花园煤矿0.9Mta新井设计含5张CAD图.zip
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花园煤矿0.9Mta新井设计含5张CAD图.zip,花园,煤矿,0.9,Mta,设计,CAD
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英文原文Processing of coal mine gas with low methane concentrations for use in high-temperature fuel cellsTorsten Brinkmann, Carsten Scholles, Jan Wind, Thorsten Wolffa, Andreas Dengel, Wulf ClemensInstitute of Polymer Research, GKSS Research Centre Geesthacht GmbH,Max-Planck-Strae 1, 21502 Geesthacht, GermanyTel. +49 (0) 4752 872400; Fax: +49 (0)4752 872444; email: torsten.brinkmanngkss.deSTEAG Saar Energie AG, Technische Innovation, St. Johanner Strae 103, 66115 Saarbrcken, GermanyOTS Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH, Lessingstrae 28, 66121 Saarbrcken, GermanyReceived 15 January 2007; Accepted 20 February 2007AbstractCoal mines are emitting off-gases containing methane of varying content. For environmental as well as economical reasons the gas should be collected and put to further use, i.e., as a feed stock for gas engines or fuel cells. Certain concentration ranges of the coal mine gas require an adjustment of the methane content due to safety related and technical constraints. The application of gas permeation is one possibility to increase the methane content to the desired levels. Employing methane selective, silicone-based, high-flux membranes is currently being investigated by a German project consortium. Experimental results as well as simulation studies showed that selectivity and flux of the membrane are sufficient to increase the methane content to the desired value at a reasonable recovery.Keywords: Gas permeation, methane recovery1. IntroductionCoal mines are emitting off-gases containing methane. The methane concentrations range from 20 vol.% for coal seam methane (CSM) from active mines to 80 vol.% for coal mine methane(CMM) from closed-down mines. As such it can be considered as an energy-rich resource and is collected by suction systems to be fed into pipelines for domestic and industrial consumption as well as to decentralised power generation units as gas engines or high-temperature fuel cells. Within Germany an additional benefit is that methane emitted from coal mines counts as a renewable energy and hence falls under the renewable energy legislation with the associated economical benefits.Another important reason for drawing off the emitted methane is its ecological impact when vented to the atmosphere: methane is 20 times more harmful a greenhouse gas compared to carbon dioxide. However, methane contents below 35 vol.% cannot be used in gas engines and fuel cells. An additional aspect is safety: depending on methane and oxygen concentrations, the coal mine gas might form an explosive mixture. In these cases suction and/or compression of the gas is prohibited by safety regulations and the gas is vented to the atmosphere for operating mines whilst the recovery is simply being stopped for closed down mines. One possibility to increase the methane content and hence prevent venting of the gas is to apply a gas permeation process using methane selective membranes. Steag Saar Ener-gie, an operator of coal mine gas pipeline networks and power plants in the German Federal State Saarland, the engineering consultant OTS and the GKSS Research Centre Geesthacht GmbH formed a consortium to investigate this technology. In a second stage of the project, the E&C Company Borsig Membrane Technology is also involved. The project is funded by the German Ministry of Economics and Technology.2. Process description and process designFeeding the gas into a pipeline at a pressure of 9 bar is conducted in a two-stage process. In the first stage gas is drawn from the