广东省高三英语二轮复习 第三讲 复合句讲义.doc

第三讲 复合句作为必考项，复合句属应知应会内容。每年高考单选题中涉及复合句的题，少则2道、多则3道。复合句的种类很多，出现频度最高的是定语从句，其次为状语从句和名词性从句。一. 名词性从句：1名词性从句主要分为四大类：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。是由if, whether, that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，其功同名词一样。2名词性从句的语序：名词性从句在句中要用陈述句语序。如：he asked me what was the matter with me.weve heard the news that well move into the new house.whatever you say will interest us all. (一)主语从句1定义：主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。2构成：关联词+简单句3引导主语从句的关联词有三类：1) 从属连词that：由that引导的从句,通常用形式主语来代替。 that he has disappeared worries his parents. it worries his parents that he has disappeared. it is not likely that he can win the lottery. it is a big surprise that he is still alive.2) 从属连词whether。如：whether hell come here isnt clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。whether or not she will go to japan is up to her.whether he will take part in the play is not clear.3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever由what等代词引导的从句,表示”所1的(东西)”，实际上等于一个现行词加上一个定语从句，也可以由-ever等代词引导。what she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。what they are talking about is nothing valuable.what i really want is to have a good rest.whatever she did is wrong.whoever passes the exam can get 50 yuan.whoever used to have another name raise your hand.whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。连接副词 where, when, how, why, 如：when she will be back is still a question.where they had put the files troubled the spy.how this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。wherever you are is my home - my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家-我唯一的家。4主语从句常出现在下面的三种结构中。1)主语从句谓语that she will come to our party is certain.2)it +be+名词(形容词、过去分词)that从句(1) it is 名词从句it is a fact that 2事实是2it is an honor that? 非常荣幸2it is common knowledge that ? .是常识(2) it is 形容词从句 it is natural that2很自然2 it is strange that? 奇怪的是2在这种结构中，that引导的从句后置。而使用it作形式主语，它也可以与前面讲到的结构换用。用于该结构的形容词很多，常见的有： obvious, clear, likely, true, certain. 该结构中，由于使用了某些形容词、名词词组、过去分词，后面引导的主语从句要使用虚拟语气。关于这一点请参见虚拟语气一章。(3) it 过去分词从句it is reported that2据报道2it has been proved that2已证实2例句：it is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish. it is quite clear that the elephant is like a huge fan.it is said that our school will be rebuilt. 3)it +seem(happen等不及物动词)that从句it seems that2似乎2it happened that2碰巧2it seems that mary is not coming at all. 用于该结构的不及物动词有：seem, happen, appear, matter.该结果有的可以用不定式结构转换。如上面句子可转换为：mary doesnt seem to be coming at all.5. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况 1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 2) it is said , (reported) 2结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：it is said that president jingo will visit our school next week. (right)that president jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong) 3) it happens? it occurs?结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：it occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right)that he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong) 4) it doesnt matter how/whether 2结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：it doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. (right)whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter. (wrong) 5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。 例如：is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right)is that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong)6. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语宾语表语，而that 则不然。例如：what you said yesterday is right. that she is still alive is a consolation.(二)宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。1. 作动词的宾语1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略)例如：i heard that be joined the army.2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句例如：she did not know what had happened. i wonder whether you can change this note for me.3) 动词间接宾语宾语从句。 例如：she told me that she would accept my invitation.2. 作介词的宾语例如：our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.3. 作形容词的宾语例如：i am afraid (that) ive made a mistake.that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。4. it 可以作为形式宾语it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如：we heard it that she would get married next month.5. 连接代词1) 由连接代词或副词引起的从句. please show me how to make him happy. i dont know who did all the cleaning. have you decided whom you will take to australia? she still wondered when she would leave school. i am wondering whether/if the dress is too short. he advised me which books i should read.还可以做介词的宾语. the singer still worries about where to live. the price depends on how many you will buy.2) 由关系代词型what等代词引起的从句. i will tell you what i know. well give whatever help you need. i plan to read whichever book you recommend. his father was not satisfied with what he had. she walked up to where i stood.3) 由that引起的从句,在believe, think, suppose后常不加that.在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词引起的宾语从句中,有时谓语尽管是否定意思,也只将前面的词否定。i dont think you can beat me.he doesnt expect we need worry.有时在宾语和谓语之间可以插入一个间接宾语或状语。she reminded me that i had a meeting to attend.they explained to us that they didnt mean to make us angry.有时在这种带有复合宾语的句子中, that引起的从句常常移到后面, 前面用一个it作为形式宾语。i thought it very impossible that she would come.they took it for granted that the singer was coming.6. 容易出错的内容1) 与主句的时态呼应(1)当主句的谓语动词是现在或将来时态时，宾语从句的谓语动词可以和主句的谓语动词时态不一致，就是说可根据实际需要用不同的时态。如：i hear hell be back in a week.i hear mr. evans lives in boston.i hear she has gone to shanghai.i hear he came back yesterday.(2)当主句中的谓语动词是一般过去时，宾语从句的谓语动词要用和过去相关的时态，可以是一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时和过去完成时等。如:she said she hoped to be back soon.she said they were having a meeting.she said she would visit her uncle next saturday.she said she had seen the film the day before.