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25吨桥式起重机设计【任务书+翻译】【6张图纸】【优秀】

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关键词：: 25吨桥式起重机起重机设计任务书翻译图纸

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25吨桥式起重机设计

57页 21000字数+说明书+任务书+外文翻译+6张CAD图纸【详情如下】

QZL12WH.3.7_卷筒组φ650×1750.dwg

任务书.DOC

减速器.dwg

外文翻译--起重机概论.doc

封皮.doc

小车运行机构.dwg

摘要.doc

桥式起重机小车总图A0.dwg

桥式起重机总装图.dwg

目录.doc

轴.dwg

25吨桥式起重机设计说明书.doc

QQ截图20140207193155.gif

QZL12WH.3.7_卷筒组φ650×1750.gif

减速器.gif

桥式起重机小车总图A0.gif

桥式起重机总装图.gif

全部文件.gif

小车运行机构.gif

轴.gif

摘要 ………………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ

Abstract …………………………………………………………………………Ⅱ

第1章绪论………………………………………………………………………1

1.1课题背景……………………………………………………………………1

1.2 起重机的发展历史……………………………………………………1

1.3起重机的发展的发展趋势…………………………………………………1

1.3.1大型化和专用化………………………………………………………1

1.3.2模块化和组合化………………………………………………………2

1.3.3轻型化和多样化………………………………………………………2

1.3.4自动化和智能化………………………………………………………2

1.3.5成套化和系统化………………………………………………………3

1.3.6新型化和实用化………………………………………………………3

1.4桥式起重机设计的主要工作………………………………………………3

第2章桥式起重机的概况……………………………………………………4

2.1桥式起重机的分类……………………………………………………4

2.1.1通用桥式起重机………………………………………………………4

2.1.2专用桥式起重机………………………………………………………5

2.1.3电动葫芦型桥式起重机………………………………………………5

2.2 桥式起重机的组成和特点…………………………………………………6

2.2.1桥式起重小车………………………………………………………6

2.2.2桥式起重小车运行机构……………………………………………9

2.2.3起升机构……………………………………………………………9

2.2.4起重机运行机构……………………………………………………9

2.2.5桥架的金属结构……………………………………………………10

2.3 本章小结…………………………………………………………………10

第3章运行小车的设计…………………………………………………11

3.1运行机构的计算…………………………………………………………11

3.1.1 运行阻力计算………………………………………………………11

3.1.2 电动机的选择………………………………………………………12

3.1.3 制动器的选择………………………………………………………15

3.1.4 联轴器的选择………………………………………………………16

3.1.5运行打滑验算………………………………………………………16

3.2 本章小结……………………………………………………………17

第4章减速器的设计…………………………………………………………18

4.1计算传动装置的运动和动力参数…………………………………………18

4.1.1减速器传动比的分配……………………………………………… 18

4.1.2减速器各轴的动力参数…………………………………………… 18

4.2 齿轮的设计计算…………………………………………………………19

4.2.1高速级齿轮的计算………………………………………………… 19

4.2.2中速级齿轮的计算………………………………………………… 22

4.2.3低速级齿轮的计算………………………………………………… 25

4.3 轴的设计…………………………………………………………………29

4.3.1轴Ⅱ的设计计算……………………………………………………29

4.3.2轴Ⅰ的设计计算……………………………………………………34

4.3.3轴Ⅲ的设计计算……………………………………………………36

4.3.4轴Ⅳ的设计计算……………………………………………………37

4.4滚动轴承的选择与计算……………………………………………………38

4.5 联轴器的选择……………………………………………………………40

4.6键的选择与校核 …………………………………………………………40

4.7润滑与密封 ………………………………………………………………41

4.8减速器的设计资料 ………………………………………………………41

4.9本章小结 …………………………………………………………………42

第5章主梁的设计计算…………………………………………………………43

5.1作用于主梁上的载荷………………………………………………………………43

5.2计算载荷及其组合…………………………………………………………43

5.3 主梁的强度计算…………………………………………………………………43

5.4 主梁的刚度计算…………………………………………………………46

5.5 本章小结…………………………………………………………………47

结论………………………………………………………………………………48

参考文献………………………………………………………………………49

致谢…………………………………………………………………………………50

附录………………………………………………………………………………51

摘　　要

　　　起重机的出现大大提高了人们的劳动效率，以前需要许多人花长时间才能搬动的大型物件现在用起重机就能轻易达到效果，尤其是在小范围的搬动过程中起重机的作用是相当明显的。在工厂的厂房内搬运大型零件或重型装置桥式起重机是不可获缺的。

　　　桥式起重机小车主要包括起升机构、小车架、小车运行机构、吊具等部分。其中的小车运行机构主要由减速器、主动轮组、从动轮组、传动轴和一些连接件组成。

　　　此次设计的桥式起重机是水电站桥式起重机，安装于丰满水电站扩建工程厂房内，用于水轮发电机组及其附属设备的安装和检修工作。水电站内设备一般都是大中型设备，对桥式起重机的载荷要求较高，所以对减速器性能要求较高。

关键词：桥式起重机；小车架；小车运行机构；吊具；减速器

桥式起重机的分类2.1.1 通用桥式起重机通用桥式起重机是指在一般环境中工作的普通用途的桥式起重机。以下类型的起重机都属于通用桥式起重机。???? 1、通用吊钩桥式起重机

　　　通用吊钩桥式起重机由金属结构、大车运行机构、小车运行机构、起升机构、电器及控制系统及司机室组成。取物装置为吊钩。额定起重量为10t以下的多为1个起升机构；16t以上的则多为主、副两个起升机构。这类起重机能在大多数作业环境中装卸和搬运物料及设备。??? ?2、电磁桥式起重机???? 电磁桥式起重机的基本构造与吊钩桥式起重机相同，不同的是吊钩上挂1个直流起重电磁铁，用来吊运具有导磁性的黑色金属及其制品。通常是经过设在桥架走台上电动发电机组或装在司机室内的可控硅直流箱将交流电源变为直流电源，然后再通过设在小车架上的专用电缆卷筒，将直流电源用挠性电缆送到起重电磁铁上。

　　　3、抓斗桥式起重机???? 抓斗桥式起重机的装置为抓斗，以钢丝绳分别连接抓斗起升、起升机构、开闭机构。主要用于散货、废旧钢铁、木材等的装卸、吊运作业。这种起重机除了起升闭合机构以外，其结构部件等与通用吊钩桥式起重机相同。??? ?4、两用桥式起重机???? 两用桥式起重机有3种类型：抓斗吊钩桥式起重机、电磁吊钩桥式起重机和抓斗电磁桥式起重机。其特点是在1台小车上设有两套各处独立的起升机构，一套为抓斗用，一套为吊钩用(或一套为电磁吸盘用一套为吊钩用，或一套为抓斗用一套为电磁吸盘用)。???? 5、三用桥式起重机???? 三用桥式起重机是一种多用的起重机。其基本构造与电磁桥式起重机相同。根据需要可以用吊钩吊运重物，也可以在吊钩上挂1个马达抓斗装卸物料，还可以把抓斗卸下来再挂上电磁盘吊运黑色金属，故称为三用桥式起重机。???? 6、双小车桥式起重机???? 这种起重机与吊钩桥式起重机基本相同，只是在桥架上装有2台起重量相同的小车。这种机型用于吊运与装卸长形物件。2.1.2 专用桥式起重机???? 1、冶金桥式起重机??? 冶金桥式起重机根据用途可以划分为不同的类型，主要结构基本与通用吊钩桥式起重机相同，取物装置多为专用。主要用于冶金车间的吊运作业，其起重量很大，最大的可达到数百吨。??? 2、绝缘吊钩桥式起重机这种起重机结构形式与通用吊钩桥式起重机基本相同。但是为了防止工作过程中带电设备的电流可经过被吊物传到起重机上，危及司机安全，故要求在吊钩组、小车架、小车轮上设置3道绝缘装置。主要用于冶炼铝、镁的工厂。

　　　3、防爆吊钩桥式起重机???? 这种起重机的结构形式与通用吊钩桥式起重机基本相同。但是所用的整套电气设置具有防爆性能。与钢轨接触的运行车轮要采用不易产生摩擦火花的材料制作，以防止在起重机使用中产生火花引起爆炸或燃烧事故。主要用于具有易燃易爆物的车间、库房或其他场所。目前产品规格较多。

2.1.3 电动葫芦型桥式起重机???? 其特点是桥式起重机的起重小车用自行式电动葫芦代替，或者用固定式电动葫芦作起重小车的起升机构，小车运行、大车运行等机构的传动装置也尽量与电动葫芦部件通用化。因此，与上述通用桥式起重机相比，电动葫芦型桥式起重机虽然一般起重量较小、工作速度较慢、工作级别较低，但其自重轻、能耗较小、易采用标准产品电动葫芦配套，而且对厂房等建筑物的压力较小，建筑和使用经济性都较好。

1、电动梁式起重机???? 其特点是用自行式电动葫芦替代通用桥式起重机的起重小车，用电动葫芦的运行小车在单根主梁的工字钢下突缘上运行，跨度小时直接用工字钢作主梁，跨度大时可在主梁工字钢的上面再作水平加强，形成的组合断面主梁。其主梁可以是单根主梁，也可以是两根主梁，其桥架可以是像通用桥式起重机那样通过运行装置直接支撑在高架轨道上，也可以通过运行装置悬挂在房顶下面的架空轨道上。

内容简介：: 附录 B 起重机概论起重机是带有卷筒的提升机械设备（又称作钢丝卷筒），钢丝缆索或者链条与滑轮配合可用于提升或降低物件并水平移动，它使用一个或多个简单的机械设备组合而成，从而移动平常人力不足以移动的物件。起重机普遍被运用于运输行业的装卸货物;在建筑行业中，用来搬运材料;在制造业中用于装配重型设备。概述起重机自古就被使用。壁炉或烟囱起重装置用于调整在火上的水壶的位置，高度有一个约束装置调节。同样的原理也用在港湾起重机及塔式起重机。第一台建筑用起重机可能是古希腊人发明的，动力来源于人或者牲畜。这些起重机用来建造高大的建筑。而后发展出大型起重机，使用人力踏车，可以提升更重的物件。在中世纪，港口起重机用于装卸的船舶，它们建在有些石头塔建而成的具有额外支撑力和稳定性的塔上。最早的起重机用木材建造，但工业革命后铸铁和钢替代了木材成为起重机的制造材料。几千年来，尽管水车或者风车可以用自然界的力量驱动，但动力的主要来源还是人或牲畜。最开始的机械动能来源于18或19世纪的蒸汽机，其中有很多在20世纪仍然保留。现代起重机通常用内燃机或电动马达和液压系统，以提供比以前更大的起重能力，虽然手动起重机仍在使用，但其提供的动力是不经济的。起重机有各种形式，每个类型都有在特定用途。尺寸从最小的臂式起重机，用于室内工作，最高的塔式起重机，用于建造高层建筑，而最大的浮吊，用来建立石油钻塔和打捞沉船。本文还包括不严格符合上述定义的起重机，但一般被称为起重机，如堆垛起重机和装载机起重机。机械原理设计起重机要考虑两个主要因素。首先，起重机必须能够提起特定重量的负荷。第二，当起重机提升或移动物件时必须保持稳定。起重能力起重机利用一个或多个简单的机器，创造出机械的优势。杠杆。一种平衡式起重机包含横向梁（杠杆），置于一个叫杠杆支点的枢轴上。杠杆原理保证了重载在杠杆较短的一端能被施加在另一端较长杠杆的力提起。负载的重量与力的比率和杠杆长臂与断臂的比率相同。被称为机械的优势。滑轮。悬臂起重机包含倾斜的支杆和固定的滑轮组。缆绳缠绕在固定的滑块和另一附着负荷的滑块上。当自由端缆绳被人或机器带动时，滑轮系统提供了一个有效的负载等于施加的力乘以通过两个滑块之间的缆绳的长度。这个同样是机械优势。液压缸。这可直接用于提升负荷或间接地抬起带有负载的悬臂或杠杆束。起重机，像所有的机器一样，符合能量守恒定律。这意味着投入到负载的能量不能超过投入到机器的能量。例如，如果一个滑轮系统乘以10倍的附加力，然后负载移动只有十分之一的附加力。由于能源是成正比的力量乘以距离，输出的能量保持大致相同的输入能量（在实践中略少，因为能源因一些摩擦和其他效率低下而损耗）。稳定性为了使起重机保持稳定，所有部件的任何一点如起重机的底座必须近似于零。在实际当中，负载的值是允许提升的（在美国称为“额定负载”）。它是一定量的低于一起起重机震动的负载的值。根据美国移动起重机标准，履带式起重机的有限的额定负载的是负载的75 。移动式起重机的外伸支架的稳定有限的额定负载的是其负载的85 。安装在船舶或海上平台上的起重机由于有些更严格的对于动态负载的限制。此外，船只或平台的稳定必须加以考虑。固定基座或单臂安装的起重机，底部或悬臂产生的力矩和负载与机座基底或者单臂抵消。目前所造成的繁荣，吊臂，抵制和负载是由基座基地或kingpost 。几座的内应力必须小于材料的屈服应力否则或起重机将倒塌。类型：移动式：移动式起重机最基本类型的移动式起重机是安装在移动平台的桁架或伸缩臂-无论是对公路，铁路或水上。车载式起重机起重机安装在一个能为其提供其移动的卡车上。一般来说，这些起重机设计于能够在街道和高速公路上运行，无需特殊装备来运输起重机到达工作地点。当在工作地点工作时，支架从底盘横向扩展然后垂直下降保持起重机不动或起升时的稳定。许多汽车起重机具有缓慢行驶的能力（仅几英里每小时）同时暂停负荷。必须十分小心不要使装载横向摆动。因为大多数抗仰倾力稳定性处于强度和刚度的底盘悬架。大多数这类的起重机都有移动的重物用来稳定超出的底盘支架。载荷通过后面暂停来保持更加稳定，因为大多数的汽车起重机重量本身作为抗衡负载。起重机操作人员按工厂计算图表来决定最大安全平稳载荷，同样为装载与行驶速度。崎岖地形起重机起重机的底盘上安装有4个橡胶轮胎是专为展业工作和越野和“崎岖地形”的应用。支架的横向和纵向延伸用于水平和稳定起重机的吊装。浮式起重机浮式起重机主要用于桥梁和港口的建设，但偶尔也用于装卸特别沉重或笨拙的货物和关闭船舶。一些浮世起重机安装在浮船上，另一些则是专门起重能力超过10000吨的起重驳船，并已用于运输整个桥的部分。浮吊也被用来打捞沉船。起重船只经常被用来在近海建造。最大旋转起重机在半潜式起重船上，其中有两个起重能力各为7100吨的起重机。履带式起重机履带是安装在起重机底部的设备，为起重机提供稳定性和流动性。履带式起重机的起重能力范围从约40美吨至3500美吨。履带式起重机的特点决定了它既有优点又有缺点。它的主要优势是可以在一点回转工作，用设少的设置执行没个起升动作。起重机构稳定的安装在不需要支架的车体上。此外，履带式起重机有能力带负荷进行移动。主要缺点的履带式起重机非常沉重，不能轻易地从一个工作地点的下一个地点而不耗费经济。一般而言，大型履带起重机必须拆卸并用卡车，铁路或船只运送到其下一个工作地点。固定式：为了提升更多的货物而进行交换流通，能提升更多的重量由于增加了稳定性。这种类型的起重机的特点是它们在工作期间不能移动，但是，大部分可以组装或拆卸。水平变幅起重机通常是带有一个上下运动的吊臂的起重机，吊臂的铰链处有挂钩。将往往有其钩也向上和向下移动的臂动作。变幅起重机是这种设计中常见的。但有个额外的机构当变幅时保持挂钩水平。Introduction to CraneA crane is a lifting machine equipped with a winder(also called wire rope drum), wire ropes or chains and sheaves that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them horizontally. It uses one or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage and thus move loads beyond the normal capability of a human. Cranes are commonly employed in the transport industry for the loading and unloading of freight; in the construction industry for the movement of materials; and in the manufacturing industry for the assembling of heavy equipment.OverviewCranes were used domestically since ancient times. The chimney or fireplace crane was used to swing pots and kettles over the fire and the height was adjusted by a trammel. The same principles used in this piece of hearth equipment are to be found in harbour and tower cranes.The first construction cranes were probably invented by the Ancient Greeks and were powered by men or beasts of burden, such as donkeys. These cranes were used for the construction of tall buildings. Larger cranes were later developed, employing the