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阳泉东坪矿煤矿1.5
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外文资料原文Directions of changes of hard coal output technologies in PolandTurek Marian*Central Mining Institute, 40-166 Katowice, Polanda b s t r a c t The author presents the results being the effect of the analysis of innovative rate of individual technologies applied in opening up, development and extraction works which was carried out within the project: “scenarios of technological development of hard coal extractive industry”. After presentation of opening up, development and extraction technologies that are applied in Polish hard coal industry and their classication with regard to innovation degree the author describes those technologies in a detailed manner. He brings attention to the most effective systems for hard coal deposits opening up, development and their extraction, including the extraction of the residual coal. The attention is also paid to the safety level of the applied technologies.Keywords: Technologies Manridng Materials transport Mechanisation Development 1. IntroductionThe presented analysis of innovativeness of individual technologies of the hard coal production process was carried out in the framework of the project entitled “Scenarios of technological development of hard coal extractive industry” 1. In the framework of conducted investigations the division into the following tech-nological areas was performed （Fig. 1） 2.For individual technological areas the corresponding with them technologies were presented according to their innovativeness degree with the division into disseminated and development technologies. The following innovativeness criteria were adopted 3.1） 2BdDisseminated technologies, medium innovativeness level,2） 2CdDisseminated technologies, high innovativeness level,3） 1AdDevelopment technologies, low innovativeness level,4） 1BdDevelopment technologies, medium innovativeness level,5） 1CdDevelopment technologies, high innovativeness level.For each technology group the following time periods of implementation of distinguished innovative technologies were singled out 4:1） until 2010,2） until 2015,3） until 2020 and,4） after 2020.The technologies counted among the time period until 2015 constitute the optimistic variant of development of the hard coal mining sector. The technologies implemented with lower intensity, i.e., until 2020 constitute the variant of sustainable development of hard coal mining. Technologies counted among the time period after 2020 constitute the pessimistic vision of the mining sector development 5.Among the variants of optimistic scenarios of development of underground deposit extraction technology were counted （Table 1）6,7.Among variants of sustainable and pessimistic scenarios of development of underground deposit extraction technology were counted （Table 2） 8.2. Extraction technologiesThe optimistic variants of extraction technologies constitute the most effective systems for hard coal deposits and extraction of remainders.The basic systems of hard coal deposit extraction in Poland will remain longwall systems of different forms, with the distinct superiority of the longitudinal or diagonal system with roof caving. The main directions of longwall system development will aim at the improvement of system effectiveness and safety level through9:1） improvement of reliability of individual equipment elements,2） development of an effective construction of self-slideable dam in hydraulic stowing systems,3） development of the plough technique for the needs of extraction of seams with thickness below 1.5 m,4） modication of driving and improvement of maintaining of gate roads including crossings with the longwall,5） improvement of thick coal size yield,6） better adaptation to natural hazard conditions, especially rock burst, re and methane hazards,7） use of remote steering systems and automatics.Fig. 1. Technological areas.Remainder deposits, located within pillars and seam parts with irregular forms will gradually force the use of short-front systems, especially open end systems （pillar-open end） and roadway systems; their chief advantages are 10:1） possibility to use the known and commonly applied mechanisation of mining operations,2） considerable elasticity from the aspect