任务型阅读专项训练.doc

任务型阅读专项训练AWomen need to pay attention to their own special risks. And so do men. Surprisingly, even children and teens need to be aware - or at least the parents who want to keep them safe do. Thankfully, scientists have also made great leaps in figuring out the specific prevention strategies that work best for all. So now, knowledge is your best protection. What Men Need to Know According to the American Heart Association (AHA), at least half of the people who die suddenly from heart disease each year had no clue they were sick. Some think that half of all heart attacks strike out of the blue. Not true, insists Jennifer Mieres, a spokeswoman for the AHA. A 2004 study found that at least 90 percent of first heart attacks are caused by well-known problems like high cholesterol or diabetes. If you look closely, says he, youll almost always find a risk factor that was undiscovered, ignored, or not adequately treated.Lifestyle changes like adopting a healthy diet, getting out for regular exercise, avoiding tobacco, losing weight are the first line of defense. What Women Need to KnowThere are some special considerations for the woman whos healthy and wants to make sure she stays that way. First, she shouldnt smoke-no one should, but the habit is even harder on a womans heart than it is on a mans.Women who find that they are at risk should talk to their doctor about taking a statin(他汀,药物名). Indeed, statins halved the risk of cardiovascular disease, but theres been not enough evidence that they help high-risk women and it cant guarantee the long-term safety. So its worth noting that a healthy diet and exercise also reduce cholesterol(胆固醇)and CRP.What Parents Need to KnowLast year, a study showed that obese(肥胖的)children and teens have arteries(动脉)that look like those of an average 45-year-old. New guidelines say these children should get a cholesterol test by age ten - and even urge doctors to consider statins for those most at risk if nothing else works. The recommendations caused oppositions. Lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise are the best strategy, says Dr. Greer, a professor at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine. Statins should be considered only for kids in danger.Title: The Family Guide to a Healthy HeartIntroductionWomen, men and (1) should pay attention to their own special risks and keep some basic (2) in mind.What Men Need to KnowSuch problems as high cholesterol or diabetes(3) to most of first heart attacks.They should(4) the lifestyle such as adopting a healthy diet, exercise(5) , avoiding tobacco and losing weight.What Women Need to Know(6) should be avoided which will do more(7) to a womans heart than to a mansStatin cant(8) the long-term safety.A healthy diet and(9) can reduce cholesterol and CRP.What Parents Need to KnowObese children and teens have arteries of an average 45-year-old.Children should change lifestyle without taking statins unless at (10) .BHealth experts say cancer will become the leading cause of death in the world by the year two thousand ten. The number of people who die from cancer will soon be greater than deaths from AIDS and malaria combined. The experts say more people will die from cancer than heart disease, the current leading killer.One reason for the growing deadliness of cancer is more people smoking cigarettes in developing countries. Other things are believed to be closely related to the death. They include high fat diets, fast food meals and reduced physical activity. The American Cancer Society says governments can do things to help prevent the increase in cancer cases and deaths. One idea is to provide poor and developing nations with vaccines that help to prevent some cancer-causing infections. Another suggestion is more support for tobacco-control programs. And the Cancer Society also says health officials and governments should invest in cancer research and early detection. An American study has shown a link between tobacco smoke and behavioral problems in boys with asthma(哮喘). To be considered for the study, children were supposed to be close to cigarette smoke at least five times a day. His study found the girls were breathing in more tobacco smoke than the boys. But there was no increase in behavioral problems among the girls. For the boys, the results were different. The more contact the boys had with tobacco smoke the more likely they were to have recognizable behavior problems. The boys also were more likely to have signs of emotional problems like anxiety and depression. Their findings show that even low levels of smoke may cause behavior problems in children with asthma or others at risk.Kimberly Yolton was the lead writer of the report. She says there is no information to explain in detail why tobacco smoke causes behavioral problems in children with asthma. But she says there is much evidence that nicotine in tobacco smoke affects the nervous system, and child development and behavior.Cancer to Become Worlds Leading KillerThemeCancer makes more people (1) in the world than other diseases.