use of human treadwheels, permitting the lifting of heavier weights. In the High Middle Ages, harbour cranes were introduced to load and unload ships and assist with their construction some were built into stone towers for extra strength and stability. The earliest cranes were constructed from wood, but cast iron and steel took over with the coming of the Industrial Revolution.For many centuries, power was supplied by the physical exertion of men or animals, although hoists in watermills and windmills could be driven by the harnessed natural power. The first mechanical power was provided by steam engines, the earliest steam crane being introduced in the 18th or 19th century, with many remaining in use well into the late 20th century. Modern cranes usually use internal combustion engines or electric motors and hydraulic systems to provide a much greater lifting capability than was previously possible, although manual cranes are still utilised where the provision of power would be uneconomic.Cranes exist in an enormous variety of forms each tailored to a specific use. Sizes range from the smallest jib cranes, used inside workshops, to the tallest tower cranes, used for constructing high buildings, and the largest floating cranes, used to build oil rigs and salvage sunken ships.This article also covers lifting machines that do not strictly fit the above definition of a crane, but are generally known as cranes, such as stacker cranes and loader cranes.Mechanical principlesThere are two major considerations that are taken into account in the design of cranes. The first is that the crane must be able to lift a load of a specified weight and the second is that the crane must remain stable and not topple over when the load is lifted and moved to another location.Lifting capacityCranes illustrate the use of one or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage.The lever. A balance crane contains a horizontal beam (the lever) pivoted about a point called the fulcrum. The principle of the lever allows a heavy load attached to the shorter end of the beam to be lifted by a smaller force applied in the opposite direction to the longer end of the beam. The ratio of the loads weight to the applied force is equal to the ratio of the lengths of the longer arm and the shorter arm, and is called the mechanical advantage.The pulley. A jib crane contains a tilted strut (the jib) that supports a fixed pulley block. Cables are wrapped multiple times round the fixed block and round another block attached to the load. When the free end of the cable is pulled by hand or by a winding machine, the pulley system delivers a force to the load that is equal to the applied force multiplied by the number of lengths of cable passing between the two blocks. This number is the mechanical advantage. The hydraulic cylinder. This can be used directly to lift the load or indirectly to move the jib or beam that carries another lifting device. Cranes, like all machines, obey the principle of conservation of energy. This means that the energy delivered to the load cannot exceed the energy put into the machine. For example, if a pulley system multiplies the applied force by ten, then the load moves only one tenth as far as the applied force. Since energy is proportional to force multiplied by distance, the output energy is kept roughly equal to the input energy (in practice slightly less, because some energy is lost to friction and other inefficiencies).StabilityIn order for a crane to be stable, the sum of all moments about any point such as the base of the crane must equate to zero. In practice, the magnitude of load that is permitted to be lifted (called the rated load in the US) is some value less than the load that will cause the crane to tip (providing a safety margin).Under US standards for mobile cranes, the stability-limited rated load for a crawler crane is 75% of the tipping load. The stability-limited rated load for a mobile crane supported on outriggers is 85% of the tipping load.Standards for cranes mounted on ships or offshore platforms are somewhat stricter due to the dynamic load on the crane due to vessel motion. Additionally, the stability of the vessel or platform must be considered.For stationary pedestal or kingpost mounted cranes, the moment created by the boom, jib, and load is resisted by the pedestal base or kingpost. Stress within the base must be less than the yield stress of the material or the crane will fail.TypesMobileMain article: Mobile craneThe most basic type of mobile crane consists of a truss or telescopic boom mounted on a mobile platform - be it on road, rail or water.Truck-mounted craneA crane mounted on a truck carrier provides the mobility for this type of crane. Generally, these cranes are designed to be able to travel on streets and highways, eliminating the need for special equipment to transport a crane to the jobsite. When working on the jobsite,outriggers are extended horizontally from the chassis then down vertically to level and stabilize the crane while stationary and hoisting. Many truck cranes possess limited slow-travelling capability (just a few miles per hour) while suspending a load. Great care must be taken not to swing the load sideways from the direction of travel, as most of the anti-tipping stability then lies in the strength and stiffness of the chassis suspension. Most cranes of this type also have moving counterweights for stabilization beyond that of the outriggers. Loads suspended directly over the rear remain more stable, as most of the weight of the truck crane itself then acts as a counterweight to the load. Factory-calculated charts (or electronic safeguards) are used by the crane operator to determine the maximum safe loads for stationary (outriggered) work as well as (on-rubber) loads and travelling speeds. Rough terrain craneA crane mounted on an undercarriage with four rubber tires that is designed for pick-and-carry operations and for off-road and rough terrain applications. Outriggers that extend horizontally and vertically are used to level and stabilize the crane for hoisting. Floating craneFloating cranes are used mainly in bridge building and port construction, but they are also used for occasional loading and unloading of especially heavy or awkward loads on and off ships. Some floating cranes are mounted on a pontoon, others are specialized crane barges with a lifting capacity exceeding 10,000 tons and have been used to transport entire bridge sections. Floating cranes have also been used to salvage sunken ships. Crane vessels are often used in offshore construction. The largest revolving cranes can be found on SSCV Thialf, which has two cranes with a capacity of 7,100 metric tons each.Crawler cranesA crawler is a crane mounted on an undercarriage with a set of tracks (also called crawlers) that provide for the stability and mobility of the crane. Crawler cranes range in lifting capacity from about 40 US tons to 3500 US tons. Crawler cranes have both advantages and disadvantages depending on their intended use. The main advantage of a crawler is that they can move around on site and then perform each lift with very little set-up, as the crane is stable on its tracks with no outriggers. In addition, a crawler crane is capable of traveling with a lo

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