江苏省徐州市王杰中学高中英语 unit2 Grammar导学案 新人教版必修3.doc

江苏省徐州市王杰中学高一英语必修三 m3u2 grammar 导学案 1,名词性that-从句 1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。that只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语。例如： 主语：that he is still alive is sheer(全然的) luck. 他还活着全靠运气。 动词宾语：john said that he was leaving for london on wednesday. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。形容词宾语：i am glad that you are satisfied with your job. 你对工作满意我感到很高兴。 介词宾语: i know nothing about him except that he is from the united states.除了知道他是从美国来之外,我对他全无了解 表语：the fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。 同位语：the fact that he has not been seen recently upsets everyone in his office. 近来谁也没有见过他，这一情况令办公室所有的人不安。 2 if, whether引导的名词性从句 1）yes-no型疑问从句,从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和that-从句的功能相同。例如： 主语：whether the plan is doable remains to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还有等证实。 宾语：let us know whether / if you can finish the article before friday. 请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。 形容词宾语： shes doubtful whether we shall be able to come. 她怀疑我们是否能够前来。 介词宾语： i worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness. 我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。 表语： the point is whether we should lend him the money.问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。 同位语：they are looking into the question whether the man is trustworthy.他们调查他是否值得信赖。 2）选择性疑问从句 选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whetheror或whetheror not构成。例如： please tell me whether / if they are swedish or danish.请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。 i dont care whether you like the plan or not. 我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。3, 名词性wh-从句 由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, why how, how many ,how much, how soon, how often ,how far ,how long, how tall ,how high等连接副词。wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当宾语补语和间接宾语等。例如： 主语： how the book will be sold depends on its writer.书销售如何取决于作者本人。 直接宾语：in ones own home one can do what one likes.在自己家里可以随心所欲。 间接宾语：the club will give whoever wins a prize.获胜者俱乐部将颁奖。形容词宾语：im not sure why she refused their invitation. 我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。 介词宾语：that depends on where we shall go. 那取决于我们去哪儿。 表语： my question is who will take over president of the club.我的问题是谁将接任该俱乐部主席职位。 宾语补足语：she will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。 同位语：i have no idea when he will return. 我不知道他什么时候回来。 主语从句主语从句在句中做主语,例如:that mathematics finds its use in every science is obvious.数学在各个学科中都有用是很显然的that he was chosen made us very excited.他被选上了使得我们很激动why the earth moves round the sun is quite clear now.地球绕太阳转的原因现在已经很清楚.whether he was chosen is unknown.他有没有被选上还不知道.what we need is careful preparation.我们需要的是准备.who will go makes no difference. 谁去都一样.which team will win the match is still not certain.哪个对要赢还不是很有把握.when they will start has not been decided yet.他们什么时候出发还没有决定.where she has gone is a mystery. 他到什么地方去了是个秘密how this happened is not clear. 究竟是怎么回事儿还不清楚.wherever you are is my home - my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家-我唯一的家。注意连接代词whoever, whatever, whichever等引导主语从句的含义whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=anyone who) 来的人将受到欢迎。whoever is tired may rest. (whoever=anyone who)任何累了的人都可以休息whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正确的。whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. (whichever=anyone of you who)在口语中常用whoever代替whomever.whoever/whomever you invite will be welcome.你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖励。主语从句常放在句尾而用 it 做形式主语使句子更加平衡，这时口语中常省略 that, 如上面第一句改成“it is obvious (that) mathematics finds its use in every science.”更好。 在下列情况下必须把主语从句放在句尾而用 it 作形式主语： 1it+be+过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, believed, decided, known, announced, arranged, suggested, ordered etc.)+that从句。如： it is said that mr. green has arrived in beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。it is reported that china has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。 it is said that he is a good doctor.据说他是个医生 it is suggested that the meeting ( should ) be put off. 建议把会议推迟。 it was ordered that we ( should ) arrive there in two hours。得到命令我们两小时内赶到那里 2 主句是疑问句或感叹句时，如： is it true that the film star will come? how wonderful it is that well visit the great wall tomorrow. does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他们明天不来很要紧吗？ how strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子们这么安静真奇怪！ 3 主句谓语动词是 appear,seem, turn out, happen, occur, come, strike, follow, matter 等时，如： it （so）happened that she had a cold and didnt go with us that day. it turned out that i was wrong. it seems that this test is reliable(可靠的).4 it+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, (un)likely , (im)possible, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如： it is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。 it is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。 it is a mystery(神秘的事儿) to me how it all happened. it is necessary that he should do so.it is important that we (should) learn english well. it is necessary that he (should) remember these words. it is doubtful whether he will come. it remained unknown who let out the news.it isnt known to us which is right.it is not clear when well start.it is not clear to anyone why he didnt come.it is still a question how this happened 5, it+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, a wonder etc.)+that从句。如： its a pity that we cant go. 很遗憾我们不能去。its no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场比赛真意外。it is small wonder that their team has won.他们队赢了不足为怪.6, it+ doesnt matter (makes no difference, etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。如：it doesnt matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。 it makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会毫无区别。 宾语从句宾语从句在句中作宾语 i thought (that) you had read the book.。 he told us that he felt ill. 他对我们说他感到不舒服。 i know he has returned. 我知道他已经回来了。 i doubt whether he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功。 i dont know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否帮助 who or what he was, martin never learned.他是什么人？他是干什么的？马丁根本不知道。 i wonder what hes writing to me about. 我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。 ill tell you why i asked you to come. 我会告诉你我为什么要你来。 you may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。i still remember when this used to be a small village 我仍然记得当时这儿曾是个小村庄。 do you know who invented this?你知道是谁发明了这个？注意连接代词whoever, whatever, whichever等引导宾语从句的含义。the club will give whoever wins a prize.( whoever wins=anyone who wins)she knew the files could be of help to whoever took over the job.they should enjoy complete freedom to marry whomever the might choose.在口语中常用whoever代替whomever.give it to whoever/whomever you like.1 宾语从句后有宾语补足语时常移至句末，而用 it 做形式宾语放在前面，如：the experiment makes it clear that air has pressure.实验表明空气是有压力的。we thought it strange that xiao wang did not come yesterday.我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。we think it wrong that he didnt help her。我们认为他不帮助她是不对的。i feel it possible that you will finish the work in a day. 我觉得你在一天之内完成这项工作是可能的。you may rely on it that i shall help you. 你可以指望我会帮助你的。2 宾语从句可做某些介词的宾语，如： he is pleased with what we did yesterday.他对我们昨天做的一切感到很满意。 my father always thinks of how he can do more for the people. 我的父亲始终考虑怎样为人民做更多的事。 we even use satellites to give us information about where the fish are. 我们甚至利用卫星给我们提供鱼群在何处的信息。he was deeply displeased by what had happened that day. 他对那天发生的事感到很不快。 i walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。i am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要说什么。your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。are you sorry for what youve done? 你为你所做的一切感到内疚吗？you may rely on it that i shall help you. 你可以指望我会帮助你的。my teacher was satisfied with what i did.what we should take with us depend on where well stay.注意 连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except, but, in后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导，则需用it先行一步，作形式宾语。如：he is a good student except that he is careless.他是一个好学生，只是有点粗心。i could say nothing but that i was sorry.he different from other people in that he always looked farther ahead in his work.your composition is quite good except that there are some spelling mistakes.某些不及物动词后边如果跟宾语从句，常省去介词，如果跟名词作宾语，则介词不能省略。i dont care whether he likes me or not.对比:i dont care about him.i insist that you should learn a second language.对比:i insist on your learning a second language.i hear that the chairman will arrive soon.对比:i heard of my brothers arrival.3. 宾语从句可做某些作表语用的形容词的宾语，如：i am not sure what i ought to do. 我不能确定我该做什么。 im afraid you dont understand what i said. 恐怕你没领会我说的意思。im surprised that i didnt see all that before. 我好奇怪，我以前没看到过。mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.妈妈为她的女儿通过了考试而感到高兴。4 宾语从句可以是直接引语也可以是间接引语，如： he asked me, “are you from chengdu?”