coal mines by blowers. Subsequently compressors provide the pipeline pressure. The oxygen content of the gas defines concentration ranges for which certain compression stages are allowed. Hence there are several possible options for integrating a membrane unit into the process. It was decided to design a pilot process possessing the flexibility to be employed at different pressure levels. Furthermore, two membrane modules can be installed so that two-stage operation is possible. Fig. 1 shows a simplified flowsheet of the pilot plant.The feed gas can be directed to either of the two membrane modules by means of valves. The driving force for the high pressure stage is generated by compressors. The permeate is at a pressure of 1.3 bar and either forms the methane enriched product gas or, in case the required methane content cannot be achieved by one-stage operation, is fed to a second low-pressure stage. For this stage a vacuum pump operating at a pressure of 150 mbar supplies the driving force. A recycle compressor can be employed to feed the retentate of the low-pressure stage back to the feed side of the high-pressure stage. If only operation of the blowers is allowed, the low-pressure stage on its own can be employed to upgrade the coal mine gas.The membranes employed are silicone based high-flux membranes. The methane/nitrogen selectivity of this material is limited, but still allows for an increase in methane concentration to the required level of 35 vol.% in the permeate, provided the methane content in the feed is high enough. For the process design, application of GKSS envelope-type membrane modules 1 was assumed. However, in later stages of the project the use of spiral-wound membrane modules is also planned.In order to predict the operating behaviour of the unit, it was modelled using the equation-oriented process simulator Aspen Custom Modeler. The model employed for simulating the membrane modules accounted for real gas behaviour and concentration-dependent permeation as previously described 2. Fig. 2 shows the simulated performance of the low-pressure stage. The operating conditions are given in the figure. It is apparent that a methane content exceeding 35 vol.% in the permeate can only be achieved if the methane concentration in the feed is higher than 23 vol.%, when carbon dioxide is present in the feed gas. In case no carbon dioxide is present only 21 vol.% of methane are required in the feed. The carbon dioxide content of the feed gas influences the performance of the gas permeation unit since the permeance of carbon dioxide is considerably higher than that of methane for silicone based membrane materials. Furthermore does carbon dioxide induce swelling of the membrane and hence influences the permeation rates of the other components present. The carbon dioxide content has also an impact on the recovery. With no carbon dioxide present, methane, nitrogen and oxygen are permeating independently. If carbon dioxide is present in the feed the predicted results are different: the membrane is plasticized and additional permeation pathways are being formed. These allow increased amounts of methane pass through the membrane and thus increase recovery, albeit on the expense of a reduced permeate purity.fig. 1. Simplified flowsheet of two stage gas permeation process. Fig. 2. Simplified flowsheet of two stage gas permeation process.For a two-stage process as indicated in Fig. 1 operated with a feed pressure of 9 bar and a feed flowrate of 200 Nm3/h, a feed methane concentration of 16.5 vol.% is required to achieve 35 vol.