Book11_U1_语法.doc

明喻和暗喻修辞格（figures of speech）是修辞学中的重要组成部分。它通常被分为四大类：词义修辞格，如明喻、反语、委婉语等；结构修辞格，如平行结构、对照、层进、倒装、反复等；音韵修辞格，如头韵法、拟声、元韵等；其他修辞格，如顿呼、仿圣经语。词义修辞格是修辞格四大类之一。词义修辞格（semantic rhetorical devices），词义修辞格主要借助语义的联想和语言的变化等特点创造出来的修辞手法。它们主要包括 simile, metaphor, allusion, metonymy, transferred epithet, personification, hyperbole, irony, euphemism, pun, oxymoron, zeugma, contrast 等。 当我们不去用某词或某短语的本意，而是用一种富于想象的手法来表达一个思想时，这些词语就称为比喻用语（figurative language）。如把夏洛克比作fox，这并不是说他就是狐狸，而是一种比喻。在英语中，我们经常使用比喻用语，来使得一些意思更加生动，更加形象。这个单元我们重点介绍和讲解simile 和metaphor。 Simile：明喻(又称直喻)，是英语中主要的辞格之一。 Simile是用某一事物或情境来比拟另一个事物或情境。其本体和喻体均同时出现在句中，在形式上是相对应的。英语 simile 的比喻词一般是 like, as（ as）等, 汉语明喻的比喻词通常是“好像”、“仿佛”等。它是一种明显的比喻，一眼就能看出。例如：Jupiter is like a giant heat-containing thermos. （利用日常生活中常用的热水瓶来形容木星“外冷内热”的特点，既贴切，又形象，浅显而又不落俗套。）明喻包括三个部分：本体 (subject)、喻体 (reference)、比喻词 (indicator of resemblance)。明喻必须三个部分都出现。本体是被比喻的事物，喻体是用来作比喻的事物，比喻词是连接本体和喻体的词语。例如：Similarly, many ordinary jobs may look dull, but they are as essential as water to our society.He loved camping, and his job was like a holiday for him.The sun is one of the stars in the Galaxy, in which there are about 100,000 million stars. It is not in the middle of the Galaxy, but rather near one edge. These stars form a group, the shape of which is rather like the shape of watch. (the shape of which是本体，like是比喻词，the shape of watch是喻体。)Food is to the body as fuel is to the engine. (as是比喻词，food is to the body是本体，fuel is to the engine是喻体。) Metaphor：以此物隐喻彼物，将某一事物以另一个与其相似的事物来表达，是一种含蓄的比喻（兼有汉语隐喻、借喻及拟物的特点），暗示有比较，但又不充分说出这种比较。如：the key to the mystery (即解开奥秘的方法就像开门的钥匙一样)；the light of knowledge (知识之光)；to have a stone face (表情呆板)As a business person, you cant be a mouse. You have to be a tiger. For lawyers, a courtroom is a battlefield.等。隐喻不用比喻词，但可以用be动词或者只用逗号、破折号将本体和喻体连起来。例如：The green plant is a kind of food factory. (把绿色植物说成一种食物工厂。)The next day he had a very red face. 第二天他非常尴尬。(脸红暗指不好意思。)此外，还有借喻、讽喻、提喻等比喻辞格，懂得这些比喻，便能在阅读英文时更好地理解作者要表达的思想感情；学会使用它们，我们的英语写作便会更加生动活泼。练习：一、Write “simile” or “metaphor” in the blanks.1. My father has been working very hard recently and often comes home late at night. He has been as busy as a bee. _2. The students in that school all work very hard. They know time is money. _3. Compared to my house, his is a palace. _4. The news reporter said that the winner of the race had run like the wind. _5. The firefighter was as brave as a lion in the face of danger. _6. The old gentlemans beard is as snow. _7. He was an emotionless man and it was said that his heart was made of stone. _8. My love is like a red, red rose. _9. He slept like a dog. _ 10. The day we passed together for a while seemed a bright fire on a Winters night. _11. You are like a hurricane: theres calm in your eye, but Im getting blown away. _12. I am not Angel. _13. I am a rainbow. _14. You are as blind as a bat. _二、Match the similes or metaphors in the sentences on the left with the correct meanings on the right. Write the letters in the blanks.1. After he heard the scary story, his face went as white as a sheet. a. sad or upset 2. Before the thunderstorm, the sky was as black as coal, and the wind was blowing hard. b. very pale3. It was as clear as day who had eaten the cake. Tom had chocolate all over his face. c. well behaved4. I had been feeling blue ever since my father left on his long trip. d. very light5. I promised my mother that I would be as good as gold while she was out of the house shopping. e. different people like different things6. I caught a cold and have been as sick as a dog all week. f. very tough7. After a long holiday, I feel as fresh as a daisy. g. very obvious8. My grandfather might be old but he is still as hard as nails. h. good or fine9. I was amazed that Richard enjoyed reading that book because I hated it. Still, as people say, one mans meat is another mans poison. i. very dark10. My new laptop computer is as light as a feather. j. very sick11. When her husban