of adaptation to changeable mining and geological conditions of coal seams,3） possibility to extract seam parts with complicated forms,4） possibility of mining and power plant wastes disposal in post extraction voids,5） considerably reduced impacts of extraction on the surface（roadway system）.Table 1 Underground deposit extraction technologies of optimistic scenarios.In the sustainable variant of development of extraction technologies possible to implement until 2020 the following technologies were distinguished:1） Fundamental directions of development of short-front open end systems will to a high extent be in line with the directions assumed for longwall systems, however, there will appear additional elds of activities such as 11:a） development of a getting system using one-organ cutterloaders with increased capacity,b） determination of possibilities, determinants and technologies to conduct operations in conditions of a short （20e30 m） “blind working”.2） The thick seam deposits of the saddle group in areas that do not require surface protection should become in the nearest future the terrain for operational tests of the longwall sublevel caving system and possibly the open end-sublevel caving system. Signicant is the fact that these systems were and are effectively applied for coal seam extraction in the European or Chinese mining industry, often also in difcult mining and geological conditions.Basing on European experience there exist the possibility to start in the Polish mining industry operational tests to use the longwall sublevel caving system and open end-sublevel caving system. Detailed analyses will require some elements of this technology mainly connected with occupational safety and mined coal contamination. To them belong among others 12:1） assessment of impact of this system on the re and rockburst hazard increase and indispensable prevention scope relating to these hazards,2） modication of construction of powered （sublevel cavingrelated） support with respect to geological and mining conditions occurring in the Polish hard coal mining,3） development of an effective system of mined coal transportation from the longwall using one or two chain conveyors, basing on the analysis of deposit use coefcient and mined coal contamination degree.In spite of high innovativeness, among the pessimistic variant of development of extraction technologies should be counted the chamber-pillar system with capacity 1000 t/day and underground coal gasication.Mainly because of relatively difcult geological and mining conditions we can assume that the adaptation of the chamber-pillar system to coal seam extraction in Polish mines will not be possible.Underground coal seam gasication is undoubtedly a development technology. However, the current state of resources and technological reasons indicate that in the nearest future theTable 2 Underground deposit extraction technology of sustainable and pessimisticscenarios.implementation of this system on an industrial scale should not be expected. The determination of determinants of application of hard coal underground gasication in Poland and development of an appropriate for it technology should be, however, the subject of research and development work. Therefore we assume that the implementation of this extraction system will follow after 2020. Simultaneously with deposit opening and development systems and its extraction in the optimistic variant should be developed and implemented the specied in the scenario mechanisation systems, and allow achieving a sufcient level of Polish mining. Among optimistic technologies that could be implemented or quickly developing can be counted （Table 3） 13.Among sustainable mechanisation technologies was counted only the installation of the energy-cooling system with the use of motors supplied with methane with innovativeness on the level 1C.All technologies mentioned above will be applied in extraction systems in connection with system technologies of supply, informatics and automatics.3. Deposit opening, development operations and their mechanisationThe most optimistic variant of opening technologies is deposit opening using inclines from the surface and opening deposit structure; they are characterised by low execution costs and short realisation time.In roadway