BFT English 英语写作.doc

BFT-English英语写作Lesson One写作常用的连接词 1)表层次:first (and foremost), firstly， to begin with，to start with，in the first placesecond, secondly， furthermorethird, thirdly，what is more， also， and then， next， besidesand equally important，moreoverin addition (to it/this)， finally last but not least2)表转折；by contrast， although， though， yetat the same time， but despite the fact that, even soin contrast, nevertheless, even though, for all thatnotwithstanding, on the contrary, however, in spite ofon the other hand, otherwise, insteadregardlesse.g. For all/in spite of her wealth, she doesnt look happy.For all that he has a good voice, he doesnt sing well.=In spite of/Despite the fact that he has a good voice, he doesnt sing well.e.g. notwithstanding: prep.=in spite of : He got drunk at the party notwithstanding his wifes warning.Or: (亦可置于名词之后) He got drunk at the party his wifes warning notwithstanding.notwithstanding: adv.=nevertheless : Thank you for your advice, but I will marry her notwithstanding3)表因果；therefore, consequently, because of, for this reason,thus, hence, due to, owing toso, accordingly, thanks to, on this accountsince, as, on that account, in this wayfor, as a result, as a consequence4）表让步：still, nevertheless, concession granted, naturallyin spite of, all the same, of course, despiteeven so, after all5)表递进：furthermore, moreover, likewise, what is morebesides, also, not only.but also. too, in addition6)表举例：for example, for instance, for one thing, for another, that is=namely to illustrate, as an illustration, take sth as an example, a/ another case in point= a typical example (is that)7)表解释：as a matter of fact, frankly speaking, in this case, namelyin other words8)表总结：In summary, to summarize, to sum up, in a word, thus, as has been said, as has been mentioned above, in brief, in conclusion, altogether, in other wordsto conclude, in fact, finally, in simpler terms, indeed, in short, in particular, that is, namely, in other words, of course, on the whole, to put it differently, all in all, therefore, Lesson Two英语写作巧列提纲1 首先要理解题目和主题句。找出主题句或提示句的关键词，掌握一段的主题，根据主题思想来确定要有哪几个论点来阐述本段主题，然后构思全段内容，这就是编列提纲前的准备过程。2 段落只有一个论点的提纲列法：有的段落其主题句所含的主题思想简单，只需要一个论点来阐述，其主题句或主题句的关键词就是该段之提纲，这样的段落就主题句段落。如My Ideal Job 的第一段(the first sentence)People have different ideal jobs. (key words) ideal jobsPeople have different ideal jobs. Some may want to become a doctor, a teacher or a scientist. Some may want to be a worker, a peasant or a soldier and so on.3. 多层次提纲列法：有的主题句需要几个论点来阐述，有的大论点包含小论点，这种段落的提纲是多层次的，需要进行层次安排。根据主题思想，可考虑分哪几个论点来阐述，各论点用什么材料或例子，哪个论点在先，哪个在后，那个大论点还要包括哪些小论点。大小论点分别用不同层次的标题列出，同一层次标题的语法结构相同，并用同类型的标号依次标出。如My Ideal Job 的第二段My job is teaching. 其提纲为：（1） Teaching is very important in spreading human knowledge and pushing the society forward.（2） Teaching is my interest and pleasure.A. a teacher has long vacations.a. I can travel during the vacation.b. I can write articlesc. I can arrange my own time.B. Living among the young people makes me young forever.4. 含有众多材料的段落提纲列法： 有些段落根据主题思想要用很多材料或例子来叙述。在列提纲时，要选择有代表性的材料和例子予以归类，按其类别列纲，如TOPIC SENTENCE为 I make preparations for a trip to the United States 的提纲如下：（1） Getting the necessary documentsA. Passport B. Visa（2） Making financial arrangements（3） Buying clothes（4） Taking care of medical requirement（5） PackingA. suitcase B. Bags5. 记叙文、描写文提纲列法：议论文要遵循逻辑顺序（如上所述），而记叙文应按事物发生的先后顺序即时序列提纲，描写文则按所处空间位置关系（如前后左右上下等关系）列提纲；如记叙文A Spring Outing的提纲如下：(1) Starting on Sunday, the 20th of AprilA. Setting out early on bikes across the fieldsB. Seeing the beautiful scenes(2) At 10 a.m. arriving at the foot of Yun Long HillA. Climbing the hill and having a picnic near the topB. Enjoying the landscape on the top(3) At 4 p.m. returning描写文My Native Town的提纲如下(1) Geographic LocationA. Location B. Surroundingsa. circled by mountainsb. passed by a river in frontc. covered with trees at back(2) The Towns LayoutA. Buildings a. low houses b. a few high buildingsB. The streets a. the main cement street b. the other stone roads(3) An early morning scene of my native townA. women washing by the riverB. Farmers working in the fields注：因为段落具有单一性（只有一个主题）、连贯性、同一性的特点，所以，所列提纲均为阐述主题这同一目标的，任何与主题无关的内容都不得列入。