江苏省吴江市高级中学高三英语语法训练 状语从句(1).doc

江苏省吴江市高级中学高三英语语法训练 状语从句i 基本概念 在复合句中由从句表示的状语称作状语从句，它可以用来修饰谓语（包括非谓语动词）、定语或状语，或是整个句子。状语从句通常由一个连词引起，也可以由一个起连词作用的词组引起，有时甚至不需要连词直接和主句连接起来。ii 考点聚焦 （i）时间状语从句时间状语从句常用连接词：when, as, while, before, after, till, until, as soon as, hardlywhen, no soonerthan, since, once1. when, while和as用法比较(1) when 通常运用于以下三种情况下当的时候（从句中的动词可以是延续性的，也可以是短暂性的）就在此时，突然在情况下，既然阅读下列例句，辨别when的用法：when he was on the farm, he learned a lot from the farmers. _i was walking along the road when i heard my name called. _why did you want to look for a job when you had a better one? _当when 做“就在此时，突然”讲时，常用于以下句型中：was/ were doingwhen “正在干某事突然”was about to dowhen “正要干某事突然”had just donewhen “刚刚干完某事，就在这时”i was about to go shopping when an unexpected guest came. 我正要去买东西，这时来了一个不速之客。i had just finished my homework when the light went out. 我刚刚做完作业，突然灯灭了。(2) while 通常运用于以下三种情况：当时候（从句中的动词一般只用延续性动词，可用when 替换）而，然而，（表示主从句动作的对比）虽然，尽管（位于句首，引导让步状语从句）阅读下列例句，辨别while的用法：he fell asleep while reading. _ while i like the coat, i wont buy it. _ his sister is very diligent while his brother is very lazy. _(3) as引导时间状语从句时，强调主句和从句的动作同时或几乎是同时发生。常可翻译成“一边一边” ; as还可以表示两个相互伴随着发展或变化的状态，常译为“随着”he hurried home, looking behind as he went. 他匆忙跑回家，一边走一边回头望。as spring warms the earth, all trees turn green. 春回大地，绿上枝头。as time went by, he began to realize that he made a mistake. 随着时间的流逝，他开始意识到自己犯了错误。 此外，as还用在以下结构中，表示时间：as a child/ as a young man(当还是个孩子/年轻人的时候) 2. before 的用法(1) before 引导时间状语从句有“还没就”, “还没来得及”，“趁”的意思 please write it down before you forget it. 趁你还没忘，把它写下来。 he left in a hurry before i could say anything. 我还没来得及说什么他就匆匆走了。(2) 用于句型“it +be+一段时间+before+从句”（要过才）和“it+be+not + 一段时间+before+从句”（没过就） it will be long before the country is rebuilt. 要过很久这个国家才能重建。 it was two hours before the fire was put out. 过了两个小时火才被扑灭。 it wont be long before you like your new job. 要不了多久你就会喜欢你的新工作的。 3. till/ until 的用法till和until 意思相同，但till一般不置于句首，也不用于强调和倒装句型。(1) 肯定句式结构为：延续性动词+until 表示“直到为止” i waited until(till) he finished his work. 我一直等到他完成工作为止。(2) 否定句式结构为：短暂性动词的否定式+until, 表示“直到才” they didnt reach the village until(till) it was dark. 他们直到天黑前才到达那个村庄。(3) notuntil的强调句式：it is/was not untilthat it was not until the professor came that we began the experiment. 在教授到来之后我们才开始实验。 (4) notuntil的倒装句式：not until置于句首，后面的主句用部分倒装。 not until his mother came back did he go to bed. 直到他妈妈回来他才上床睡觉。 4. since 引导的时间状语常和完成时态连用。其引导的时间状语如果用延续性动词的过去式，表示这一动作结束以来有多久了；如果从句中谓语动词为短暂性动词，表示这一动作开始以来有多久了。常用于“it is /it was +一段时间+since从句”的句型中。 we havent seen each other since i worked in the factory. 自从我不在这个厂工作以来我们没见过面。 its two years since he joined the army. 他参军两年了。（join为短暂性动词） its two years since he was soldier. 他退役两年了。（was为延续性） 5. 表示“一就”的几个表达法。 (1) as soon as +时间状语从句 (2) directly/ immediately/ instantly+时间状语从句 (3) the moment/ the instant/ the minute/ the second+时间状语从句 (4) no soonerthan=hardly/ scarcelywhen 结构。no sooner 和hardly/ scarcely 所在的主句要用过去完成时，than和when 后面的从句用过去时，如果no sooner和hardly/scarcely位于句首的话，主句部分要用部分倒装。 (5) on/ upon +doing/ sth 【注意】介词on/upon后不加从句，只能加名词或动名词。 immediately she heard the noise, she jumped up. 一听到这声音，她就跳起来了。 = as soon as she heard the noise, she jumped up. =the moment she heard the noise, she jumped up. =she had hardly heard the noise when she jumped up. =she had no sooner heard the noise than she jumped up. = hardly/ scarcely had she heard the noise when she jumped up. = no sooner had she heard the noise than she jumped up. 6. every time, each time, next time, the first time, the last time, any time等名词短语可以直接引导时间状语从句，相当于连词的作用，“每次”; “每当”； “下一次”;“第一次”;“上一次”;“在任何时候” every time i go to his home, he is always studying. 每次我去他家，他都在学习。 next time you come, do remember to bring your wife. 下次你来时，一定把你妻子带来。 the first time i went to beijing, i only visited the great wall. 我第一次去北京时，只去了长城。 （ii）地点状语从句 地点状语从句表示主句中某一动作或状态发生的地点或进行的方向，通常由where引导，可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后。 bamboo grows well where it has plenty of rain. 在雨水充足的地方竹子生长得很好。 =where it has plenty of rain, bamboo grows well. 【注意】1. where引导的地点状语从句和where引导的定语从句的区别。 where引导的定语从句前有相应的先行词，而where引导的地点状语从句没有。 bamboo grows well where it has plenty of rain. (地点状语从句) bamboo grows well at the place where it has plenty of rain. （定语从句） 2. where 引导的状语从句可以引导抽象的地点，常翻译成“的地方” he succeeded where others failed. 他在别人失败的地方成功了。 the rope breaks easily where it is the weakest. 绳子在最细最薄弱的地方容易断。 （iii）条件状语从句条件状语从句一般由以下连接词引导：if, supposing/ suppose, providing/ provided that (假如，如果)only if, as/so long as, on condition that, on the understanding that (只要，以为条件) unless （除非）in case (that) 万一，如果发生given (that) 考虑到once 一旦given that he is interested in children, im sure that teaching is proper for him. 既然他对儿童感兴趣，我可以肯定教学对他是合适的工作。providing that we get good weather, we will have a good holiday. 如果天气好，我们的假期会很美好。once you begin to do the work, you must do it well. 一旦你开始这项工作，你必须把它做好。as long as you pay, you will gain. 只要有付出，就会有收获。i will go to the party on condition that they also invite tom. 我回去这个派对，条件是他们也邀请了tom。 【注意】1. if / unless unless= if not，但在下列场合unless和ifnot不能互换： (1) 当从句是虚拟语气时，只能用ifnot，不能用unless代替。 the old man would have died, if he had not been tended carefully. 如果这个老人没有被仔细地照顾，他就死了。 (2) 主句是疑问句是，用ifnot what shall we do if we havent enough money? 如果我们没有足够的钱该怎么办？ 2. if only/ only ifif only 意为“但愿; 要是就好了”，作用上相当于i wish, 表达一种强烈的而不能实现的愿望，使用虚拟语气；only if 意为“只要”，表示条件。if only i were a bird! 我要是鸟多好啊！you will make progress only if you work hard continuously.只要不懈努力，你就会取得进步。 （iv）原因状语从句引导原因状语从句的引导词有：because, since, as, now that(既然), seeing that(鉴于), considering that(考虑到，由于), in that(因为)等。 1. because, since, as和for(1) because引导的从句常位于主句之后，表示原因的语气最强，回答以why引导的疑问句和引导表语从句，用于强调句型以及连词前有only, just, simply修饰时，都必须使用because. -why didnt you come to the meeting? because i had a bad cold. -你为什么没来开会？ -因为我重感冒。 it was because he was ill yesterday that he was absent form school. 就是因为他昨天生病了才没来上学的。 (2) since表示一种附带的原因，或者表示已知的显然理由，意为“既然”，引导的从句常放在主句前。 since you are free today, youd better help me with my mathematics. 既然你今天有空，最好帮我补习一下数学。 (3) as所表示的理由只是对主句的附带说明，重点在主句，as引导的原因通常放在主句前，可以改写成so引导的分句。 as the day was fine, they decided to go on a trip.the day was fine, so they decided to go on a trip. 因为天气好，他们决定去旅行。 (4) for表示的理由语气最弱，引导的从句并不说明行为发生的直接原因，只是提供一些有助于说明情况的补充说明。