(3)在“could you tell us4请告诉我们厖好吗?”这种表示请求的疑问句中，用could比用can 较为委婉客气一些，但could不表示过去时，所以宾语从句中的谓语动词时态可根据实际需要用不同的时态。如：could you tell us if(whether)kates father works in that hospital?could you tell us if(whether)alice worked out the problem herself?(4) 如果宾语从句所叙述的是客观真理、自然现象、名言警句或谚语等，不管主句是什么时态，从句都用原时态。如：our geography teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun.when i was young, my father often told me that knowledge is power (力量).the teacher told us the sun is much bigger than the earth.2) 从句部分的语序宾语从句的语序和一般陈述句相同，即主谓次序不颠倒。因此，由连接代词(who、whose、what和which等)、连接副词(where、when、why和how)或连词if(或whether)引导的疑问句，改成宾语从句时，语序需要改变。如：do you know where mary lives?nobody knows what they fought about.he asked whose dictionary this was.he asked me if(whether)i could help him.但是，当连接代词在宾语从句中作主语时，从句的语序与以疑问代词作主语的特殊疑问句的语序相同。如：he asked which picture was johns.3) 否定转移若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：i dont think this dress fits you well.(我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。)we believe that he can finish it in time. we dont believe that he can finish it in time.请注意：当主句中的谓语动词为hope时，则不用否定转移。只说：i hope he wont be ill.(我希望他不要生病。)4) 带宾语从句的复合句改成简单句宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语，它的位置与陈述句基本结构中的宾语相同，所以，在实际运用中，可以用不定式、名词或复合宾语等代替宾语从句，构成简单句。如： he hopes he will be able to see her again.he hopes to see her again. i dont know when well start.i dont know when to start. the man didnt understand what he said.the man didnt catch his words. i heard she was singing in the next room.i heard him singing in the next room. i found it was interesting to skate on real ice.i found it interesting to skate on real ice.5) 宾语从句前通常需要有引导词如果宾语从句是由陈述句转变而来的，其引导词用that，常可以省略。如：i hope (that) i can study english better.如果宾语从句是由一般疑问句转变而来的，其引导词使用if / whether, 意为是否。mr chen asked , are you all here?mr chen asked if / whether we were all here.如果宾语从句是由特殊疑问句转变而来的，其引导词使用连接代词what / which /who / whose 或连接副词when / where / why / how 等。这些连接词都要充当从句中的一个成分，故不能省略。如： tom asked me, when did you begin to study english? tom asked me when i began to study english.(三)表语从句1定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。2构成：表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后。一般结构是“主语连系动词表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。另外，常用的还有the reason is that?和it is because 等结构。3引导表语从句的关联词的种类：1) that引导的表语从句基本结构：主语 + 系动词 + that从句例句：the fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。but the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.the reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.the trouble is that i have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。如：he looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。the question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。the question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.从属连词because引导的表语从句it is because i have ever heard of the story. 那是因为我曾经听说过这个故事。注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如：all this was over twenty years ago, but its as if it was only yesterday.这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。如：it looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever；连接副词 where, when, how, why；如：the problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。the question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。that was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。that is why i tell you the news. 那就是我为什么告诉你这个消息的原因。this is why we cant get the support of the people.(四)同位语从句1定义：同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。2用法：同位语从句的先行词多为advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request 、reply、report、remark、suggestion、thought 、truth、wish、word等，关联词多用从属连词that。如：they were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。where did you get the idea that i could not come?你在哪儿听说我不能来？early in the day came the news that germany had declared war on russia.德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。注：同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。如：i have no idea whether hell come or not. 我不知道他是否来。连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where, when, why, how亦可引导同位语从句。the question who should do the work requires consideration.谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。we havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。it is a question how he did it.那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。 3同位语从句的功能 同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如： the kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.the order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.4同位语在句子中的位置 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：he got the news from mary that the sports meeting was put off.5同位语从句与定语从句的区别1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语)，而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：the news that he told me is that tom would go abroad next year.(他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。)(第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语)the news that tom would go abroad is told by him.(汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。)(同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分)(五)名词性从句中连接词的运用名词性从句中的连接词有连词that / whether / as if，连接代词what / who/ which / whose / whatever / whoever / whomever / whichever，连接副词where / when / why / how / wherever / whenever。1. that的用法。(1)主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中用that但不能省略。如：that they are good at english is known to us all.the problem is that we dont have enough money.she expressed the hope that they would come to china one day.(2)宾语从句中的连接词that有时可省有时又不可省，在以下几种情况中that不能省略：(a)当that从句和主句谓语动词之间有插入词语或者从句主语之间有插入语时，that不可省略；(b)当that 从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时，that不能省；(c)当that作介词宾语时，that不可省掉。