定语从句讲解.doc

定语从句(一)1 定义：在英语中用来修饰一个名词或代词的句子在语法上叫做定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。引导定语从句的那个词叫关系代（副）词，在定语从句中充当一定成份。2种类：定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。这里先讲限制性定语从句。3位置：定语从句一定要放在被修饰词的后面。4意义：限制性定语从句限定了先行词的范围和意思，这类从句不能省去。如果省去，剩下的部分（即主句）意思就会变得不清楚。这种定语从句和主句的关系十分密切，书写时中间不可用逗号分开。6.分类讲解：1）关系代词指人,在定语从句中作主语，用who that eg:whats the name of the girl whothat just came in? The girl who came in just now is my sister.(主句中的主语和谓语被定语从句隔开。)2）关系代词指人， 在定语从句中作宾语，用who that whom或省略 eg: Here is the man (whowhomthat)you want to see .The man (whowhomthat)you want to see ismy father. (主句中的主语和谓语被定语从句隔开。)3)关系代词指物,在定语从句中作主语，用whichthat eg: Dont buy potatoes whichthat are sold in that shop.The potatoes that which are sold in that shop cant be eaten.(主句中的主语和谓语被定语从句隔开。被定语从句隔开。) 4) 关系代词指物，在定语从句中作宾语，用which that或省略 eg: This is the book (which that )he is looking for.The book (which that ) he is looking for is a Chinese book. (主句中的主语和谓语被定语从句隔开。) 5) 关系代词指人又指物， 在定语从句中作定语，whose . Do you know the boy whose father is a doctor. The boy whose father is a doctor studies very hard. (主句中的主语和谓语被定语从句隔开。) I study in the classroom whose window is broken. 6介词提前的宾语：前面2）4）两点讲到关系代词在定语从句中作宾语，指的是作动词的宾语。关系代词还可作介词的宾语，如 I dont know the boy (whothat whom)you learn English from. 关系代词whothat whom作介词from的宾语，我们也可将介词提前至关系代词前，此时关系代词不可省，且只能用whom指人， I dont know the boy from whom you learn English指物时介词提前，不用that,也不能省，只用which,如This is the mountain (that/which) I told you about.可转化为This is the mountain about which I told you 其中the +n. of which = of which the +n. = whose +nI study in the classroom whose window is broken. the window of which is broken. of which the window is broken. 关系代词that 和 which的区别:that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换, 1.但在下列情况下, 一般用that而不用which。(1) 先行词为all, everything, nothing, something,anything, little, much 等不定代词时。I am sure she has something (that) you can borrow.Can you understand all (that )I said just know.(2)先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时。Ive read all the books that you bought. (3)先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时This is the first book (that) he has read.It is the best book (that )I have ever read.(4)先行词被the only, the very, the last修饰时。This is the only dictionary (that )I saw in the library.This is the very book (that )I am looking for (5)如果有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用了which，另一个关系代词则用thatEdison built a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.6）先行词既有人又有物时 He talked about the things and the people that he remembered in the school.7）当主句是以或开头的特殊疑问句时 which of the books that you bought just know will be given to me?2. 在下列情况下, 一般用which而不用that。1)当which作为介词的宾语，且介词提前至关系代词前 This is the room which Mr white lives in . This is the room in which Mr white lives.2）如果有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用了that另一个关系代词则用which3）在非限制性定语从句中His dog, which was very old, became ill and died. 3. 在下列情况下, 一般用who而不用that。 1)指人时，先行词为one, ones时 eg:I dont like the ones who talk big. 2）指人时，先行词为anyone ,those 时 Anyone who breaks the rule will be punished. Those who break the rule will be punished .3）如果有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用了that另一个关系代词则用who The student that was praised at the meeting is the monitor who works very hard.特殊的定语从句: I dont like the way (in which that ) he speaks .注意： Is this book _you bought? AIs this the book _ you bought? B C DA the one B which C that D /注意点：1）定语从句必须是一个完整的句子，不能缺少主语，或谓语动词 The book which on the desk is a Chinese book. (which后缺谓语动词is) The boy spoke with Jim just now is our monitor.( spoke 前缺少主语who)2)定语从句中宾语不能重复 The boy you talked with him is our monitor.(定语从句中省略了关系代词who whomthat ,指代宾语，后面的him 多余。 )3定语从句中的谓语动词单复数应与先行词的单复数一致。 