Another example:Title: What Would Happen If There Were No PowerThe first Para: Ever since early this century electricity has become an essential part of our modern life. Therefore, we should make good use of electricity and never waste power.Outline of the second Para: (1) Stopping wheels and ceasing of many industries(2) Falling apart of world transportation system(3) The worst effect on world communication system(4) The impossibility of our modern world是按此提纲写出第二段 If there were no electricity, our modern world would be in trouble. For one thing, all wheels would stop because the motors that power the machines would fail; for another, many, if not all, of our industries would cease production. All world transportation system would fall apart and the worst effect would be felt on the world communication system. Thus，our modern world would be impossible without electricity.英语写作的一般步骤1 审题：看清要求，记住写作内容共有几点，不得遗漏任何一点。2 构思：根据题目要求，考虑你的文章分几段，或者分几个层次，每段的大意是什么，计划好文章的整体结构，构思不包括考虑你可能用的时态，词语，句式等。3 动笔：一边写一边注意人称、数、大、小写、标点符号，用什么词语将内容连贯起来，用什么词承上启下的作用。4 复核：写完后必须复核一遍。复核的内容包括： （1）审核所写内容是否符合要求。（2）审查所用时态、语态、人称、用词、句型等是否正确。 （3）审查拼写、大、小写、标点符号是否正确。 （4）审查字数是否合乎要求。Appendix Ieg.1 globalization思路分析globalizationWTO cars become cheaper than ever cars need roadsroads are widened results? 1.expectations of better road conditions2. more car space? 3. trees and flowers are gone4.displeasures caused by traffic troublesconclusion:?Besides Cars, What Else Do We Need?It is said that China has become the third largest growth market for private cars since Chinas entry into WTO. Consequently, Chinese people are expecting a bright horizon of riding their own cars on the road. That is the case in our city. Cars cram into every street; complaints of waiting in the traffic jams become the topic on the road. People with cars do not think more than that, they are expecting nothing short of improved road conditions.At present, roads are under repair for their extensions and renovations. Dividing belts are to be asphalted, wire poles transferred, curbstones extended sideways. The commotions of excavators, bulldozers, rollers dont bother much pedestrians and bicycle riders. Instead, with great expectation, they are hoping that broadened and brand-new roads soon come into sight.Bettered road conditions apart, we still need more car space. Nevertheless, car space cannot be gained so much as extended roads. As a result, being adaptable, people come up with painting white lines inside the side roads or driveways in the community. In the daytime vehicles are lined up in traffic jams, while at night cars are parked on the roadsides. Those prospective car owners are wondering where their future car space is.People suffer the dusty roads, yet elated with a yarning for new roads. However, they dont notice the whereabouts about the trees, grasses, even flowers ever planted in the dividing belts. Now with no belts, no green, theyve gone! Every summer, the main streets in our city were dotted with yellow marigolds, pink petunias, and red globe amaranths, coupled with green grass and pine trees. It used to be a scene of appreciation, but now it will only become a memory. We are happy to have got broadened lanes, yet at the cost of the disappearance of the colors of nature. Can colorful cars make up for the beauty of nature?We dont frequently see much traffic accidents or even casualties within the confines of our city. That is mainly due to the enhanced drivers awareness of traffic rules and the endeavors made by traffic policemen. Nonetheless, there is another aspect to their daily routine. More often than not, they have to mediate between drivers in case of scratches or sunken bumps and hollows on either or both cars after their intimate kisses. Drivers cannot cope with these disputes. Rather, both of them become unfriendly or displeased towards each other. They cant help recalling the old days when they were cycling side by side. When they lose their temper and interpersonal harmony, they ask themselves: “does their car on earth bring forth convenience or displeasure?” It is not more cars we need: it is less vanity. We need to switch on our conscientious to get along with each other. We need to care for green, cars and people around us. We need to set boundaries for ourselves, or be doomed to mounting confusion. (本文曾获2005年全国21世纪报“外教社杯”英语征文比赛二等奖。)