如：he judged that,because he was a child, he did not understand wine.everyone knew what happened and that she was worried. the reason lies in that she works harder than the others do.2. if, whether 的用法(1) 间接引语位于句首时或者是间接引语提前时用whether不用if。如：thank you, but whether ill be free im not sure at the moment.(2) whether可引导一个让步状语从句表示“不管”、“无论”，而if不能。如：whether he comes or not, we will begin our party on time.3. 疑问词 + ever和no matter + 疑问词的区别。(1)疑问词 + ever可引导名词性从句，在主从句中要充当一定的部分。如：whoever breaks the rule must be punished.you can choose whatever you like in the shop.(2)疑问词 + ever还可引导让步状语从句。如：whoever breaks the rule, he must be punished,whatever you do, you must do it well.(3)no matter + 疑问词只能引导让步状语从句。如：no matter what you do, you must do it well.no matter who breaks the rule, he must be punished.4. when和where引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别。when 和where前面的名词若是表示时间、地点的名词，则when和where引导的是定语从句，否则则为同位语从句。如：they put forward the question where they could get the money.this is the place where the accident happened.(六)名词性从句中主句和从句的一致主语从句作主语相当于单数第三人称作主语，谓语动词用单数，如果由and 连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用复数；由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句，谓语动词用单数。如：when the meeting will begin has not been decided yet.when they will start and where they go have not been decided yet.when and where the meeting will begin has not been decided.二、定语从句(一)定语从句及相关术语1. 定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2. 关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等。关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用：引导定语从句；代替先行词；在定语从句中担当一个成分。(二)关系代词引导的定语从句1. who指人，在从句中做主语the boys who are playing football are from class one.yesterday i helped an old man who lost his way.2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。mr. liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.mr. ling is just the boy whom i want to see.注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。the man who/whom you met just now is my friend.3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。football is a game which is liked by most boys.this is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。the number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.where is the man that/whom i saw this morning?5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语he has a friend whose father is a doctor.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替the classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.the classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.do you like the book whose cover is yellow?do you like the book the color of which is yellow?(三)介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导the school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.the school in which he once studied is very famous.tomorrow i will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.tomorrow i will bring here a magazine for which you asked.well go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of 等。 this is the watch which/that i am looking for. (t) this is the watch for which i am looking. (f)2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose。 the man with whom you talked is my friend. (t) the man with who/that you talked is my friend. (f) the plane in which we flew to canada is very comfortable. (t) the plane in that we flew in to canada is very comfortable. (f)3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词。 he loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. in the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. there are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.(四)关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于介词+ which结构，因此常常和介词+ which结构交替使用，例如：there are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。beijing is the place where (in which) i was born.北京是我的出生地。is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语 i still remember the day when i first came to the school. the time when we got together finally came.2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语 shanghai is the city where i was born. the house where i lived ten years ago has been pulled down.3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语 please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. i dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换。the reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear.from the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.great changes have taken place in the city in which./where i was born.4. 判断关系代词与关系副词方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：this is the mountain village where i stayed last year. ill never forget the days when i worked together with you.方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. is this museum _ you visited a few days age? a. whereb. that c. on which d. the one例2. is this the museum _ the exhibition was held. a. whereb. that c. on whichd. the one答案：例1 d，例2 a例1变为肯定句： this museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： this is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选d。而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选a。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。(五)限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：限制性定语从句举例：the teacher told me that tom was the only person that i could depend on.china is a country which has a long history.this is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。非限制性定语从句举例：his mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.china, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.the house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮是我们上个月买的。要注意区分以下几个句子的不同：his brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。(他还有其他的哥哥)his brother, who is now a doctor