(2) for the phenomenon More people (3) cigarettes in developing countries.Other things like high fat diets have (4) to do with peoples health. Two (5) for governmentsThey should:(6) poor and developing nations vaccines that help to prevent some cancer-causing infections. (7) tobacco-control programs more and (8) in cancer research and early detection.Results of the Experiment Behavior problems in children with asthma or others at risk can be(9) by low levels of smoke.Nicotine in tobacco smoke has a clear(10) on the nervous system, and child development and behavior.CYou probably know what fast food is. It is cooked food that is ready almost as soon as you enter a public eating place. It does not cost much. Most fast food restaurants are chain (连锁) restaurants. That means each one is part of a huge company. Each restaurant in the chain has the same large, colorful sign that can be easy to recognize from far away. Each offers its own carefully limited choice of foods. Each kind of hamburger or piece of chicken tastes the same at every restaurant in the chain.The fast food industry began with two brothers in the nineteen forties. Mac and Dick McDonald owned a small, but very successful restaurant. They sold only a few kinds of simple food, especially hamburgers. People stood outside the restaurant at a window. They told the workers inside what they wanted to eat. They received and paid for their food very quickly. The food came in containers that could be thrown away. The system was so successful that the McDonald brothers discovered they could sell a lot of food and lower their prices.Ray Kroc sold restaurant supplies. He recognized the importance of the McDonald brothers idea. Kroc paid the McDonald brothers for permission to open several restaurants similar to theirs. He opened the first McDonalds restaurant near Chicago in nineteen fifty-five. Soon, more McDonalds were opening all across the United States. Other people copied the idea and more fast food restaurants followed.Fast food restaurants spread quickly in the United States because of franchising. Franchising means selling the legal right to operate a store in a companys chain to an independent business person. If the company approves, the business person may buy the store for a period of years. Each restaurant also gives the company about ten percent of the money it earns in sales. Today, over seventy percent of McDonalds restaurants worldwide are owned and operated by independent businessmen and women.McDonalds and fast food industryExplanation of fast foodIt is cooked food which is more convenient and much (1) than other food.Characters of the chain restaurantsThere are: (2) recognized signscarefully (3) choice of foodsthe (4) tastes of food at every restaurant in the chain.(5) of McDonaldsIt developed from Mac and Dick McDonalds (6) but successful restaurant which sold some kinds of simple food with (7) service from others.Great changes brought by Kroc to McDonaldsThe McDonald brothers (8) Kroc to open several same restaurants with theirs.Franchising made Fast food restaurants spread (9) in the United StatesCurrent situationAt most (10) percent of McDonalds restaurants worldwide are not run by independent businessmen and women.DTeamwork is just as important in science as it is on the playing field or in the gym. Scientific investigations (调查) are almost always carried out by teams of people working together. Ideas are shared, experiments are designed, data are analyzed, and results are evaluated and shared with other investigators. Group work is necessary, and is usually more productive than working alone.Several times throughout the year you may be asked to work with one or more of your classmates. Whatever the task your group is assigned, a few rules need to be followed to ensure a productive and successful experience.What comes first is to keep an open mind, because everyones ideas deserve consideration and each group member can make his or her own contribution. Secondly, it makes a job easier to divide the group task among all group members. Choose a role on the team that is best suited to your particular strengths. Thirdly, always work together, take turns, and encourage each other by listening, clarifying, and trusting one another. Mutual support and trust often makes a great difference.Activities like investigations are most effective when done by small groups. Here are some more suggestions for effective team performance during these activities: Make sure each group member understands and agrees to the task given to him or her, and everyone knows exactly when , why and what to do; take turns doing various tasks during similar and repeated activities; be aware of where other group members are and what they are doing so as to ensure safety; be responsible for your own learning, though it is by no means unwise to compare your observations with those of other group members.When there is research to be done, divide the topic into several areas, and this can explore the issue in a very detailed