再谈上海高考英语词义猜词的几种方法.doc

再谈上海高考英语阅读理解词义猜测的几个方法交大附中浦东实验高中 刘张生 （英语高级教师）词义猜测能力是一项重要的阅读技能，同时也是高考对考生阅读能力进行检测的一个重要方面；综观近几年的上海高考英语阅读理解题，我们可以发现：词义猜测的命题形式大体有以下三个层面：1）猜测一个单词的语境意义；如（2012上海高考66题）What does the word “epic” in paragraph 1 most probably mean?2）猜测一个词组的含义； 如：（2013上海高考66题）According to paragraph 3, a person with “defective hearing” is probably one who.3）还可能是对具体语境下的特定句子的猜测等； 如：（2007上海高考73题）By saying “It could be your grandchildrens stamp”, Mr Saunders means that forever stamps .为了便于考生对该部分内容的复习，同时提高复习的成效。笔者对词义猜测题的解题方法简单总结如下，供复习时参考：1 利用上下文存在的因果关系猜测词义： 如：例1： It was a cold night in Washington, D.C., and I was heading back to the hotel when a man approached me. He asked if I would give him some money so he could get something to eat. Id read the signs: Dont give money to beggars as most of them are swindlers. So I shook my head and kept walking. 66. The underlined word “swindlers” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to _.A. policemenB. writersC. cheatersD. beggars（分析） 该题的解题关键线索在于as所连接的前果后因关系；以及so所连接的与前一句之间的前因后果关系，所以该题的答案为C。需要注意的是：有时，上下文之间的因果关系不一定有明显的连接词出现，此时需要考生的仔细推敲，如：例2： Previous research has explained why rewarding children for sharing can backfire. Children come to think of themselves as people who dont like to share since they had to be rewarded for doing so. Because they dont view themselves as sharers they are less likely to share in the future.75.The underlined word “backfire” means _.A. serve as a pushB. have an opposite effectC. cause angerD. avoid taking things back （分析）从语意上说， Children come to think of.句虽然没有BECAUSE 等连接词，但体现的意义就是对前句的原因的说明。所以该题答案为B。2 利用上下文存在的对比关系猜测词义；如：例3：Electric cars are dirty. In fact, not only are they dirty, they might even be dirtier than their gasoline-powered cousins.People in California love to talk about “zero-emissions (零排放的) vehicles,” but people in California seem to be clueless about where electricity comes from. Almost all power plants use fire to make it. Aside from the few folks who have their roofs covered with solar cells, we get our electricity from generators (发电机). Generators are fueled by something usually coal, oil, but also by heat generated in nuclear power plants.70. Which of the following words can replace “be clueless about” in paragraph 2?A. Be familiar with.B. Be curious about.C. Show their interest in.D. Fail to understand.（分析）该题的关键解题线索在于but所连接的转折关系的把握。从句意上看，almost all power plants起到的是对电力的来源进行解释，所以该题答案为D。3 利用上下文的排比关系猜测词义；如：例4：You feel happiest when you create a healthy balance between giving and receiving. If you give and give without making time to fill your own needs, then its likely you will burn out, or feel upset. If you take and take without giving anything back, you never feel fulfilled, so you are always searching for ways to fill the void in your life.The underlined word “void” in paragraph 1 means _.A. a feeling of emptiness B. an absence of ones mind C. a break of continuity D. a state of confusion. （分析）该题即属于利用句子结构的排比所体现出的意义上对比的例子。该题答案为A。4 此外，还可以利用上下文的解释性定语从句，同位语（从句）等；以及用来起到解释和说明作用的破折号、冒号、分号、引号等标点线索进行推测和判断词汇的语境意义。如：例5：The largest playerShanghai Bashi Tourist Car Rental Center offers a wide variety of choicesdeluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches.56.The words “deluxe sedans”, “minivans” and “station wagons” used in the text refer to_A.cars in the making B.car rental firmsC.cars for rent D.car makers（分析）本句的两个破折号都是起解释作用的。第二个破折号后面对choices进行解释。从解释我们可以推测出，破折号后面的内容是汽车出租公司所提供的汽车种类。由此本题的答案是C。又如：例6： Capacitance, or the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteris