Book11_U4_语法.doc

典故Allusion与汉语的暗引相近似。其特点是不注明来源和出处，一般多引用人们熟知的关键词或词组，将其融合编织在作者的话语中。引用的东西包括典故、谚语、成语、格言和俗语等。英语引用最多的是源出圣经故事以及希腊、罗马神话、伊索寓言和那些渊源流长的谚语、格言等，因而allusion也常称之为典故。 英语国家的文化源源流长，浓郁的文化背景留下了许多脍炙人口的习语典故，它们有些来自历史故事，有些来自神话故事，有些来自民间传说，有些来自圣经故事。以下分为五类简述：一、来源于历史故事 1. 为什么含有Dutch（荷兰佬）的短语均带有贬义色彩呢？例如:Dutchcourage（酒后之勇），Dutchleave（擅离职守，不辞而别），goDutch/Dutchtreat（各自付帐），以及Dutchuncle（严厉的批评者）等。 典故十七世纪，英国与荷兰争夺制海权的斗争空前激烈，英国人民由于民族感情高涨而在国内开始用荷兰人（Dutch）来指代“坏的、假的、错的事情”。之后便留传开来，并沿用至今。例句1Hey!Jim,wouldyouliketogooutfordinnertonight? OK!ButletsgoDutchthistime.例句2IheardTomwasdischargedbyhisboss. ButforhisDutchleave,theresultwouldbechanged. 2.worthonessalt (称职) 典故古罗马时，盐相当珍贵，从盐矿向罗马运盐的路就是最重要的道路之一，士兵沿此路驻扎以防盐贼，士兵的工资也以盐来支付，由此产生了英语单词salary，所以 worthonessalt=worthonespay (称职)。例句IfIgotthisjob,Ishouldbeworthmysalt. 3. cutandrun (急忙退避不利形势) 典故英国古时航海，海上的船只如果遇到了紧急情况，例如突如其来的风暴或者强大的敌舰，船长急于躲避灭顶之灾，往往不会像平常那样起锚，而会叫船员砍断锚链，尽快逃走。后来便用“砍断并逃走”来指代“急忙退避不利形势”。例句 Whenthepriceofnewhousesdroppedsofast,alotofbuilderssimplycutandruntheyabandonedthehousestheywerebuildingandthatstartedthedepressionintherealestatemarket.二、来源于神话故事 1.raincatsanddogs(下倾盆大雨) 典故源于北欧神话，神话中说猫对天气有很大影响，英国水手至今还流传着“猫尾巴藏大风”的说法。据说驾风暴的巫士化为猫形，狗和狼都是暴风雨神奥丁的随从。在德国古画中猫被当作暴雨的象征，狗是伴随暴雨的强风。现在人们用raincatsanddogs表示下倾盆大雨。例句 Oh,whatahotday!Itlooksliketoraincatsanddogs. 2.Trojanhorse(特洛伊木马，指代用以使敌人或对手上当，误以为于己方有益的破坏性的事物或人) 典故源于希腊神话，特洛伊战争中，希腊人为了攻打特洛伊城，造了一匹巨大的木马，其中藏有希腊士兵。他们故意装出弃马而逃的样子；特洛伊人将木马作为战利品请进城。半夜，士兵们从木马内爬出，将城中的人杀死。特洛伊终于陷落。例句 Dontreceiveit.Ithinkitis justaTrojanhorse. 3.appleofdiscord(不和的苹果，指代争端、祸根) 典故源于希腊神话，佩琉斯（Peleus）和忒提斯（Thetis）举行婚礼时忘记了邀请不和女神厄里斯(Eris)。这位女神大为恼火，留下一个刻有“献给最美者”的金苹果，引起了雅典娜，赫拉和芙罗狄忒三者之间的战争。此事是特洛伊战争的导火线。例句 Ididntknowhewassuchaperson.Healwaysleavestheappleofdiscordforothers.三、来源于作品故事 1.poundofflesh(形容以借款人的惨重损失和痛苦为代价的债务，也可以说是合法却极不合理的要求) 典故源于沙士比亚作品威尼斯商人，一个痛恨Antonio（作品中的人物）的商人答应借给他一大笔钱，但条件是如果他不能按时还清就要割下他身上的一磅肉。Antonio果然中了高利贷商人的奸计按期没能偿还。那奸商便告上法庭，名正言顺要割他的肉。例句 Mybusinessisclosedandmywifehascancer,andstillthebankwantsitspoundofflesh.TheylltakemyhouseifIcantpaybackwhatIborrowedformywifeshospitalbills. 2.pieinthesky(天上掉下来的馅饼) 典故源自美国流行作曲家、世界产业联盟的组织者JoeHill于1911年所作的一首著名歌曲传教士于奴隶。他在歌曲中写到： Youwilleat,byeandbye, Inthegloriouslandabovethesky! Workandpray,liveonhay, YoullgetPIEINTHESKYwhenyoudie! 这几句歌词是JoeHill从美国救世军军歌中引用过来的，意在讽刺这个宗教组织，揭露其欺骗性和虚伪性，唤醒广大被压迫的奴隶，后来人们就用pieinthesky比喻不能实现的事情或东西。例句IhaveadreamthatonedayIcanbecomethepresident. Oh!Forgetit.Itsjustapieinthesky!四、来源于圣经 1.doubtingThomas(怀疑的托马斯，指那些不肯轻易相信别人的人) 典故源自圣经.新约.约翰福音第20章，该篇讲到耶酥复活后出现在众人面前，十二门徒之一的托马斯没有亲眼见到，声称除非看到耶酥手上的钉痕，否则不信他已经复活。后来人们用“doubtingThomas”指那些不肯轻易相信别人的人。例句 HeisrealdoubtingThomashesimplywouldntbelievemy words. 2.feetofclay(泥足，致命的弱点) 典故典出圣经.旧约.但以理书第二章，巴比伦国王尼布甲尼撒(Nebuchadnezzar)梦到一泥足巨人，头是金的，胸臂是银的，腹部是铜的，被飞来的一块巨石砸碎了脚，整个巨人顿时瓦解。西伯来先知但以理（但以理为人名）释梦称这预示着国家的分裂。现多指“伟人不为人知的弱点或致命的弱点”。例句 Thestudentsdidntrealizethattheirherohadfeetofclayuntilthecoachwasarrestedfor drunkendriving.五、来源于现实生活Mother Teresa （乐善好施、无私地服务于他人的人）典故泰瑞莎修女是世界敬重的天主教慈善工作者，主要替印度加尔各答的穷人服务。例句 She has done a lot of charity work this year and is a real Mother Teresa.在英语作品或交谈中我们常常会遇到典故的用法，了解其含义才能明白说话者的意图。注意以下典故的意思：after ones own heart 正合己意alpha and omega 自始至终；全部apple of ones eye 珍爱之物beat the air 白费力气built on sand 根基不稳Good Samaritan 乐善好施handwriting on the wall 不吉之兆new wine in old bottles 旧瓶装新酒show the cloven foot 露出马脚Ariadnes thread 指点迷津cut the Gordian knot 快刀斩乱麻in seven-leagued boots 突飞猛进labor of Sisyphus 徒劳无功Odyssey 长途艰苦的旅程Pandoras box 祸患之源add insult to injury 每況愈下cry wolf 发假警报The die is cast. 