way. You are encouraged to keep records of the sources used by each person, which helps you trace back to the origin of the problems that may happen unexpectedly. A format for exchanging information (e.g., photocopies of notes , oral discussion, etc.) is also important, for a well-chosen method not only strengthens what you present but also makes yourself easily understood. When the time comes to make a decision and take a position on an issue, allow for the contributions of each member of the group. Most important of all, it is always wise to make decisions by compromise and agreement.After youve completed a task with your team, make an evaluation of the teams effectiveness the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and challenges.TitleWorking TogetherThemeEffective performance needs highly cooperated (1) _.General rules Keep an open mind to everyones (2)_. Divide the group task among group members. (3) _ and trust each other.(4) _ Understand and agree to the (5) _ task of ones own. Take turns doing various tasks. Show concern for others to ensure safety. Take (6) _ for ones own learning. Compare your own observations with those of others.Explore an issue Break the (7) _ into several areas. Keep records of the sources just in (8) _. (9) _ your information with others via proper format. Make all decisions by compromise and agreement.(10)_ effectiveness Analyze the strengths and weaknesses. Find out the opportunities and challengesEMaybe you are an average student. You probably think you will never be a top student. This is not necessary so, however. Anyone can become a better student if he or she wants to. Heres how:1. Plan your time carefully. When you plan your week, you should make a list of things that you have to do. After making this list, you should make a schedule of your time. First your time for eating, sleeping, dressing, etc. then decide a good, regular time for studying. Dont forget to set aside enough time for entertainment. A weekly schedule may not solve all your problems, but it will force you to realize what is happening to your time.2. Find a good place to study. Look around the house for a good study area. Keep this space, which may be a desk or simply a corner of your room, free of everything but study materials. No games, radios, or television! When you sit down to study, concentrate on the subject. 3. Make good use of your time in class. Take advantage of class time to listen to everything the teachers say. Really listening in class means less work later. Taking notes will help you remember what the teacher says.4. Study regularly. When you get home from school, go over your notes. Review the important points that your teacher mentioned in class. If you know what your teacher is going to discuss the next day, read that material will become more meaningful, and you will remember it longer.5. Develop a good attitude about tests. The purpose of a test is to show what you have learned about a subject. They help you remember your new knowledge. The world wont end if you dont pass a test, so dont be overly worried. There are other methods that might help you with your studying. You will probably discover many others after you have tried these.How to become a better studentGeneral methodHow toAdvantagePlan your time carefullyMake a list Force you to realize(86) _ is happening to your timeMake a (81) _Find a good place to study Free of everything but study (82) _You can (87) _on the subjectMake good use of your time in class Listen to everything the teachers sayReally listening in class means (88) _ work laterTaking (83) _Study regularly Go over your notes (84) _ new material Help you (89) _it better , remember it longerDevelop a good attitude about tests Dont be (85) _ worried Remember your new(90) _FNew Year traditions all around the world“Happy New Year!” Everyone will greet each other with these words as they meet each other over the next couple of weeks. But it wasnt always January 1 that marked the New Year.At least 4,000 years ago, the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians marked the changing of the year. In Egypt, the year started when the Nile River flooded, enriching farmers fields. This happened at the end of September. The Babylonians held a festival in the spring, on March 23, to kick off the next farming cycle. The Babylonian celebration lasted for 11 days.The date January 1 was picked by the Roman Emperor Julius Caesar as the change of the year when he established his own calendar in 46 BC. The month of January originates from the Roman god, Janus. He is pictured with two heads. One head looks forward and the other back. They represent a break between the old and new. The new calendar was in time with the sun and it has been used until the present day.In Vietnam, the New Year holiday happens in February. They buy fresh flowers and a peach blossom to put in their house, following the Vietnamese custom.Thailand has its specific New Years date; its different from the normal calendar. The Thai New Year is celebrated on A