江苏省常州市西夏墅中学高中英语 Unit4 Law and order语法 牛津译林版选修10.doc

unit4 law and order语法语言文体世界上有数以亿计的人使用英语，但不同的人在不同的场合使用的英语是不尽相同的。大体来说，学英语时要注意下面这几种不同类型的语言。1. 书面语和口语：一般来说书面语比较规范，结构比较严谨，口语则比较简短，结构比较松散，甚至中间夹有各种插入语，有时只说半句话又转入另一句，省略句较多。有些时候还会夹杂俚语方言，这都会构成理解的障碍。此外口语使用者在自然对话中多使用“and”和“but”等词来连接简单句，或多使用单一动词结构，而很少使用复杂的并列句或从句结构。而且，在一般会话中，由于说话者和听话者之间的高度参与，说话者常使用直接引语和通俗口语语言。与口语相反，书面语中频繁出现的是主语、谓语、定语、状语、表语等的复杂的从句结构。除此之外，书面语使用者常运用被动语态、过去完成时、间接引语，以及书面化措词等手段来扩大表达上的时间和空间跨度。 大家只要阅读一本知识性的书（如历史、地理、政治、经济），不难体会书面语的特点。反过来看一些剧本或是读一些小说中的对话，也不难看出口语的特点。例如：feeling bored, amy left the cinema early. (written)amy felt bored, so she left the cinema early. (spoken)the teacher came in, followed by many students. (written)the teacher came in and many students followed him. (spoken)以上两句话中，第一句比较文气，主要用在书面用语中。而第二句是比较随便的说法，很可能出现在轻松的谈话中，属于口语范畴。2. 正式场合及非正式场合用的英语： 正式场合用的英语，字典及语法中都标为formal，可以是书面的，如报告、商业书信、条规等中用的语言。比较规范，有时甚至比较文气。口头上也可使用这种语言，如演讲、讲课、正式作报告等。非正规场合使用的英语，指的是比较随便的英语，口头上用得最多，写信、甚至写文章也可能用这种语言。字典和语法书上多标作informal。例如：the meeting will commence at 4 p.m. (formal)the meeting will begin at 4 oclock.(informal)the government has continued its struggle against inflation. (formal)the governments kept up its fight against inflation.(informal) 另外，很多成语动词也都表现了informal english的特点，例如：formalinformal discover find out explodeblow upencountercome acrossinventmake uptolerateput up with investigatelook into另外在结构上也有些差别，例如：she longed for a friend in whom she could confide.(formal) she longed for a friend (who) she could confide in. (informal)in what country was he born?(formal)what country was he born in?(informal)一般来说，informal language就是指口语体的语言，formal language多有些文气，书面上用得比较多。但现在书面语言也在变化，有些人写作也多避免太文气的语言，而使文体显得比较轻松随便平易易懂，甚至在大学课堂讲课都比以前更加随便。最后我们通过一张简单的表格总结一下以上这几种不同类型的语言：正式非正式书面语短文报告申请信写给朋友或家人的信电子邮件短消息口头语正式演讲称呼陌生人和熟人说话（家庭成员或朋友）练习一、请将下面一段非正式用语转换成正式用语。i always hate going back to school after a holiday break. i am not sure why. i am anxious to see my friends, i dont have any overdue homework, but i still get that funny feeling at the bottom of my stomach. has something changed? do all my friends still feel the same way? everyone will wear something new, i am sure of that. 二、请将下面一段正式用语转换成非正式用语。even if using skin lightening products means they may face health risks, more and more people who have dark skin are using it. they believe that if they have whiter skin, they will improve their lives. many people suppose they will have a better chance of getting a job or marrying into a superior family. or they want to look like what their society generally considers beautiful. 参考答案段落1i am not sure about why i always hate going back to school after a holiday break. although i am anxious to see my friends and i do not have any overdue homework, i still have the funny feeling at the bottom of my stomach. has something changed or do all my friends still feel the same way? i am sure of that everyone will wear something new. 段落2 more and more people with dark skin are using skin lightening products, even if it means they may face health risks. they think they will make their lives better with whiter sk