翻译理论与实践(笔译)期末复习辅导.doc

翻译理论与实践（笔译）期末复习辅导一、要求掌握的主要知识点：1. 中国翻译史要求了解中国古代、近代和现代的翻译界代表人物，着重了解他们的翻译活动和翻译思想。主要人物有：玄奘，徐光启（古代）；严复，林纾，马建忠（近代）；鲁迅，傅雷，朱生豪，梁实秋等（现代）。2. 翻译的标准要求了解著名翻译（理论）家关于“翻译标准”的论述。主要有：严复的“信、达、雅”理论；鲁迅的有关论述；傅雷的“神似”说；钱钟书的“化境 ”说。不符合翻译标准的几种情况：理解不当，漏译，“宁顺而不信”，表达不当，“欧式”句子，文体不对应。3. 翻译的过程理解的三个主要方面：语言现象，逻辑关系，文化内涵。表达的两个基本方法：直译，意译。4. 英汉语言对比从五个方面了解两种语言的相异之处：形合与意合，被动与主动，物称与人称，静态与动态，替代与重复。5. 文化与翻译四个方面的文化差异：历史，地域，习俗，宗教。处理文化差异的五种翻译方法：直译，代换，增词，意译，注释。6. 文体与翻译两个基本概念：varieties, register四种不同的专业文体（广告英语，新闻英语，科技英语，法律英语）的语言特点Halliday 的“构成语境三要素”Martin Joos 的“语言正规程度的五级分类法”如何区分同义词的正规程度显示语言正规程度的“语域标志”7. 翻译方法和技巧六种主要方法：词类转译，增词，省略，重复，反译，长句拆译。8. 处理习语的英译汉方法主要有三种翻译方法：1）直译法。2）汉语同义习语的套用法。3）意译法。二、考试题型和模拟题1. 选择题：10题，每题2分，共20分。2. 问答题：2题，每题15分，共30分。3. 段落翻译（英译汉）：1段，共50分。选择题（在四个选项中选择一个正确答案）：1. 明朝末年的翻译家徐光启主要从事-C-的翻译。A. 佛教经典 B. 文学作品C. 科技著作 D. 哲学著作2. 马氏文通的作者马建忠提出了“-A-”的翻译观点。A. 善译 B. 化境C. 神似 D. 信、达、雅3. 出版后即风靡海内的巴黎茶花女遗事是-B-的译作。A严复 B. 林纾C. 林语堂 D. 梁实秋4.“意译”是指译文从意义出发，要求将原文的意义正确表达出来，不必拘泥于-D-的形式。A. 词句 B. 词句和比喻C. 各种修辞手段 D. 词、句、以及各种修辞手段5. 英国语言学家M.A.K.Halliday提出的构成语境三要素中，tenors of discourse指-C-。A.交际所涉及的题材内容 B. 书面语和口头语C. 交际双方的年龄、性别、职业、地位和相互关系D. 交际环境6. -A-翻译了莎士比亚的全部戏剧作品。A. 朱生豪 B. 卞之琳C. 梁实秋 D. 林语堂7. 下列四个语言特点中，-B-不是广告英语的特点。A. 多祈使句 B. 多后置定语C. 多新词汇 D. 多常用词汇8. 鲁迅曾提出过“-B-”的翻译观点。A. 宁顺而不信 B. 宁信而不顺C. 与其信而不顺，不如顺而不信D. 忠实、通顺、得体9. 在下列四组特点中，-D-组符合英语语言的实际情况。A. 重意合，多主动结构，多动态词，多重复，多生物词作主语B.重形合，多主动结构，多动态词，多替代，多物称词作主语C.重意合，多被动结构，多静态词，多重复，多生物词作主语D.重形合，多被动结构，多静态词，多替代，多物称词作主语10. 下列四种语言特点，-B-不符合英语语言的实际情况。 A. 重形合 B. 多动态词语C. 多替代 D.多物称词作主语11. ask, question, interrogate三个同义词中，ask 最普通，由此可以判定，它最有可能源自-C-。A. 法语 B. 拉丁语C. 盎格鲁-撒克逊语 D. 希腊语12. 名词化 (nominalization)倾向是-C-的一个比较明显的语法特点。A. 广告英语 B. 新闻英语C. 科技英语 D. 文学英语问答题：1. 为什么严复要在他的翻译标准中加上一个“雅”字？现在我们应该怎样理解这个“雅”字？2. .有人曾这样评价严复和林纾：If Yan Fu provoked the mind of the Chinese intelligentsia, Lin Shu touched their heart. 你如何理解这一评价？段落翻译：（1）Science finds order and meaning in our experience, and sets about this in quite a different way. It sets about it as Newton did in the story which he himself told in his old age, and of which the schoolbooks give only a caricature. In the year 1665, when Newton was twenty-two, the plague broke out in southern England, and the University of Cambridge was closed. Newton therefore spent the next eighteen months at home, removed from traditional learning, at a time when he was impatient for knowledge and, in his own phrase, I was in the prime of my age for invention. In this eager, boyish mood, sitting one day in the garden of his widowed mother, he saw an apple fall. （2）If an occupation census had been taken in the eleventh century it would probably have revealed that quite 90 percent of the people were country inhabitants who drew their livelihood from farming, herding, fishing or the forest. An air photograph taken at that time would have revealed spotted villages, linked together by unsurfaced roads and separated by expanses of forest or swamp. There were some towns, but few of them housed more than 10,000 persons. A second picture, taken in the mid-fourteenth century would show that the villages had grown more numerous and also more widespread, for Europeans had pushed their frontier outward by settling new areas. There would be more people on the roads, rivers and seas, carrying food or raw materials to towns which had increased in number, size and importance. But a photograph taken about 1450 would reveal that little further expansion had taken place during the preceding hundred years. (3) Between Air and WaterWith all the special camera equipment you see here in this film laboratory, were going onto the water. Quite literally: not over the water, nor under the water, were going to be on the surface of the water. Extraordinary, fascinating things go on there- in this world in between air and water. To us, its just a shining, reflecting surface where the air ends and the water begins. To others, its the world they live in: a boundary zone flooded with light, which is why they are countless green algae floating around here.These are snails eggs. The little snails black eyes can already be seen peering out. And when they eventually emerge and become adult snails, they swim to the surface of the water and graze there on the carpet of algae. (4) They use their tongues to suck in the green food. It is not surprising, then, that the world saw a return to a floating exchange rate system. Central banks were no longer required to support their own currencies.Floating policy is of great importance for export trade; it is, in fact, a convenient method of insuring goods where a number of similar export transactions are intended, e.g. where the insured has to supply an overseas importer under an exclusive sales agreement or maintains sales representatives or subsidiary companies abroad.(5) One of my favourite moments of the day is among the last - the last conscious one, anyway. After several attempts at keeping my eyelids from fluttering closed and the book from collapsing onto my chest, I know it really is time to go to sleep. I affectionately place the book on the bed beside me. We sleep together, me and my book, me and those characters, me and my mixed-up dreams. Reading in bed seems to run in families. The last time my mother babysat f