workings are commonly used and will be in the future two basic technologies of roadway working driving, i.e., heading machine technology basing on the use of heading machines, and the blasting technology, where rock getting will be realised with the application of explosives. The main factor deciding about the selection of driving technologies will be the properties of rocks occurring in the cross-section of the driven working （workability, occurrence type and their structure）. Among technologies basing on the use of heading machines we can distinguish.3.1. Mining using heading machines by means of the milling methodIt should be expected that the number of applied arm heading machines, mining point-wise, of medium and heavy type, will increase. This will concern mainly the development of systems of remote steering of heading machine work, remote machine operation from the surface and communication with it from an optional place for monitoring and control of its technical condition, steering of the direction of workings driving with the use of a technology similar to GPS or an alternative one, system of monitoring and communication for the automatic control of absorbed power of the getting organ, vibrations of machine elements, temperature, system for prole control of the driven working or systems for invasionless determination of rock type and properties as well as occurrence of gas outburst and water hazard at the workings life （in terms of distance） of georadar type.Using the experience of domestic producers and users of arm heading machines as well as the results of investigations carried out in Polish research centres, should be performed elaboration and execution of construction of drivers cabin equipped with an air-conditioning installation, adopted to work in conditions of rock-burst occurrence.Moreover, conceptions should be developed relating to new solutions of getting tools such as; bit tools, disc asymmetrical minitools, solutions of lubricated cutter holders in order to work out new getting techniques and organs to be applied in the case of compact and very compact rocks. When working out machine work steering systems and control of technical condition and Table 3Optimistic technologies available to implement or developing.system for the control of prole of the driven working, one should use also the experience relating to the application of neuron networks.In the case of arm heading machines getting point-wise in order to increase their effectiveness, will be developed and applied rst of all self-propelled working platforms for the transport and assembly of roadway support, and next the temporary hydraulically powered roadway supports.The above mentioned scenario of development of driving technology mechanisation of roadway workings through mining using arm heading machines by means of the milling method constitutes an optimistic development variant.3.2. Mining by means of special heading machines using nonconventional getting techniquesTaking into consideration the experience regarding the application in the world of heading machines using the technique of the so-called back undercutting and their possible competitiveness in relation to currently used heading machines, especially during the driving of roadway workings in compact and very compact rocks, their further development and wider application can be predicted.These machines, in conditions of lower energy consumption of the mining process than in the case of currently used heading machines allow to drive roadway workings in rocks with high compactness and uniaxial compressive strength, exceeding 160MPa. They allow obtaining very high daily advances, which may amount to more than 25 m. They allow, when using the microprocessor steering system, to drive workings with facultative cross-section.Heading machines of these types are designed rst of all to drive workings in difcult and very difcult mining ability conditionsTaking into consideration:1） the necessity to drive in the nearest future several roadway workings in compact and very compact rocks,2） the competitiveness of special heading machine solutions in relation to heading machines used currently,3） the necessity to apply in new conceptions advanced solutions regarding the materials and technology,It should be expected