已成定局gild the lily 多此一举Its Greek to me. 一窍不通kill the goose that lays the golden eggs 杀鸡取卵lions share 最大的一份sword of Damocles 临头大祸练习：一、选择适当的词填空。Pandoras box Achilles heel the die is cast Waterloo lions share good Samaritan Its Greek to me. cry wolf1. Once they sign the paper, _.2. How could we have known that applying for a credit card we were opening _.3. A terrorist cell in Europe planned and executed 9/11. And today, with 14 million Muslims, Europe remains our _.4. My neighbour was a _ when I sprained my ankle. He did all my shopping and walked my dog every day.5. The family was shocked to discover that the old man had left _ of all his money to a distant cousin most of them had never even heard of.6. Nobody will believe he is in trouble because he has _ so many times.7. After he was refused by all his families and friends, he was facing his _.8. The general engineer gave me his design, but _.二、复习下列习语及典故词，并用适当的词填空。The apple of ones eye by and by feet of clay a little bird told me kill the fatted calf the salt of the earth rain cats and dogs be in the same boat be in hot water a frog in someones throat1. Sarahs grandmother adores her; Sarah is _.2. Wilson was disappointed when he learnt that the coach had _.3. She knew it might take a long time for her teammates to change their minds, but she believed that the new plan would work _.4. The people in my village are very honest and hard-working; they are _.5. When my brother came back home from his trip to Europe, we_ for him.6. She would not say who told her about the surprise party. She just said, _.7. I wish I had brought my umbrella. Its _.8. Nobody has any money to go out tonight. We are _. 9. He has been _ with his boss. He might be fired.10. A: Why dont you sing with us in our next concert this Friday? B: I wish I could, but I caught a cold and have _.三、单项选择。1. You may not have played very well today, but at least youve got through to the next round and _. A. tomorrow never comes B. tomorrow is another dayC. never put off till tomorrowD. there is no tomorrow2. It shouldnt take long to clear up after the party if we all volunteer to help. Thats right. _. A. Many hands make light work B. Something is better than nothing C. The more the merrier D. The sooner begin, the sooner done3. Im sure the Mexican Government will control the outbreak of the H1N1 flu in a very short time. Do you think so? Yes. _. A. Great minds think alike B. The early bird catches the worm C. Facts speak louder than words D. No pains, no gains4. Do you mean that he should prepare for his exam one year in advance? Sure. Anyway, _. A. actions speak louder than words B. Better late than never C. a good beginning is half done D. the early bird catches the worm5. Time flies! The wonderful party is over. Well have to part. No need to feel blue. _. A. A still tongue makes a wise head. B. A single flower does not make a spring. C. All good things come to an end. D. All that glitters is not gold.6. I regret that I spent three hours chatting about nothing with my friends at the party when I should have been preparing for the coming exam. Learn to control yourself. . A. Friends are thieves of time B. Friends agree best at distance C. Friends must part D. A frien