eg.2 My Understanding of Sportsmanship思路分析My Understanding of Sportsmanship what is sportsmanship? several examples (two or three are preferable)how they illustrate sportsmanshipconclusion?My Understanding of SportsmanshipThe world is full of the unexpected. Chinese sports fans cant believe their ears when hearing the remarkable all-round runner Miss Sun Ying-jie has been testified positive in her urine samples. Neither can the world over be assured that the great world championship of the ring Muhammad Ali has lost his confidence in struggling against Parkinsons disease. It is even more intolerable to recall the moment when the otherwise promising gymnast Miss Sang Lan was severely injured in a warming-up before the final in the unforgettable year of 1998 in New York.Though it is rather radical to feel terrified at the mere mention of those noble victims who are short of our sports fans expectations, yet their examples did demonstrate that in sports there are dangers. Then we cannot but wonder the sportsmanship is often achieved at the risk of unexpected accidents. Is that what the sportsmanship brings for us?Sun Ying-jie has returned to her hometown to wait for her next upstart. Her fans know that for sure. An age of Muhammad Ali has gone with his giving up his heroic dream of laughing at calamity. All people are feeling nostalgic about that hero-making epoch? However, with an unfailing will and loving heart, Sang Lan is still pursuing her dreams, one after another, a media major in Beijing University, an editor of journalism, a dedicator for charity, a would-be winner for the forthcoming 2008 Olympics for the Disabled, and the rest.Nevertheless, the present Sang Lan epitomizes the past King of the Ring. Besides his boxing career, Muhammad Ali had been pursuing his definite goals, one after another: he fought against racial discrimination; he was thrown into prison for 5 years as a result of his anti-Vietnam War demonstration in 1967. During the gulf war, he persuaded Saddam Hussein to release those 15 Americans. In 2002, he visited Afghanistan to win the worldwide attention and humanistic assistance for Afghanistan people, just three years before he lost the courage against Parkinsons disease.Accordingly, we may safely come to the conclusion that like the innumerable examples, Miss Sun Ying-jie is sure to bravely get out of the shadow, persistently and unyieldingly, broadened smile on her face again, just as millions of her fans have been expecting. For we are convinced that perseverance, the spirit of never giving up, was, is and will be the heritage of sportsmanship left by those noble heroes, including Sun Ying-jie.Homework1. Making Preparations for a Trip to the United States2. A Spring Outing3. My Native TownAppendix II Some English versions of the name of places in Inner Mongolia Autonomous RegionHohhot47Tumd Left BannerTogtoh CountyNingcheng CountyHarqin BannerAohan BannerOngniud BannerBairin Right BannerAr Horqin BannerHexigten BannerUlanqab CityZhuozi CountyHoringer CountyQahar Right Wing Rear/Middle/Front Banner（Xilin Gol League）Erenhot CityXilin Hot CityAbag BannerXi/Dong Ujimqin BannerSonid Left/Right BannerTaibus BannerZhengxiangbai BannerHulun Buir CityHailar CityYakeshi CityOroqen Autonomous BannerDaur Autonomous Banner of Morin DawaEwenki Autonomous BannerTongliao City (Jirem League)Horqin Left Wing Middle/Rear BannerHure Banner 库伦旗Naiman BannerJarud Banner扎鲁特旗Erdos City (Ih Ju League)Jungar BannerUxin BannerEjin Horo BannerOtog BannerHanggin (Rear)BannerDalad BannerBayannur CityUrad Middle/Front/Rear BannerAlxa LeagueAlxa Left/Rght BannerEjin BannerHinggan LeagueUlan Hot CityJalaid Banner扎赉特旗Horqin Right Wing Front/Middle Banner4. Can Money Buy Happiness? 1. 有人认为金钱是幸福之源(source of happiness);2. 也有人认为金钱是万恶之本 (root of all evil);3. 我的看法。范文(1) Can money buy happiness? (2) Various people have various answers. (3) Some people may say “Yes”. (4) In their eyes, only a rich man can live happily. (5) For example, a man with plenty of money can buy delicious food, beautiful dress, luxurious houses, and expensive cars-anything required for him to live comfortably and enjoyably. (6) For this reason, some people believe that money is the source of happiness.(7) But, there are still a lot of others who take a negative attitude towards money. (8) They think that money is the root of all evil. (9) As a proverb goes, “Money makes the mare go.” (10) Money can drive people into stealing, robbing and even murdering. (11)Many people become criminals just because they were in search of much more money. (12)For these persons, money brings them nothing but evil and misery.