that in the nearest time numerous changes relating to the construction and work technology of both special heading machines using active tools and heading machinesgetting by use of the back undercutting method will be introduced. After the application of these changes using active tools, these technologies and machines can be successfully applied in the Polish mining industry when opening new deposit parts.The above described scenario of development of driving technology mechanisation of roadway workings through mining using special heading machines applying non-conventional getting techniques constitutes an optimistic development variant 14.3.3. Mining using drilling and blasting by means of explosivesThe technology of blast hole drilling, loading and ring using explosives is currently the only alternative technology for mechanical roadway driving, possible to be applied in mining and geological as well as organisational and technical conditions existing in Polish coal mines.Taking into consideration the remarks presented below, i.e.,1） highmanoeuvring ability andmobility of autonomous roadway complexes,2） possibility of work of autonomous roadway complexes in different mining and geological conditions,3） achieved in determined organisational and technical conditions sufciently good exploitation results,4） necessity to drive in the nearest future, in short time, a big number of roadway workings in difcult mining and geological conditions （in very compact rocks） and with large cross-section, 5） effectiveness decrease of mechanical getting along with increase in the compactness of mined rock solid connected mainly with wearing out of getting tools.It should be expected that in the nearest time changes in the construction and work technology of autonomous roadway complexes, driving the working through blast hole drilling, loading and ring using explosives will be introduced. The number of applied autonomous roadway complexes will increase, including rst of all two-arm gadding cars. This will allow drilling quickly, from one machine arrangement, blastholes enabling the driving of roadway workings with large cross-sections. The application of a microprocessor system of control and steering of the extension arms work will allow serving both extension arms from one place, by one operator. Moreover, the control system will allow obtaining a better arrangement of drilled holes, and thus more accurate workings prole and better cooperation of support with the rock mass. For the current use of such systems it will be necessary to develop a system of steering of workings driving direction using a technology similar to GPS or alternative technology, as well as systems of appropriate drilling parameter steering in the function of physico-mechanical properties of the rock, in which the holes are drilled. This will allow full optimisation of drilling process parameters and reduction of the time of duration of this process to the minimum. Any larger changes in the construction and technology of narrow-face side-pouring loaders are expected. Already currently they are equipped with systems allowing their high effectiveness, for nstance the Load Sensing system reducing power consumption.On account of possible work in conditions of rockburst and temperature hazard occurrence, for both machines will be required he development and application of reinforced operators cabins, equipped with an air-conditioning system.For the minimisation of the impact of water and gas outburst hazard occurrence it will be also necessary to carry out and implement systems of invasionless determination of the type and properties of rocks and appearance of these hazards at the workings life （in terms of distance） of georadar type.In order to increase daily advances, when using autonomous roadway complexes, will be developed, executed and applied in the rst sequence self-propelled working platforms for the transport and assembly of roadway support. Furthermore, this will allow facilitating and increasing the safety of workers employed at the face.In the next sequence will be developed, executed and applied temporary powered hydraulic roadway supports, protecting the machines working at the face and allowing additional driving advance increase.The above mentioned scenario of mechanisation