陕西省定边县第四中学高中英语 Unit 3 Australia 背景材料 文章 The Economic of Australia素材 新人教版选修9(1).doc

陕西省定边县第四中学高中英语 unit 3 australia 背景材料 文章 the economic of australia素材 新人教版选修9australia is an outstanding producer of primary products. the country is self-sufficient in almost all foodstuffs and is a major exporter of wheat, meat, dairy products, and wool. australia usually produces more than 25 percent of the worlds yearly output of wool. the volume of manufacturing grew rapidly between the 1940s and 1970s, and mining became a leading sector in the economy during the 1960s. the value of exports from the mining and manufacturing sectors now exceeds that of the agricultural sector. in 1995 the estimated annual federal budget included $85.9 billion in revenues and $96.3 billion in expenditures. gross domestic product, which measures the value of all goods and services produced, was $392.5 billion in 1996.a. agriculture despite the great expansion in mining and manufacturing after 1940, the prosperity of much of the country continues to be dependent on livestock raising and crop farming. the pastoral industry was established in the early days of settlement, when the first spanish merino sheep were introduced from south africa. the industry was a significant factor in australian economic and historical development. australia currently is the major world producer and exporter of wool, particularly fine merino, although income from wool exports is now less than one-tenth of the total export income of the country. in 1997 the annual production of wool was 688,900 metric tons. about half of the countrys wool is produced in new south wales and western australia.in the past the countrys great rabbit population hampered sheep raising by foraging on grazing land. although rabbits accompanied the first fleet that arrived in australia in 1788, their first significant arrival occurred in 1859 at the behest of a landowner, thomas austin. the shipment of two dozen wild rabbits was released on his property near geelong, victoria. within three years the rabbits had assumed the proportions of a potential pest. subsequently, the rabbit population was estimated to have reached some 500 million, or about 50 times the human population of australia. the virus disease myxomatosis, which attacks rabbits, was introduced in 1936 and proved an effective control for about 20 years. the rabbit population increased markedly thereafter and is again an economic and environmental threat.queensland is the leading cattle-producing state, containing more than two-fifths of the estimated 26.3 million head of cattle in australia in 1997. the country produces both beef and dairy cattle. dairying is concentrated in victoria and tasmania. irrigation is heavily relied on in much of the fruit-growing and dairying regions. in some areas the rising incidence of soil salinization threatens production. experiments with biotechnologies may reduce the impact of salinization and the use of expensive water resources.fodder crops also are important. rice and cotton are grown in the murrumbidgee irrigation area (in new south wales) and in the northern territory. sugarcane production is confined to the fertile coastal fringe of queensland and the richmond river district of northern new south wales. some 40.8 million metric tons of sugarcane were produced in 1997. many types of fruit are grown, including grapes, oranges, apples, bananas, pears, pineapples, peaches, and nectarines. the major wine-producing areas are in the barossa valley of south australia, the hunter valley, new south wales, and parts of northeastern, southern, and western victoria. special varieties of grapes are grown, especially in the murray valley, for the production of raisins.b. forestry and fishing forests cover 5 percent of australia. the main forest regions, found in the moist coastal and highland belts, consist predominantly of eucalyptus, a hardwood. eucalyptus wood is widely used in the production of paper and furniture. the jarrah and karri species, which grow in western australia, are noted for the durability of their woods. queensland maple, walnut, and rosewood are prized as cabinet and furniture woods. about one-quarter of the countrys forests are permanently preserved in state reservations. because of the deficiency in coniferous forests, the country imports large quantities of softwoods. state, federal, and private pine forests have been established to help overcome this deficiency by raising extensive stands of monterey pine.australian waters contain a great variety of marine life, but the annual catch is relatively small-219,500 metric tons in 1995. more than 85 percent of the yearly value of exported fishery products is made up of various shellfish, principally scallops, shrimp, spring and green rock lobsters, oysters, and abalone. marine fishes marketed include orange roughy, sharks and rays, skipjack tuna, mullet, southern bluefin tuna, and royal escolar. pearls and trochus shells have been harvested off the northern coast since the 1800s. darwin, broome, and thursday island are the main pearling centers, but cultured pearls are now more significant. the cultured pearl industry is dominated by japanese-australian ventures. australia was a principal whaling nation until the late 1970s, when it agreed to halt most whaling activities in cooperation with an international effort to maintain the whale population.c. mining the mining industry, long an important factor in the social and economic growth of australia, holds great promise for the future development of the country. the gold discoveries of the 1850s were responsible for the first wave of immigration and for settlement of inland areas. today, australia is self-sufficient in most minerals of economic significance, and in a few cases is among the worlds leading producers. annual australian production of coal, oil, natural gas, and metallic minerals was valued at about $12.4 billion in the early 1990s. metallic minerals accounted for more than two-fifths percent of the total, with gold and iron ore the most significant components. western australia had the largest share of total mineral production, especially of metallic minerals.australia accounted for some 13 percent of the worlds gold production in 1997. about three-fourths of the nations output (289,000 kg/637,000 pounds in 1996) is mined in western australia, notably near kalgoorlie. most of the gold is exported to singapore, japan, switzerland, and hong kong. australia is also the worlds largest producer of diamonds, producing about two-fifths of the global total. production of gem-quality diamonds was 18,897,000 carets in 1996. much of it came from the giant argyle diamond mine in the kimberley region of western australia. about 95 percent of australias iron-ore production also takes place in western australia, in the pilbara region. iron-ore reserves also exist at iron knob in south australia; on cockatoo island in yampi sound off western australia; in northwestern tasmania; and in gippsland, victoria. almost all of the iron ore is exported; australia is now japans major supplier of iron ore. other markets include china, germany, south korea, and taiwan. australia is the worlds largest bauxite and alumina producer and the fourth largest aluminum producer. the major bauxite mines are located to the south of perth in western australia; and in the northern territory on the gove peninsula. important uranium mines are located in the northern territory (ranger mine) and at olympic dam in south australia. all uranium is exported.hard, or black coal, mining is heavily concentrated in new south wales and queensland. the lignite, or brown coal, industry is located in victoria, where it is used to produce electricity. other major minerals in australia include nickel, mined near kalgoorlie; copper, mined at mount lyell in tasmania, mount isa in queensland, and tennant creek in the northern territory; zinc, mined at broken hill in new south wales; and manganese, mined at groote eylandt, northern territory. titanium and zircon are recovered from the beach sands of southern queensland, new south wales, and western australia. queensland, new south wales, and tasmania are the main tin-producing states, and tungsten concentrates are mined on king island in the bass strait. petroleum has been discovered in western australia, in southern queensland, and offshore in bass strait. total production in 1996 was 208 million barrels. natural gas is also extracted, with annual production of 29.9 billion cu m (1055 billion cu ft).d. manufacturing after world war ii ended in 1945, the introduction of new industries and the development of existing ones caused substantial expansion of manufacturing activity in australia. in 1995 manufacturing contributed 15 percent of the countrys yearly gross domestic product. principal branches of the manufacturing sector by value of production are metals and metal products, food products, transportation equipment, machinery, chemicals and chemical products, textiles and clothing, wood and paper products, and printed materials.manufacturing facilities are concentrated in new south wales (especially in sydney and newcastle) and victoria (primarily in the melbourne metropolitan area). new south wales is noted for the production of iron and steel, jet aircraft, construction equipment, synthetic fibers, electronic equipment, power cables, and petroleum and petrochemical products. in melbourne, industrial activity includes the manufacture and assembly of machinery and motor vehicles and the production of food and clothing. geelong, located near melbourne, is known for its wool mills and motor works. south australia, traditionally a pastoral and agricultural state, after 1950 developed several important manufacturing centers, including adelaide and whyalla. brisbane and townsville, in queensland, have significant numbers of factories. tasmanian industry, assisted by inexpensive hydroelectric power, includes electrolytic zinc mills, paper mills, and a large confectionery factory. hobart and launceston are the primary manufacturing centers in tasmania.e. tourism tourism has grown rapidly in the late 20th century, and it now represents one of the most dynamic sectors in the australian economy, accounting for 500,000 jobs in the early 1990s. australia had 4.2 million visitors in 1996, spending $5.3 billion. the strong growth in domestic tourism has tapped the expanding range of attractions in each state and territory-amusement and theme parks, zoos, art galleries and museums, certain mines and factories, national parks, historic sites, and wineries. some of the most popular attractions are queenslands spectacular great barrier reef, the northern territorys kakadu national park, and the famous beach resorts in the brisbane, cairns, and sydney regions.f. energy in 1996 some 91 percent of the electricity produced annually in australia was generated in thermal facilities, the majority of which burned bituminous coal or lignite. the country also has several hydroelectric plants, notably the major snowy mountains scheme (primarily serving canberra, melbourne, and sydney) and a number of smaller facilities in tasmania. australias total annual production of electricity was 167 billion kilowatt-hours. natural gas is commonly used for domestic heating and cooking. australian researchers are studying the prospects for solar and wind energy uses. in the early 1990s, domestic production of crude oil and concentrate was worth about $3 billion and the production of natural gas was valued at approximately $1.7 billion. some $2 billion worth of petroleum refinery products and crude oil was imported. g currency and banking the unit of currency in australia is the australian dollar, divided into 100 cents and coined in 5? 10? 20? 50? $1, and $2 pieces. the australian dollar is freely traded on international currency markets. (a $1.28 equals u.s.$1; 1996 average).the first australian bank was established in sydney in 1817. the banking system now includes the reserve bank of australia, established in 1911, which handles the functions of central banking, including note issuance; the components of the commonwealth banking group, including the commonwealth development bank and the commonwealth savings bank; and three other major banks: the australia and new zealand banking group, westpac banking corporation, and the national australia bank. a number of privately owned or state-owned banks operate, as well as many foreign banks. the australian stock exchange conducts trading in six cities: adelaide, brisbane, hobart, melbourne, perth, and sydney.h foreign trade under australian tariff policy, protection is afforded essential australian industries, and preferential treatment is granted to imports from certain commonwealth countries. customs duty is levied also for revenue purposes. some modification of the preferential-treatment policy has been made by australia, as a member of the world trade organization (wto). in the mid-1990s, the value of goods imported exceeded the value of exports.japan and the united states are australias major trade partners. other leading australian export markets are south korea, singapore, new zealand, taiwan, hong kong, and the united kingdom. in addition, new markets are being developed in asia for australian wheat and other surplus commodities. besides the united states and japan, major suppliers of imports are the united kingdom, germany, new zealand, taiwan, china, and france. principal exports included metal ores, coal, gold, nonferrous metals, meat and meat products, textile fibers (mainly wool), petroleum and petroleum products, and cereals. leading imports were road vehicles and other transportation equipment, machinery, office equipment, petroleum and petroleum products, and textiles. in 1995 imports were valued at $61.3 billion, exports at $53.1 billion. australia is also an important exporter of agricultural and medical research services, especially to the wider asian region.i transportation each australian colony established its own rail network prior to becoming a state within the federation; as a result, the gauge varies from one state to another. a general program for standardization of railroad gauges throughout australia is in progress. railroad lines total about 14,288 km (8878 mi) of track, almost all of it owned and operated by both the federal and state governments.australia has about 913,000 km (about 567,000 mi) of roads. about one-third are paved, including about 16,000 km (about 9900 mi) of state highway. the capital cities are connected by inexpensive bus services. some 604 motor vehicles are registered for every 1000 people. a comprehensive network of airline service links major cities and even remote settlements. domestic lines carry nearly 18 million passengers yearly. because of the long distances between cities and the countrys ideal flying conditions, australians are especially accustomed to air travel. qantas airways, ltd., the countrys largest airline company, provides service to domestic and international locations. international airports are located near each of the mainland capitals and near cairns and townsville. coastal and transoceanic shipping is vital to the australian economy. major ports include melbourne, sydney, and fremantle, in western australia.j. communicationsaustralia maintains contact with the rest of the world by such means as satellite, submarine telegraph cable, radio-telephone, and phototelegraph services. since 1975 the australian telecommunications commission has been responsible for telecommunications services within australia; the australian postal commission manages the postal services. in 1996 there were 519 telephone mainlines for every 1000 people. government and commercial radio and television systems operate concurrently. the australian broadcasting corporation (abc) is a statutory authority operating 108 medium-wave and 358 fm radio stations. commercial stations number 149; unlike the national stations, these carry advertising. television programs are transmitted within range of 99 percent of the popula