高三英语语法讲解 专题17 构词法.doc

一.概念 英语的构词法主要有:合成法,转化法,派生法,混成法,截短法和词首字母缩略法.二.要点精讲 1.转化法英语中，有的名词可作动词，有的形容词可作副词或动词，这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。1)动词转化为名词we lunched together.我们在一起吃了午餐。3)形容词转化为动词有少数形容词可以转化为动词。例如：we will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。4)副词转化为动词有少数副词可以转化为动词。例如：murder will out.(谚语)恶事终必将败露。5)形容词转化为名词表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词(如下)；某些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数(如下)。例如：you should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服。the old in our village are living a happy life.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。2.派生法alone单独的antigas防毒气的autochart自动图表cooperate合作enjoy使高兴internet互联网reuse再用subway地铁telephone电话widewiden加宽beautybeautify美化purepurify提纯realrealize意识到organorganize组织(3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al，-able (有能力的)，-(a)n(某国人的)，-en (多用于表示材料的名词后)，-ern (方向的)，-ese(某国人的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less (表示否定)，-like (像的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y (表示天气)等。例如：nature自然natural自然的reason道理reasonable有道理的america美国american美国的china中国chinese中国人的gold金子golden金的east东eastern东方的child孩子childish孩子气的snow雪snowy雪的(4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度)，-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。例如：angry生气的angrily生气地to到towards朝，向east东方eastward向东(5)构成数词的后缀有-teen (十几)，-ty (几十)，-th (构成序数词)。例如：six六sixteen十六sixteenth第十六four四forty四十fortieth第四十3.合成法1)合成名词构成方式例词名词名词weekend周末名词动词daybreak黎明名词动名词handwriting书法名词及物动词eror pain-killer止痛药名词介词名词editor-in-chief总编辑代词名词she-wolf母狼动词名词typewriter打字机动名词名词reading-room阅览室现在分词名词flying-fish飞鱼形容词名词gentleman绅士副词动词outbreak爆发介词名词afternoon下午2)合成形容词名词形容词snow-white雪白的名词现在分词english-speaking讲英语的名词to名词face-to-face面对面的名词过去分词man-made人造的数词名词one-way单行的数词名词形容词two-year-old两岁的数词名词ed five-storeyed五层的动词副词see-through透明的形容词名词high-class高级的形容词名词ed noble-minded高尚的形容词形容词light-blue浅蓝色的形容词现在分词good-looking相貌好看的副词形容词ever-green常青的副词现在分词hard-working勤劳的副词过去分词well-known著名的副词名词fast-food专门提供快餐服务的介词名词downhill下坡的3)合成动词名词动词sleep-walk梦游形容词动词white-wash粉刷副词动词overthrow推翻4)合成副词形容词名词hotfoot匆忙地形容词副词everywhere到处副词副词however尽管如此介词名词beforehand事先介词副词forever永远5)合成代词代词宾格self herself她自己物主代词self myself我自己形容词名词anything任何东西6)合成介词副词名词inside在里面介词副词within在之内副词介词into进入 influenzaflurefrigeratorfridgeprescriptionscript5.混合法(混成法)混合法，即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体；前半部分表示属性。news broadcastnewscast新闻广播television broadcasttelecast电视播送smoke and fogsmog烟雾helicopter airportheliport直升飞机场三.即学即练4.he is an expert at chemistry.we all call him a _.a.chemistryb.chemicalc.chemistd.physician5.the three- _chair isnt suitable for a young child.he may fall off.a.leggingb.leggedc.legsd.leged6.stephenson became the_railway engineer in the world.a.leadb.leaderc.leadingd.leadership7.when the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem，jack looked_about at his classmates.a.proudb.proudlya.headquartersb.headlinec.headmasterd.headache12.letting that animal escape was no accident；you did it _.a.intendb.intentionc.intentionally d.intentional13.the shop owner welcomed all the guests with a_smile.a.practiceb.practisec.practicald.practiced14.the_ordered him to pay a $100 fine.a.judgerb.judgmentc.judged.judgement15.my tv is out of order.can you tell me what is the_news about iraq war? a.latelyb.latestc.laterd.latter16.the great wall is more than 6000 li in _.a.longerb.lengthc.longd.longing17.to my _，i passed the exam easily.a.joyb.joyfulc.joylessd.joyness18.canada is mainly an_country.a.english-speakingb.speak-englishc.spoken-englishd.english-spoken19.how_ he is! he is always acting_.he is really a _.a.foolish；foolishly；fool24.the black people were against slavery and fought for their_bravely.a.freeb.freelyc.freedomd.frees25.what you said