development of technology roadway working driving technology through mining by means of drilling and ring using explosives constitutes a sustainable development variant3.4. Modernisation of roof bolting technologiesRoof bolting technologies with the use of drilling-bolting extension arms installed on heading machines and bolting cars are modern technologies of the future, which after adaptation to the conditions of the Polish coal industry can considerably decrease the workings driving costs and increase the advance of development work.With respect to mechanisation of the bolting technology changes should be expected, which will comprise: 1） introduction of technologies of simultaneous driving and bolting with the use of heading machines of special construction, enabling the driving of workings both of arch and rectangular form,2） automation of the bolting process,3） monitoring of technical parameters of rock mass and roof bolting （measuring bolts, endoscopic tests, control of workings convergence,4） optimisation of binders, glue and cement charges used for bolt fastening in the rock mass in order to receive appropriate connection and short binding times, what will increase the workings driving advance,5） dissemination of injection bolting technologies and use of exible bolts,6） larger mechanisation of fastening technology in the rock mass of long rope and string bolts with high load-bearing capacity （more than 500 kN）.The presented above scenario of development of bolting technology mechanisation of workings constitutes the sustainable development variant.4. ConclusionsFrom investigations carried out in the framework of the presented project it results that in Polish hard coal mines the development of innovative technologies does not depend directly on the anticipated annual production quantity. It has been ascertained that more and more difcult natural as well as mining and technical conditions generate the growth of hazards for people employed there and conducting of mine operation. The assigned tendencies in the eld of extraction system development nd currently application in the mining practise. The analysis of the innovativeness level performed in the framework of assessment of technology condition allowed to indicate solutions, which will be used in the next years. The implementation of fundamental solutions will allow increasing the effectiveness of the mining production process. However, the necessity of growth of nancial outlays for investigations and development as well as purchase of modern technical devices should be anticipated. Necessary is to conduct a proper innovativeness policy through the mining enterprise managements. This is the more important that it not only creates a chance for the occupational safety level growth in mines but also for the increase in production quantity in competitive cost conditions.References1 Dubi nski J, Turek M. Construction mode of the hard coal mining extraction industrys technology development scenarios. Mineral Resources Management 2008;24（1/2）:13 In Polish.2 Kozie1 A, Mazurkiewicz T. Technical development of hard coal mining industry in experts assessment. Mineral Resources Management 2008;24（1/2）:33 In Polish.3 Kabiesz J, TurekM, Drzewiecki J,Makwka J. General criteria of innovativeness for assessing innovativeness of hard coal mining technologies by means of the AHP method. Mineral Resources Management 2008;24（1/2）:103 In Polish.4 Kozie A, Turek M. Scenarios of technological development of hard coal mining industry. In: Proceeding of the 8th international scientic conference on innovative and safety machinery and facilities for hard coal mining industry. Szczyrk: CMG KOMAG, Gliwice; 2007. p. 13e5 In Polish.5 Drenda J, Pobierz K. Assessment of technological scenario development in the Polish hard coal mining. Mechanization & Automation in Mining （MiAG） 2008;449（6）:55 In Polish.6 Burtan Z, Rak Z, Stasica J. Priorities in the development of mining systems in the mining sector in Poland. Mineral Resources Management 2008;24（1/2）:185 In Polish.7 Jaszczuk M. An optimistic version of scenario of longwall systems development in Polish coal mine industry. Mineral Resources Management 2008;24（1/2）:125 In Polish.8 Turek M. Technological development scenarios of hard coal extractive industry. Poland: Central Mining Institute Publisher; 2008 In Polish.9 Sikora W. Innovations in scenarios of development of the mining mechanization in coal mining industry. Mineral Resources Management 2008;24（1/2）:71 In Polish）.10 Zorychta A, Chojnacki J, Krzy_ zanowski A, Chlebowski D. Potential of mining in remnants in Polish coal mines. Mineral Resources Management 2008;24（1/2）:169 In Polish.11 Sikora W. Scenario of development of coal mining technology in conditions of mining difculties. Mining Machines 2007;25（4）:44e51 In Polish.12 Dubi nski J. The hard coal sector from the aspect of variants of its development,monitoring methods and investigation directions. Mechanization & Automation in Mining （MiAG） 2008;449（6）:77 In Polish.13 Jaszczuk M, Kozie1 A, Sikora W. Development stages of longwall mechanisation systems in the Polish hard mining. Mechanization & Automation in Mining （MiAG） 2008;449（6）:47e54 In Polish.14 Kotwica K. Scenarios of the technological development of roadways mining in Polish coal mines conditions. Mineral Resources Management 2008;24（1/2）:139 In Polish.中文译文：波兰硬煤开采技术研究的发展趋势塔瑞克.玛丽安波兰中央矿业学院，40-166什切青、卡托维茨摘要：作者介绍了影响的结果是创新的速度分析技术应用于个人发展和对外开放,提取作品进行了内的项目:“情景的技术开发的艰苦煤炭采掘业”。文章发表后,发展和萃取技术,应用于波兰硬煤工业及其分类方面阐述了创新程度这些技术在一份详细的态度。他会给你带来注意最有效的系统,为煤炭资源的努力开拓、发展和他们的提取,包括提取残煤。注重也向对方支付安全水平的应用技术。关键词: 技术 材料运输 机械化 发展1.问题的陈述本文所提出的在硬煤生产过程中的个人技术先进性的分析被在以项目名为“场景的技术开发的艰苦煤炭采掘业“为框架的项目中执行1。在此框架下的调查划分成以下的技术区域也被作了分析（图1）2。对于个人技术领域与他们的相应技术先进性建设提出了符合他们划分成度的传播和发展的技术。下面的技术先进性建设是被普遍接受的3。.1）先进性建设水平中等2）先进性建设水平高3）先进性建设水平低4） 先进性建设水平中等5） 先进性建设水平高对每个技术集团来说，下列卓著的创新技术的实施从下列时间段中被挑中4:1） 到2010年,2） 到2015年,3） 到2020年,4） 2020年以后技术算在到2015年这段时期内的发展构成了硬煤开采领域发展的积极改变。低强度的技术实现,即到2020年构成一种可持续发展的硬煤开采前景。技术算在2020年的时间周期后,构成了采矿业的发展的悲观情绪 5 。开发利用地下矿床在各种积极的情况之间的开采工艺的都被一一列举（表1）6、7。在可持续发展的技术转变和地下矿床开采工艺发展的悲观情景都被列举（表2）8。2.开采技术开采技术的乐观改变构成了为硬煤矿床开采的最有效的系统。在波兰硬煤开采的基本制度仍将为长壁系统的不同的形式,以鲜明的优势充分纵向或者斜冒顶。综采工作面系统的主要方向发展的目标将是在改善系统效能与安全水平通过以下措施9:1）提高单个设备因素的可靠性,2） 开发有效的建设self-slide able大坝水力的客轮系统,3）适用于煤层厚度低于1.5米的采煤机的技术发展 4）修改后的维护和改进的驾驶的闸阀道路与长壁,包括安全通道。5）厚煤产量规模的改进,6）更好地适应自然灾害条件,尤其是冲击矿压、火和甲烷,7） 遥控履带车辆的转向控制系统和机械的使用图1 技术领域残留矿床,座落在煤柱剩余部分的不规则的车缝情况及缝形式将逐渐承载顶板压力,特别是开口端系统（回柱结束）和巷道系统;他们的主要优势是10:1）广泛应用于机械化的采矿作业2）对煤层的厚度和地质条件的变化有相当大的适应能力3）对于复杂情况下的部分煤层也能够开采4）能够将矿山、电厂产生的废弃物填充在采空区5）大大降低开采对巷道表面上的影响。表1.地下矿床开采技术的积极情况开采技术在可持续发展的转变可以到2020年实现：以下技术中都是杰出的。1） 打开终端系统发展的基本方向将会到很高的程度上是符合假设为长壁系统方向,然而,便会呈现额外的领域的活动例如11:a）发展的生产系统通过使用一个刀具装载机使得能力逐渐增长。b） 测定的可能性、影响因素和技术条件进行操作。2）矿床的厚煤层的褶曲地区,不需要表面保护应成为在最近的将来地形作战测试系统的长壁无底柱分段崩落法放煤也可能是开放系统。明显的事实是,这些系统是有效的应用于为煤层开采技术在欧洲或者中国矿业界中,也经常在困难的矿业和地质条件。在欧洲的经验基础上,存在着开始在波兰矿业操作测试使用长壁无底柱分段崩落法的系统和打开放系统可能性。详细分析就需要这一技术细节的主要与职业安全开采煤炭污染。他们属于其他12：1）该系统在火上和冲击矿压灾害的影响的评价对于有关这些灾害在预防范围内是不可缺少的2）在波兰工程动力的改造（无底柱分段崩落法相关）的支持就地质采矿条件发生硬煤开采过程中3）有效的开采系统的发展从长壁开采煤炭运输通过一个或两个链输送线，基于此分析煤的利用系数和开采矿床的污染程度。尽管有较高的创新,开采技术在悲观的先进性建设的各种不同的提取技术发展应数房柱式开采犯方法的系统容量 1000吨/日和地下的煤炭气化。主要是因为相对困难的地质采矿条件下,我们可以假定房柱式系统在波兰煤矿都是不可能被采用的的。地下煤层气化无疑是一种开发技术。然而,当前的资源和技术原因表明,在最近的将来这一技术在工业规模上的实施不应该被苛求。在波兰因素之一的测定煤地下气化技术应用和发展一个合适的信息技术，因此，应该是本课题的研究和开发工作。因此,我们假设该开采系统的采用将在2020年以后到来。表2. 地下矿床开采工艺的可持续和悲观的情况同时与矿床开采和经济发展的系统及其开采技术在乐观的转变应开发和执行指定的场景中的实现机械化系统,允许足够的波兰采矿。在乐观的技术,即可以实现或快速发展可以量化的影响（表3）13。机械化技术中只被列在可持续发展系统的安装与使用低耗的电机配置甲烷同党的水平的操练。上面所提到的所有技术将用于开采系统结合供给,信息学和自动化的系统技术。3. 矿床开放、发展及其机械化操作最积极的转变是矿床开放的技术使用从表面开放倾斜矿床结构;他们的特色是执行成本低和变现时间短。列出了常用的巷道中运作,并且将在未来的两个基本技术工作,即巷道掘进机械化驾驶技术分析的基础上,利用镦机和爆破技术,即得到会意识到岩石上的应用与炸药。选择决定将驾驶技术性能的岩石的有关的主要因素发生在断面的工作（工作性、发生驱动类型及其结构）。在技术分析的基础上,利用镦机可以区分。3.1.通过铣削方法使用主要机器开采它应该被期望的数量,挖掘机器手臂标题应用逐点,中、重型类型,将大大提高。这将关注的主要发展的系统遥控履带车辆的转向的掘进机械化工作、远程机器操作,从表面的交流,它从一个可选的地方进行监测和控制其工艺条件、转向方向的工作的动力机构和电气系统,并使用一个技术类似,GPS或有歧义的监控和沟通对系统的自动化控制的权力机关吸收,得到振动机械元件、温度、系统的调剖的工作或系统驱动的确定入侵少岩石类型和性质等发生瓦斯突出和水灾害在工作的生命（以距离）的地质雷达类型。借鉴本国生产者和使用者的手臂镦机进行调查的进行了在波兰研究中心,应进行阐述并执行建设的司机的小屋,配备了空调安装,采用冲击矿压发生的工作条件。此外,应开发相关概念的新解决方案获得的工具,例如;钎具、阀瓣不对称的小工具,解决方案的润滑刀具持有人为了解决新获得技术和器官被应用在案例中,结构紧凑,非常紧凑的岩石。工作时指出机器工作转向系统和控制系统的技术条件和对控制剖面的驱动,每个人都应该使用;也工作经验有关的神经元网络的应用。表3. 现有可实现或发展的先进技术在机器手臂标题的情况下得到逐点,以增加其有效性,将被开发和应用首先推进的工作平台运输及安装巷道的支持,以及接下来的临时液压动力巷道的支持。上述的场景的驾驶技术发展机械化开采的巷道运作机器手臂通过使用标题所导出的铣削方法构成一种乐观的发展变化。3.2.通过特殊开采技术的机器使用非常规得到标题考虑到对于应用经验,在世界上的标题的机器使用的技巧及其可能的所谓背部降价的竞争力的关系,以目前使用的标题,特别是在驾驶机器在巷道的运作非常紧凑的岩石,结构紧凑,其进一步发展和更广泛的应用可以预测的。这些机器,在条件较低的能量消耗的比情况下开采工艺目前常用的航向机器允许驾驶在岩石巷道高运作紧致性及岩石单轴抗压强度,超过160MPa。他们允许获得很高的日常的进步,可达超过25米。他们允许的情况下,当使用微处理器的转向系统,来驱动的运作与任意性规范断面这些类型的航向机器设计首先驾驶在困难和非常困难的运作能力条件。考虑到:1） 开车的必要性,在不
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