I know the person who is giving a talk. All that has to be done has been done.4.one of the +复数名词作先行词,定语从句的谓语动词用复数 eg: He is one of the teachers who _(knowknows)French in our school.5.the only one of the +复数名词作先行词,定语从句的谓语动词用单数 eg:He is the only one of the teachers who _( knowknows)French.定语从句(二)词+关系代词(which whom)填空1.The woman _ I talked just now comes from America. (with whom)2.Mr Green questioned(询问) the boy _ he learned how he could play the piano.(from from)3.She hasnt got enough money_ she can buy the ring. (with which)4.She bought a pair of glasses _ she couldnot see everything clearly. (wihtout which)5.I bought a telescope (望眼镜)_ I can see stars in the sky. (through which)以上句子的关系代词whom which均作介词的宾语。介词可放在定语从句中, 关系代词也可用that.如提前至先行词后,则关系代词只能用which。 The house _ they live is far away from here. (in which ) This is the school _ he once studied. (in which ) Can you tell me the office _ he works . (in which )这几个句子中关系代词which作介词in的宾语, in which,在定语从句中作地点状语,可用关系副词where来代替I still remember the day _ I first came to Beijing . ()He came at a time _ we were having a meeting . ()这2个句子中关系代词which作介词onat的宾语, on which at which在定语从句中作时间状语,可用关系副词when来代替。 The reason was that his bike was broken. He came to school late for this reason. The reason _he came to school late was that his bike was broken. () The reason _ he didnt come to the party is not clear. ()这2个句子中关系代词which作介词for的宾语, for which,在定语从句中作原因状语,可用关系副词why来代替。1.From the year_ he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up. (in which )2.This is the village _ he was born. (in which )3.The reason _ he was sad was that his grandfather died. (for which )关系副词when, where, why引导定语从句时,和关系代词一样,具有以下作用:1)在定语从句中代替先行词, 2)在从句中充当句子成分(时间,地点,原因状语) 相当于介词+which 的作用于 3)起连词的作用,连接主句和定语从句. when 相当于 onin at during which where相当于 in at on which why相当于 for which注意: 1) 如先行词time, year, day. place, room, village reason 在定语从句中必须作时间,地点,原因状语,如在定语从句中作主语或宾语,则仍用关系代词which that 1.This is the day _ I will never forget. (which/ that ) 2.The place_ is used for a museum is in the center of the city. (which/ that ) 3.This is the reason _ he gave explained to you. (which/ that )4. I will never forget the day _ I spent on the farm. (which/ that ) 5.The place _ I visited last year is being repaired. (which/ that )2)situation position stage scene case这几个名词通常在定语从句中作地点状语, 意思是在这样的情形,形势下场景下例子中, 故关系代词用in which where.1.Think out a situation _ this sentence can be used. 2.Well never forget the scene _ people were killed . 3.They were put into a position _ they couldnt speak freely.4.Can you think of some cases _ drivers knew the traffic rules but didnt obey them?3)固定句式 This is the first time that I have come here . 2)合理选用关系代词或关系副词This is the house _ he lives in. (which /that )This is the house_he lives. (in which /where )The story happened on the day _ I will for ever remember. (which /that )This is the place _I have ever visited. (which/ that )This is the place _ I visited the professor. (in which / where )This is the place _ I paid a visit last year. (to which )Ill never forget the days _ we spent there. (which/ that )Ill never forget the place _ we spent three days . (where / in which)非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句对它所修饰的那个先行词, 通常只是附加说明,如果省略,主句的意思仍然完整.主句和从句之间用逗号分开,且不能用that 引导.只用who, whom, which, when, where , why引导.Miss Zhang, whom you met in the library, is very strict with us .London, which is the capital of England, is a famous place.注: 1) 非限制性定语从句的关系代词有时可以指代前面整个主句的情况,如: He often smokes, makes his parents angry.(which ) Alice received an invitation from her boss, _ came as a surprise. (which)2) 非限制性定语从句用来表示说话人的依据,评论,含有“正如所说,所见的,正如.所报道的”, 这时关系代词用as ,且将定语从句放句首. As is reported, the accident killed 25 people. As we know, English is the most widely used language in the world. As is known to all, English is the most widely used language in the world.区别: _It_is known to all that English is the most widely used language in the world. (主语从句)3)如先行词被such(so) the same修饰,则关系代词用as1. This is the same comput