa抗拉强度bMPa19.568.540.318.62232224.057807487437927557897457592068.840.719.22262254.0379075775179776179675476720.56941.219.82292274.027997667598027688037647742169.341.720.4231227480977576780777581077378221.569.542.2212342323.9781978577681378281778279144.572.982.663.648.34294182.9914661426147514551448149114501478143314574573.282.964.148.94364242.97148814481498148014721516147415021457148045.573.483.264.649.54434302.9515101472152215051497154114981526148215044673.783.56550.14494362.93153314971547153115221567152215501508152946.573.983.765.550.74564422.9115561522157215571547159315471575153515554271.681.161.345.43993913.09136713221364134013361375134213621325134742.571.881.461.845.94053963.0713861341138513621357139713621385134513684372.181.762.346.54114013.05140513611407138513791420138414091366138943.572.48262.747.14174073.0314251382142914081402144314051432138714114472.682.363.247.74234133.0114451403145214311425146714271455141014344774.28465.951.24634492.89158115491597158415731620157316001563158147.574.584.366.451.84704552.8716061576162316121599164816001625159216084874.784.666.852.44784612.85163116051649164016261676162716521623163548.57584.967.3534854682.8316581635167516691654170416541679165516634975.385.267.753.64934742.8116861666170216981682173316831707168816925276.986.870.457.15431881187518871861191818701894188552.577.187.170.957.655119061920189319511903193019215377.487.471.358.2561193719551925198519381967195753.577.787.671.858.8570196819901974200519955477.987.972.259.45792000202520102045203449.575.585.568.254.25014812.7917141698173017281710176217121735172317225075.885.768.654.75094882.77174417311758175817391793174217651759175350.576.18669.155.34174942.75176717871790176918231773179517855176.386.369.555.95255012.731803181618211799185418041827181751.576.686.67056.55341841184518541830188618361860185159.580.990.476.965.6700262325516081.290.677.366.27132691260760.581.490.877.766.87266181.79178.167.373961.58291.278.667.97525779.589.474.862.86422326229357.579.889.675.263.4653238023415880.189.875.663.96642437239158.580.39076.164.5676249624435980.690.276.565.16882558249654.578.287.672.659.9589203320612048208720745578.588.473.160.55992066209820862131211555.578.788.673.561.160921772157567988.973.961.76202224220156.579.389.174.462.26312274224664.583.692.18171.28406583.992.281.371.785665.584.18726684.488966.584.7906678592367.585.29416885.595968.585.89786986.19971767.337.915.62112114.1573.670670577272675770372417.567.638.416.22142144.1374.47147127757317637117311867.838.916.82162164.1175372371977973776971973718.56839.317.42182184.097627317277837437767287441968.339.8182212204.077717397357887497827377526282.291.47968.476662.582.591.579.4697806382.891.779.869.579563.583.191.880.270.18106483.391.980.670.682569.586.310177086.610372772.447.327.52682633.7493789888689387789791089789527.572.747.828.12712663.72949909897902887907920908906287348.328.72742693.796192090991289791893091991728.573.348.729.32782733.679729329219229089309419319282973.549.229.92812763.6598494393393291994195194294024.571.14524.52522483.858818448338528308658438442571.445.525.12552513.8389285584386083887485385425.571.645.925.72582543.89038658538688478668828648642671.946.426.32612573.7891487686487685787689287587426.572.246.926.92642603.7692688787588486788690188588429.573.849.730.52852803.639979559469429319539629549513074.150.231.12982833.61100996795995394396697396696430.574.450.631.72922873.5910219799729649559789859789763174.751.132.32962913.56103499198597696799199699098931.574.951.632.93002943.5410471004999988980100510081003100134.576.754.436.53243183.41112710821088106910641092108610811085357754.8373293233.3911411095110410841079110811011095110035.577.255.337.63333273.371156110911201099109511251115110911153677.555.838.23383323.3411701124113611151111114111301123113136.577.856.238.83423363.321185113811531131112811581146113811473778.156.739.43473413.31200115311711