% of methane in the product at maximum carbon dioxide concentration. Furthermore is the methane recovery positively affected. This performance increase is however at the expense of additional investment and operating costs due to the more complex plant layout and the energy consumption of the recycle compressor.The pilot plant is currently in the commissioning phase at a Steag site. First experimental results obtained from the low-pressure stage indicate that the methane content can be enhanced at a reasonable recovery. The high pressure stage has been delivered to the site and will be tied into the process. Fig. 3 shows a photograph of this stage.Fig. 3. High-pressure stage Fig. 3. High-pressure stage.3. Conclusions and future workThe theoretical studies conducted so far indicate that gas permeation processes can be employed to increase the methane content of coal mine gas so that it can be employed as a feed stock for decentralised power generation units. However, various process parameters as well as overall performance have to be evaluated by means of pilot plant operation. Aspects to be investigated include:（1）use of different membrane module types, i.e. envelope type and spiral wound;（2）validation of simulation tools by pilot plant data;influence of the carbon dioxide content on the performance;（3）control of the unit with respect to safetyrelevant changes in methane and oxygen con centrations in the feed and the resulting influence on the quality of the product (permeate) gas;（4）long-term stability of the membrane process with respect to real world operation, i.e.assessment of the influence of changing compositions, possible condensation and entrainment of dust or compressor oil on the operating performance;（5）economical evaluation of the process.References1 W. Hilgendorff, G. Kahn and J. Kaschemekat, DE Pat3507908 C2, 1988. 2 T. Brinkmann, Modellierung und Simulation der Membranverfahren Gaspermeation, Dampfpermetion und Pervaporation in Membranen, K. Ohlrogge and K. Ebert, eds., Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2006. 3 A. Alpers, Hochdruckpermeation mit selektiven Polymermembranen fr die Separation gasfrmiger Gemische, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Hannover, 1997.中文译文高温度燃料电池处理煤矿低浓度瓦斯Torsten Brinkmanna, Carsten Schollesa, Jan Winda, Thorsten Wolffa, Andreas Dengelb, Wulf Clemensc聚合物研究协会，GmbH公司GKSS研究中心，德国，Geesthacht，Max-Planck-Strae电话： +49 (0) 4752 872400; 传真: +49 (0)4752 872444; 电邮: torsten.brinkmanngkss.de摘要:煤矿排出的气体中包含有不同含量的甲烷，无论是环境还是经济因素，我们都应当收集起来加以利用，比如，可以作为燃料发动机或者燃料电池的能源。由于安全和相关技术方面的限制，我们需要重新调整煤矿排出的瓦斯气体的浓度，气体渗透是一种使甲烷气体达到我们期望浓度的一种方法。目前一家德国企业正在研究利用甲烷的可选择性，硅树脂为基础的高通透膜，实验结果，以及模拟研究显示，选择性和通透膜足以使甲烷含量达到一个理想的值。关键词：气体渗透，甲烷回收1.导言煤矿排除的气体中含有甲烷，甲烷的浓度范围从活跃矿山煤层甲烷（CSM）的20%到非活跃矿山煤层气（CMM）的80%。因此，它可被视为一个能源丰富的资源，通过抽风机压入管道，为家庭和工业消费以及为分散式发电单位，燃气发动机或高温燃料电池提供能源。在德国一个额外的好处是，甲烷排放的煤矿数目是一个可再生能源，因此，复合可再生能源的立法与相关的经济效益。我们要禁止排放甲烷的另一个重要原因是其对生态环境的影响，甲烷的温室效应是CO2气体的20倍，然而当甲烷含量低于35%时不能用于燃气发动机号和燃料电池，另一方面又是安全的：根据甲烷和氧气浓度，煤矿瓦斯可能形成爆炸性混合。在这些情况下，抽风机和/或压风机违反了安全规例，将违规气体排放出来的煤矿可能被叫停，其中一个可能性，增加甲烷含量，从而防止排除的气体适用于气体渗透过程中使用甲烷选择性渗透膜。Steag Saar Ener-gie，一个煤矿瓦斯管道网络工作的操作员和在德国的萨尔州的联邦国家的发电厂，工程顾问OTS和GKSS研究中心Geesthacht GmbH公司成立了一个协会来研究这种技术。在工程的第二阶段，E&C Company Borsig Membrane Technology也参与了，该项目的经费由德国经济部和技术提供。2. 过程描述和工艺设计以大气压九倍的压力将气体压入管道的过程经历了两个阶段的过程，第一阶段的气体来自煤矿风机，随后空气压缩机提供管道的压力，瓦斯中氧气定义了某些压缩阶段允许的含量，因此，有几个可能的备选方案集成了膜单位加入这一进程。这就决定要在不同的压力条件下设计一个灵活性的实验过程。此外，安装二模组件，使两个阶段的运作是可行的，图1显示了一种简化的流程实验装置通过任意一个模组件的阀可向管道中导入气体，空气压缩机产生了高压力，渗透是在1.3巴（巴：气压单位=750mm汞柱）气压或者任何形式的富化产品下进行的，如果所需的甲烷不能在第一阶段满足要求，则压入第二阶段，这一阶段由具有150m巴的真空泵提供压力，可以使用循环压缩机将第一阶段未能透析的滞留物压回到高压阶段，如果仅仅使用鼓风机是可以的，在低压阶段就可以提高煤矿瓦斯含量。渗透膜是以有机硅为材料的高通量模膜，对甲烷/氮具有选择性的材料室有限的，但是仍然可以将甲烷浓度增加到要求的35%的水平，提供到管道中的甲烷的浓度已足够高，为工艺设计，应用GKSS信封式膜组件1是假设，不过，在稍后阶段，该项目已计划使用螺旋式膜组件。为了预言个体的经营行为，这是利用方程的面向过程模拟器Aspen自定义建模的蓝本。该模型利用模拟膜组件，占实际气体的
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