（直接引语） he asked me whether i was from chengdu.（间接引语）5，混合型的宾语从句 当主句谓语动词为thinksupposeexpectbelieve等时，且其后的宾语从句为否定句，常将否定词not从从句中转移到主句中，构成否定转移；疑问句中what, who, how等要放在句首，构成混合型的宾语从句（也可把主句视为插入语）。如： we dont think theres anything of interest in your picture 我们认为你的画没有什么有趣的地方。 i dont think you are right. 我认为你错了。 i dont believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。 i dont suppose he cares, does he? 我想他不在意，是吗？ what do you suppose has happened to her 你推测她出了什么事儿？ who do you think he is? 你认为他是谁？whom do you suppose the teacher gave the book？ 6，如果主句的谓语是过去时，宾语从句的时态应按“时态呼应”规则调 整成“过去”范畴的相应时态。如： he said that he would fly to egypt the next day. 他说他第二天将飞往埃及。 she remembered that she had left her umbrella in the library. 她记起了她把伞忘在图书馆了。 但若宾语从句表示是的客观真理或普遍现象，从句仍可保持“现在”范畴时态，不可“呼应”调整。如： the teacher told us that light travels faster than sound。老师告诉我们光速比音速快。 he said when a person is learning a foreign language, he must not always be translating everything into his own language. 他说，当一个人在学外语时，不要老是把什么都译成本族语。 7，在动词suggest，advise , beg, order，demand，propose，request，require, command，insist, prefer, ask, decide等后的宾语从句中用虚拟语气（即should+动词原形或只用动词原形）来表示愿望、建议、命令、请求等。 i suggest that we（should）set off at once the doctor insisted that the patient (should）be x-rayed he insisted that you be on time。 he desired that we get everything ready by tonight。 the commanding officer decided that no one be admitted without a special pass。 8，在hope, believe, imagine, suppose, guess, think, tell, say, fear, expect以及be afraid等词语后，可用so代表一个宾语从句(代指上文涉及的事)。如： “well have fine weather tomorrow.”“i hope so.”“明天天气晴朗。”“我希望如此。” “mickey mouse and donald duck are lovely cartoon characters.”“i think so.” “米老鼠和唐老鸭是可爱的动画片人物。”“我想是这样。” 若接否定形式的宾语从句，可用两种替代形式： believe, think, suppose, expect等上述动词变为否定句，宾语从句用so 替代。如： it was a wonderful movie, but my wife doesnt think so. 那部电影好极了，但我的妻子不认为如此。 直接用not替代一个否定的宾语从句。如： will it rain? i suppose not. 会下雨吗？我想不会的。 注：hope, fear, be afraid常只接第二种形式。如： will he come hack soon? im afraid not. 他很快会回来吗？恐怕不会。表语从句表语从句在句中作表语但要引导词除了上述的词以外还可以是as, as if, as though, becausethe reason is (that) we havent raised enough money. that is what we want to know. air to us is what water is to fish. 空气对于我们就像水对于鱼儿一样（重要）the people is to the peoples army what water is to fish人民军队离不开人民，就象鱼离不开水一样。the trouble is that i have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。 he looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。 the question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。 all this was over twenty years ago, but its as if it was only yesterday.这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。 it looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。 the problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。 the question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。 that was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。 i think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。 my suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发 同位语从句同位语从句在句中作补充说明名词及其短语的从句.同位语从句的先行词多为fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等，关联词多用从属连词that。如：he expressed his hope that he would visit china again.they were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。where did you get the idea that i could not come? 你在哪儿听说我不能来？early in the day came the news that germany had declared war on russia.德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。this is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible. 这就是我们唯一的请求：尽快解决这个问题。同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。如：i have no idea whether hell come or not. 我不知道他是否来。i am in doubt whether i should buy or not. 连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where, when, why, how亦可引导同位语从句。 the question who should do the work requires consideration. 谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。 we havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation. 到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。 it is a question how he did it. 那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。 that引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别 that引导的同位语从句只起连接从句的作用，无意义。在从句中不充当句子成分。不可省。that引导的定语从句that替代先行词在从句中不仅起连接作用，还充当一个句子成分。如果在从句中作动词的宾语时可省略。 如：the news that mr. li will be our new english teacher is true. (同位语从句，that不可省。)李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。the news (that) he told me yesterday is true. (定语从句，that在从句中作told的宾语，可省。)他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。 