for引导的原因不可位于主句前。 there must be no one in the house for the door is locked. 房子里肯定没人，因为门是锁着的。【尝试一下】the engine stopped running _ the fuel was finished._ no one is against it, lets carry out this plan.it must have rained last night, _ the ground is wet._it was getting very late, we had to go home.(because, since, for, as) 2. now that意思与since相近，意为“既然”。位于句首时that可以省略。 now (that) you are well again, you can go on with your work. 既然你恢复了健康，就又可以继续工作了。 3. in that 与because 同义，但不能放在句首。 the higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more. 所得税增高时有害的因为他可能使人不愿意多赚钱。 （v）结果状语从句和目的状语从句 结果状语从句通常由so that, sothat, suchthat引导；目的状语从句通常由so that, so, in order that来引导。 1. 目的状语从句与结果状语从句的区别。目的状语从句谓语动词常含有may, might, can, could 等情态动词，而结果状语从句常常只是一个表述事实的陈述句。 she takes notes carefully in class so that she may use them when she reviews her lessons after class. 她在课上认真记笔记以便课后复习功课时用。 the box was so heavy that he failed to move it away. 箱子如此之重以至于他没能搬得动。 2. 引导目的状语从句的so that和in order that. so that 较常用，一般放在主句之后。in order that常用于正式文体，引导的从句可放在主句前也可以放在主句后。 they set off early so that they could catch the train. 他们出发的早以便能赶上火车。 in order that the motion of a body can be changed, an additional force is needed. 为了改变物体的运动，需要一个外力。 3. sothat和suchthat的区别 so 为副词，修饰形容词或副词；such为形容词，修饰名词，常见结构有： so+形容词/副词+that从句 so+形容词+a(an)+单数名词+that从句 so+ many/ few/ much/ little+ 名词+ that从句 such+ a(an) + 形容词+ 单数名词+ that从句 such+ 形容词+ 复数名词+ that 从句 such+ 形容词+ 不可数名词+ that从句 she spoke so loudly that everyone in the big hall could hear her. 她说话那么大声以至于大厅里的每一个人都能听见。 it was such a terrible accident (= so terrible an accident) that few people survived. 这是一个可怕的事故，几乎无人生还。 there were so few students present that the class was cancelled. 几乎没有学生出席以致于课被取消了。 4. sothat和suchthat引导结果状语从句，如果so和such位于句首的话，主句部分要进行部分倒装。 so serious was the situation that everybody faced a test. 形势如此严峻，每个人都面临着一场考验。 so hard did he overwork that he fell ill at last. 他太操劳过度以致最后病倒了。 such an interesting book is it that i cant stop reading it. 这是一本如此有趣的书以致我一直往下读。 5. sothat/ suchthat引导的结果状语从句和soas/ suchas引导的定语从句。 结果状语从句是完整的句子，而定语从句不完整，由特殊的关系代词as代替先行词在定语从句中充当成分。 【判断一下】 he is such a lovely boy _ everyone loves him. he is such a lovely boy _ everyone loves. it was so useful a book _ i decided to buy it however expensive it was. it was so useful a book _ i decided to buy however expensive it was. （vi）让步状语从句 让步状语从句通常由以下引导词引导：although/ though, even though/ even if, as, while, whatever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however, whether, no matter who/ which/ when/ where/ how等。 1. though 与although (1) though与 although用法基本一样，后者较正式，都不与but连用，但可以和yet, still连用。 although she has a lot of money, yet (still) she is not happy. 尽管她有许多钱，但是她不快乐。 (2) though还可以是副词，在意义上等于however，表示“虽然”，但是不能放在句首，只能位于句中或句末。although没有这一用法。 our team lost. it was a good game though. 我们队输了，但这也不失为一场好球。 2. as与though as引导的让步状语从句必须倒装，though引导的让步状语从句可以倒装也可以不倒装。常用的句型为： 形容词（副词、动词原形、名词、过去分词）+though/as +主语+谓语+主句 child as he is, the boy knows a lot. 尽管还是小孩子，他懂得很多。（注意：名词前的冠词要省略） try as i might, i couldnt lift the stone. 尽管我会试试，我也搬不动这块石头。 smart though he was, he was not able to solve the problem. 