语言学 Chapter 3.doc

Chapter 3: Tables and ExercisesTable 3.2 Some of the features required for classifying English sounds.Feature nameClassificatory possibilitiesEnglish segmentsVoice+voiceb, d, g, m, n, v, 3 ,d , , , z, w, r, l, j (and all vowels)-voicep, t, k, f, s, , Placelabialp, b, m, f, vdenti-alveolar, , t, d, n, s, z, l, rpalatal, 3, j (and front vowels)velark, g, w ( and back vowels)Stopstopp, t, k, b, d, g, m, nfricativef, s, v, z, , 3, , Approximantw, r, l, j (and all vowels)Nasal+nasalm, n, -nasal( all other speech sounds)Lateral+laterall-lateral( all other speech sounds)Sibilant+sibilants, z, , 3 , t, d-sibilant( all other speech sounds)Heightmaximum( all consonants except w, j )4 heighti: , u:, w, j3 heightei, i, u, u2 heighte, 1 height, :Back+backu: , u, :, , u, :, w, k, g-backi, i:, ei, e, ( and all other consonants)Syllabic+syllabicall vowels and some consonants as m, n, , l, r-syllabicall other consonants, including w, j .(Taken from Ladefoged, P. 1982: 39 with some minute revision)音节 n成音节e 不成音节除阻t送气ad无声除阻dd鼻音除阻d边音除阻发音n d浊音清化s t浊化b a漏气音bb a吱嘎音发音部位t d齿化t d舌唇化t d舌尖化t d舌叶化u t较前i t较后 较央e 中央化e 较高（抬）( = 有声齿龈嘶音擦音)e 较低（降）( = 双唇近音)协同发音 x更圆唇 x更展唇t d唇化或唇-软颚化t d颚化t d软腭化t a喉壁化t d唇-卷舌化z软腭化或喉壁化e o舌根前移e o舌根后移 z鼻音化 卷舌化( 2 ) V(owel) +nasal / _ + nasal $This rule can be explained in the following way piece by piece:V +nasal / _ + nasal $Vowels become nasalized in the before nasal within a environment segments syllable(8) The syllable structure for the words with one syllable: Onset Rhyme Nucleus Coda s p l i n t s splints (10). The syllable structure for words with more than one syllable Onset Rhyme Onset Rhyme Nucleus Coda Nucleus Coda s e n t r l sentrl central (11) Some examples for the words with one syllable.Front onset onset back onset vowel front coda coda back coda back coda back coda （1） （2） （3） Nucleus onset (peak) coda e.g.: eye ai ai it i t it me m i: mi: bit b i t bitscrimps s k r i m p s skrimpsscreen s k r i: n skri:ntwelfths t w e l f s twelfs(12) Different intonations representing different attitudes of the speaker(Radford 2000:48). a. b. c. d. e. me me ? me! me me ?!eat peas eat peas ? eat peas ! eat peas eat peas ?! A simple statement, a question, a strong assertion, a matter of fact assertion, disbeliefEXERCISES(Exercise I, II, III are adapted from the exercises 299-310 in Fromkin,et al.(2007), Exercises IV, V are revised according to those provided in Radford (2000): 101-102. )Exercises IMinimal pairs can be used to find the phonemes of the particular language; find the sets of minimal pairs for each pair of English consonants given below:/k/ -/g/, /b/-/m/, /l/-/r/, /p/-/f/, /s/-/, /t/- /d/, /e/-/, /n/-/, /- /, /i/-/i:/,Exercises IIIn some dialects of English, the following words have different vowels, as is shown by the phonetic transcriptions (in American transcription ai is transcribed as aj):A. B. C.bite bjt bide bajd die dajrice rjs rise rajz by bajripe rjp bribe brajb sigh sajwife wjf wives wajvz rye rajdike djk dime dajm guy gaja. How may the classes of sounds that end the words in columns A and B be characterized? that is, what feature specifies all the final segments in A and all the final segments in B ?b. How do the words in column C differ from those in columns A and B ?c. Are j and aj in complementary distribution? Give your reasons.d. Give the phonetic representations of the following words as they would be spoken in the dialect described here:Life , lives , lie , file , bike , lice e. Formulate a rule that will relate the phonemic representations to the phonetic representations of the words given above. Exercises IIIConsider the following English verbs. Those in column A have stress on next-to-last syllable, whereas the verbs in column B and C have their last syllable stressed. A. B. C. astonish collapse amaze exit exist improve imagine resent surprise cancel revolt combine elicit adopt believe practice insist atonea. Transcribe the words under columns A, B, and C phonemically.( Use a schwa for the unstressed vowels.)b. Consider the phonemic structure of the stressed syllables in these verbs. What is the difference between the final syllables of the verbs in columns A and B? Formulate a rule that predicts where stress occurs in the verbs in columns A and B.c. In the verbs in column C, stress also occurs on the final syllable. What must you add to the rule to account for this fact ? ( Hint: for the forms in columns A and B, the final consonants had to be considered; for the forms in column C, consider the vowels.)Exercises IVRecall that the symbol = means an unaspirated consonant and the symbol h means aspiration. Show how the pattern of data below can be explained by the Maximal Onset Principle. Assume that separate words are syllablified separately.1a. stub st =b 2a. spare sp= e 3a. scar sk= : b. this tub is t h b b. this pear is p h ea b. this car is k h : c. disturb dist=:b c. despair disp= e c. discard disk=:dExercises VBreak the following words into syllables, and applying the Maximal Onset Principle, identify the onsets, nuclei and codas by providing a diagram such as that in (10). a, comfortable, b, secretary, c, cooperation, d, confessional.Exercises VIIn the discussion of the phonological rules, we have a deletion rule stated as Delete a /g/ when it occurs before a final nasal consonant. Thus, in the pairs like sign / signature, design / designation, paradigm / paradigmatic, there is not a phonetic g in the first word; but in the pairs like gnosis / agnostic, the pronunciation of the first word is also lack a phonetic g. Can you give a more general rule describing these data ?Exercises VIISuppose / d / is the basic form of the pronunciation of the past-tense morpheme ed; given the following data, please form some rules to explain the past-tense formation of regular verbs as those in sect