(13)In my view, money, when justly obtained and properly used, can bring us happiness and blessings. (14) However, if we try every possible means, good or evil, to get money for nothing, money means nothing but a source of evil. (15) So I believe that money is a good servant but a bad master.Lesson Three 议论文写作模板观点类：Peoples opinions are always different once they talk about. Those who maintain that.They also firmly believe that.Many people think otherwise. On the one hand, . On the other hand, .My own opinion is that, in this fast-developing information era has become more than common and acceptable. If we want to, we have to . So why not?Example：My View on Job-hoppingPeoples opinions are always different once they talk about job-hopping. Those who never change their job throughout their life maintain that they have accumulated enough experience to work smoothly and efficiently, so whats the point in changing to another job? They also firmly believe that anyone who wants to excel in his specialty has to work hard on the same post for years to acquire the required skill and knowledge.Many people think otherwise. On the one hand, if the present job can offer neither satisfactory working conditions nor future opportunities, they will not hesitate a moment to leave. On the other hand, they hold that life is but once and job-hopping can provide rich and exciting experiences.My own opinion is that job-hopping, in this fast-developing information era has become more than common and acceptable. If we want to keep pace with the times, we have to change for the faster, the higher and the stronger. If life is a journey, we have nothing to regret so long as we put meaning into it. So why not make a change?Topics:My View on Opportunity(along ones life route; every dog has his day; transient; make good preparations/get prepared; seize the opportunities; slip by, opportunities are only for the prepared minds)My View on Job-hopping(change ones job; accumulate experience; excel in ones specialty; acquire required skill and knowledge; working conditions; provide rich and exciting experiences; keep pace with the times; put meaning into ones life)My View on Stem Cell Research(find treatments/cures for many diseases; use human embryos for research purposes; use discarded or donated stem cells; go against ethics; the research can be done on animals)My View on Retirement Age(retire at the age of 60; be modified according to the specific situation; with the development of science and technology; live long; in the prime of life; stick to the old regulation; cater for the needs of sb)My View on the Negative Effects of Some Advertisements(make up the functions of ones products; cheat customers; depict ideal life as luxurious; have a negative influence on sb; catch the attention of customers; design language tricks; lead to language pollution)My View on Fate(Fate is predestined; the master of ones fate; change sth with ones own hands; be born equal; be destined to do; succeed/fail in ones life; realize ones dream; hold on to ones dream; turn sth into reality; Everybody is the architect of his own fortune)My View on Fortune TellingMy View on CloningMy View on Genetically Modified FoodMy View on Transnational Marriage.My View on the Negative Effects of Plagiarism(violate the rights of the original copyright holders; lose the impulse to create; lead to the degradation of the whole academic circle; punish the plagiarizers severely; harm the authors; do away with plagiarism)利弊类： Nowadays, is playing a more and more important role in peoples daily life. However, peoples opinions are still divided on this point. Those who are in favor ofclaim that it has a lot of advantages. Firstly,. Secondly,. Last but not least,. Those who are opposed to hold that disadvantages are many. In the first place, . In the second place, . Finally, . All in all, we can safely come to the conclusion that the pros outweigh the cons. The past twenty years witnessed the fast development of along with. A bright future is awaiting us if we make good use of.Example:Advantages and Disadvantages of the InternetNowadays, the Internet is playing a more and mo