虽然他很聪明，他也不能解决这个问题。3.“疑问词+ever”与“no matter+疑问词”的区别 疑问词+ever既可以引导名词从句，又可以引导让步状语从句，no matter+疑问词只能引导让步状语从句，相当于疑问词+ever引导的让步状语从句。 he carries a book in his pocket, wherever/ no matter where he goes. 无论去哪儿，他都在口袋里装一本书。whoever/ no matter who comes to the door, tell him im out. 无论谁来敲门，都告诉他我出去了。whoever helped the old man is worth praising. 无论谁帮助了这位老人都值得表扬。【注意】however引导让步状语从句，后接所修饰的形容词或副词+主语+谓语。however often you ring, no one will answer. 无论你打多少次电话，都没人接。 （vii）方式状语从句方式状语从句一般由as, as if/ though引导。as if/ though引导的方式状语从句，如果从句所述的情况可以实现，用陈述语气；如果所述的情况不可能实现或与事实不符，用虚拟语气。he walked as if he were drunk. 他走起来好像喝醉了似的。(实际上没喝醉)he treats the little girl as if she were his daughter. 他对待这个小女孩就好像她是他的女儿。（实际上她不是他的孩子）the dark clouds are gathering as if it is going to rain. 乌云聚集好像要下雨。（实际上可能下雨） （viii）比较状语从句比较状语从句通常由asas, not as/ soas, than, the morethe more引导，比较状语从句常用省略结构，要特别注意比较内容的一致。常用句型有：表示a与b程度相同时：a+谓语+as+形容词/副词原级+as + b表示a与b程度不同，即a不及b时：a+谓语动词否定式+形容词/副词比较级+than + ba+谓语动词+ less+ 形容词/副词原级+ as + ba + 谓语动词否定式+ so (as) + 形容词/ 副词原级 + as + bhe is as tall as i / me. 他和我一样高。he is taller than i /me. 他比我高。he doesnt get up as/ so early as you (do). 他起床不如你起床早。【注意】常用的倍数表达法a+ be动词+ 倍数+ as + 形容词原级+ as + b.a+ be动词+ 倍数+ 形容词比较级+ than+ ba+ be动词+ 倍数+ the size/ the length/ the weight/ the height + of b.this room is twice as large as that one.this room is twice larger than that one.this room is twice the size of b. (ix) 状语从句中的省略 在状语从句中，如果从句和主句的主语一致或是it，且谓语动词中有be的某种形式时，从句的主语和be动词常省略。 whenever (it is) convenient, please come over to my house. 无论什么时候方便就过来我们家吧。 when (he was) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night. 当他还是十岁的孩子时，他就不得不夜以继日地工作。 though (she was) asked for several times, the little girl couldnt say where she lived. 尽管被问了几次，这个小孩子仍说不出她住在哪里。iii 典例分析 1. mom, what did your doctor say? -he advised me to live _ the air is fresher. (2006年四川卷) a. in where b. in which c. the place where d. where 【解析】选d。此题考查地点状语从句。从句前没有先行词，不是定语从句。c项the place where前缺少介词in。 2. _youve tried it, you cant imagine how pleasant it is. (2006年北京卷) a. unless b. because c. although d. when 【解析】选a。句意为：假如你不尝试，你想象不出它是多么令人愉悦。unless相当于ifnot.。 3. _environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the ecosystem to recover. (2006年江苏卷) a. even if b. if only c. while d. once 【解析】选d。once此处引导时间状语从句带有条件意味，意为“一旦”。句意为：“一旦环境破坏，生态系统要花费许多年才能恢复。”a项常用于引导让步状语从句，b项“要是就好了”，常用于引导虚拟语气；c项常用于引导时间状语从句。iv强化训练1. he met with the difficulty did he realize the importance of our helpa. even though b. never until c. only before d. ever since2. my mother is always warning me when l go out，“dont get off the bus it is stopping.”a. until b. before c. while d. after3. take a cigarette, please. no, thanks. its three years i smoked. a. before b. since c. after d. when4. i have realized the truth from my life story that suffering kills you, it makes you stronger.a. thoughb. beforec. ifd. unless5. -are you sure that he is able to do the work well? - _ he could give his mind to it.a. in caseb. if only c. on condition thatd. unless6. we must take measures to protect endangered wildlife_ it is too late. a. now that