the suggestion（that）he raised at the meeting is very good（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略） the suggestion that the students（should） have plenty of exercise is very good（that引导同位语从句） i had no idea that you were here（that引导同位语从句，不能省略） have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient greece？（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）名次性从句几点补充说明 1,what和that在引导名词性从句时的差别. 当what用作连接代词，引导名词性从句时，可引导主语从句、表语从句,宾语从句和同位语从句时，它本身在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。 (1)what 表示“所以的（事）”的意思，相当于“the thing(s) that；all that；that which；everything that the person that ,the place that；等。例如： leave it with me and ill see what i can do. (what引导宾语从句并作do的宾语) what you have done might do harm to other people.(what引导主语从句并在从句中作宾语)what he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.(what引导主语从句并在从句中作宾语)we are going to visit what was an old school 10 years ago.( what=the place that)我们准备参观十年前是个学校的地方(what引导宾语从句并在从句中作主语)electricity travels through the air in what we call radio waves.电是以我们称之为无线电波的方式在空气中传播的(what引导介词宾语从句并在从句中作宾语) what is the most important in life isnt money.(what引导主语从句，并在从句中做主语) but wait till you see what well make for you to your own measure. (what引导宾语从句并在从句中作宾语) what he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world. (what引导主语从句并在从句中作宾语)i have no idea what he means. (what引导同位语从句并在从句中作宾语) he is not what he used to be.他已不是从前的他了。(what =the person that) (what引导表语从句并在从句中作表语) she is no longer what she was five years ago. (what =the person that) (what引导表语从句并在从句中作表语)shenzhen is not what it used to be.深圳不是以前的深圳了。（what=the place that）(what引导表语从句并在从句中作表语)what has made you what you are?是什么使得你成了现在这样子？（what 引导的从句做宾语的补足语，或称宾语的表语并在从句中作表语) 2）that ，当that用作连接词，引导名词性从句时，可引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句，that在从句中既不充当任何成分，也无实际意义，仅起着连接句子的作用。一般不可省略（宾语从句除外）。若从句置于句子后面，代词it作形式主语。例如： it worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey.(that引导主语从句) it is a fact that chinese is accepted as an international language.(that引导主语从句) can you believe (that)in such a rich country there should be so many poor people? (that引导宾语从句) tom felt that he knew everybodys business better than they knew it themselves. (that引导宾语从句) we heard the news that our team had won.(that引导同位语从句) another problem is that good soil is gradually lost.(that引导表语从句) but the truth is that everyone should take care of disabled people, not just the government. (that引导表语从句)2，whether 和if 的区别 whether与if通用的情况(1）在某些动词ask, decide, know ,wonder, see 等后接的宾语从句中，译为“是否”。 while we were looking at the map, a police officer came up and asked whether ( if ) he could help us. 当我们查看地图时，一位警官走过来问我们是否需要帮忙。i was given ten minutes to decide whether ( if ) i should reject the offer. 给了我十分钟的时间来决定是否拒绝这项提议。i dont know if ( whether ) she will be able to come. if she comes , please let me know. 我不知道她能否来。如果她来的话，告诉我一声。i wonder whether ( if ) you would mind doing me a favor. 不知您能否帮帮忙。please try this jacket on and see if ( whether ) it fits you. 这件茄克衫你穿上试试，看是否合适。(2)动词doubt后接宾语从句，主句为肯定结构时，用 whether (if) 连接。i doubt whether ( if ) he can really tell right from wrong. 我怀疑他能否分辨是非。i doubt whether ( if ) the book is still lying on the table. 我怀疑那书是否还在桌上。i doubt if ( whether ) it is true. 我怀疑这事是真的。若主句为否定或疑问结构时，doubt后接的宾语从句用that引导。i dont doubt that you are honest. 你很诚实，这我一点也不怀疑。can you doubt that he will win ? 他能赢，你感到怀疑吗？有时在肯定句中也可跟that引导的从句，表示“恐怕.， 不会.”。i doubt that he will come. 恐怕他来不了。(3) 在be + uncertain ( unsure , doubtful ) 等结构之后，用whether 或if 均可，译为“怀疑，不能确定”。 they were uncertain whether ( if ) they ought to go or not. 他们拿不定注意该不该去。we were doubtful whether ( if ) our car could climb the hill. 我们不能确定我们的车能否爬上山。it is doubtful if ( whether ) we can get the engine working on such a cold weather. 这么冷的天，把车发动起来不好说。(4)whether 和if 均可与or not 连用，译为“是否”。 tell me whether ( if ) hes at home not. 告诉我他是否在家。 id like to know whether youll accept our offer or not. 我想知道你能否接受我们的建议。但直接与 or not 连用时,只能whether.如:i cant decide whether or not youll come. 此句中的whether 不宜用or .whether 与if 不能通用的情况在下列几种情况下，要使用whether。 1 引导主语从句时。whether youll gain knowledge successfully or not depends on how hard you will work. 你能否真正学到知识，就看你努力的程度如何。it is not certain yet whether she will be present at the meeting. 她能否出席会议还未确定。it worried her a bit whether she would pass the driving test. 能否通过驾驶考试使她有点担心。但当采用形式主语it 将主语从句后置时,用whether 和 if 均可, 如: its not clear to me whether /if she likes the present.2 引导表语从句时。the question is whether it is worth doing. 问题