b. as long as c. unless d. before7. if you want to do the experiment again, youd better be more careful _ you made a mistake. a. when b. why c. where d. in case8. he said was right to her and that was why she decided to marry him happened.a. no matter that; no matter thatb. whatever; whicheverc. no matter what; no matter whatd. whatever; whatever 9. the thread of my kite broke and it flew awayi told you it would easily break it was the weakesta. when b. there c. that d. where10. you can, the sky is clear, see as far as the old temple on top of the mountain, but not today.a. whenb. wherec. thoughd. because11. - will you go to toms birthday party tomorrow? - no, _ invited to. a. if b. until c. when d. even though12. the famous scientist was going out _ he found himself surrounded by lots of young people.a. when b. before c. while d. after13._life in a new country can be difficult, it can broaden a persons view of the world.a. if b. as c. because d. while14. it was five oclock in the afternoon _they arrived at the hotel.a. since b. before c. that d. whenv高考链接2007年高考1. i wont call you, _ something unexpected happens. （全国卷i） a. unless b. whether c. because d. while2. we all know that, _, the situation will get worse. （全国卷i） a. not if dealt carefully with b. if not carefully dealt with c. if dealt not carefully with d. not if carefully dealt with3._ he had not hurt his leg, john would have won the race. （全国卷ii） a. if b. since c. though d. when4. pop music is such an important part of society _ it has even influenced our language. （上海卷） a. as b. that c. which d. where5. small sailboats can easily turn over in the water _ they are not managed carefully. （上海卷） a. though b. before c. until d. if6. _ i really dont like art, i find his work impressive. （山东卷）a. as b. since c. if d. while 7. the field research will take joan and paul about five months; it will be a long time _ we meet them again. （安徽卷） a. after b. before c. since d. when8. leave your key with a neighbor _ you lock yourself out one day（北京卷）a. ever since b. even if c. soon after d. in case9.wheres that report? i brought it to you _you were in mr. blacks office yesterday. （北京卷）a. if b. when c. because d. before10. you will be successful in the interview _ you have confidence. （福建卷）a. before b. once c. until d. though11. most birds find it safe to sleep in the trees, but _ they have eggs or young chicks, they dont use a nest. （湖南卷） a. why b. how c. unless d. where 12. he was told that it would be at least three more months _he could recover and retum to work. （江西卷） a. when b. before c. since d. that13. _there is a snowstorm or some other bad weather, the mail always comes on time. （上海春）a. because b. if c. when d. unless14. _tomorrow, our ship will set sail for macao. （上海春）a. however the weather is like b. however is the weather likec. whatever is the weather like d. whatever the weather is like15. it is difficult for us to learn a lesson in life _ weve actually had that lesson. （天津卷）a. until b. after c. since d. when 16. many of them turned a deaf ear to his advice, _ they knew it