非谓语动 词讲解.doc

非 谓 语 动 词一、非谓语概论在英语中，如果没有连词，一个句子只能有一个动词作谓语，其余的动词都必须采用非谓语形式。He going to the cinema(错) He to go to the cinema.(错) He gone to the cinema.(错) He goes to the cinema.(对) He went to the cinema. (对) He has gone to the cinema. (对) He is going to the cinema. (对) He decided to go to the cinema. (对) He has finished reading the book.(对) He has two brothers, both of them are workers.(错)。 He has two brothers, and both of them are workers.(对) He has two brothers, both of whom are workers.(对) He has two brothers, both of them being workers.(对)动词除了作谓语之外，还经常作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。作谓语以外的其他成分的动词必须采用to do(不定式)，doing(动名词和现在分词) 或done(过去分词)的形式。二、非谓语作主语作主语的动词不能用原形，必须采用 to do或doing的形式(单独的过去分词done不能作主语)，它们的含义有所不同。一般说来，动名词作主语表示一种经常性的、抽象的和泛指的动作，而不定式作主语则表示一次性的、具体的动作。换句话说，动名词作主语通常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起，而不定式作主语往往与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。例如：Lying is wrong.（泛指lying的做法或作风）To lie is wrong.（对于说谎者是谁，说话人心中是有所指的）To live in Beijing is the height of Toms ambition.（对某个特定的动作执行者而言）Swimming is good for your health.（指游泳这项运动）此外，在实际使用中，用不定式还是动名词，主要依据以下原则：1.不定式作主语时，经常用形式主语it置于句首，而将真正主语不定式后置。例如：It is bad manners to speak like that. It is necessary to master a foreign language.动名词作主语经常置于句首，用形式主语it的情况较少。例如：Living in Beijing must be wonderful.较少用It must be wonderful living in Beijing.但在下列it作形式主语的结构中常用动名词：It is useless/no use/no good/a waste of time doing sth. 例如：Its useless studying English without practice.Its no use talking about it. Its no good arguing with him. It is a waste of time your talking to him.2.不定式的逻辑主语是在to do前加for sb./sth.(部分形容词用of)，动名词的逻辑主语是在doing前加所有格，但必须注意的是作主语的动名词逻辑主语必须用所有格，作宾语的动名词逻辑主语可以用所有格，也可以用宾格。It is impossible for him to come to the party. His being late made the teacher angry. Would you mind my/me smoking here?3.在“主系表”结构中，主语和表语所采用的非谓语形式要一致，即：表语是不定式时，主语也用不定式；表语是动名词时，主语也用动名词。To see is to believe. Seeing is believing.4.疑问词后必须跟不定式。 When to start has not been decided. I dont know what to do.三、非谓语作宾语 作宾语的动词只能采取to do和ing 形式中的一种或两种I. 常见的只能以不定式作宾语的动词有：afford, agree, bother, choose, decide, determine, expect, fail, help, hesitate, hope, learn, long(渴望), manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, tend, wish, would like等。 I want to take these books to the classroom.Little Jim should love to be taken to the zoo this week.II. 常见的只能跟ing的动词和动词词组有：advise, admit(承认), allow, appreciate, avoid, complete, consider(考虑), delay(耽误), deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, finish, forbid, imagine, keep, mind, miss(错过), permit, postpone, practise, resist, risk(冒险), suggest; cant help(忍不住), give up, put off(推迟), look forward to, feel like, set about, 等等。They havent finished building the dam. We have to prevent the air from being polluted。III. 有些动词和动词短语既可接动词不定式作宾语，又可接ing形式作宾语，但所表达的意义不同。对此，应该注意弄清楚它们的区别。常见的这类动词和动词短语有：1. forget 和rememberforget/remember doing表示“忘记/记得做过的事”； forget/remember to do 表示“忘记/记住要做的事”；2. stop to do停下来去做某事； stop doing 停止做某事3. go on to do接着做另一件事； go on doing继续做同一件事4. try to do 试图做某事； try doing试着做某事5. regret to do遗憾地做某事； regret doing后悔已做的事6. mean to do想做某事； mean doing意味着做某事Do you mean to tell me you didnt post the letter?Taking a taxi means saving time.7. cant help (to) do sth.(不能帮助做某事)cant help doing sth. (情不自禁做某事)IV. 这里要特别注意advise, allow, permit, forbid等词，它们后面直接跟作宾语的动词时必须用ing形式，不能用不定式；如果后跟作宾语补足语的动词时用不定式，例：We dont allow smoking here.We dont allow you to smoke here.Smoking is forbidden here.We are forbidden to smoke here.V. consider解释为“考虑”时以ing分词作宾语，解释为“认为”时以不定式作宾语补足语或主语补足语，例：We are considering rebuilding the hotel.We consider him to be a diligent student.Bell is considered to have invented the first telephone.VI. need, require, wantI need to repair the radio.(不定式的主动态表示主语是动词repair的执行者)The radio needs to be repaired/repairing. (不定式的被动态表示主语是动词repair的承受者，此时也可采用ing的主动形式)VII. -ing和不定式都能跟且区别不大的动词 begin, continue, hate, like, love, start,VIII. 动词不定式可以和疑问词what, which, how, where, when, how much, how many等一起在句中作宾语。Wed better find out where to put it.IX. 动词不定式作宾语时，如果后面有宾语补足语，常用it作形式宾语，把真正的宾语不定式放在宾语补足语之后。可以采用此结构的动词有：find, think, make等。The man downstairs found it difficult to get to sleep.X. 介词后面动词都要用ing形式，特别是某些词组中的to是介词，要跟ing分词，不能跟不定式，这些词组有：be accustomed to 习惯于，be used to 习惯于， be addicted to 沉溺于，devote oneself to /be devoted to献身于，look forward to 盼望，object to反对，pay attention to 注意，preferto, stick to 坚持，turn to开始/转向等。XI. 某些词组中的介词可以省略，这时别忘了照样用ing分词，这些词组有：have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth;spend sometime (in) doing;prevent/stop sb. (from) doing sth.四、非谓语作表语非谓语的三个形式都能作表语。I. 动词不定式作表语动词不定式可以作表语，也可以和what, where, how, when, which等疑问词一起在句中作表语。My plan is to put off the meeting till next Monday.His dream is to be a doctor.The question is when to give the party, on Monday or Tuesday.作表语动词不定式 “be to do”结构还可以表示“安排、命令、职责、义务、目的、用途、要求”等含义。We are to meet at the school gate.You are to be back by 10 oclock.The knife is to cut the cake.The prize is to honour him for his great discovery.II. ing分词作表语ing分词作表语可分为以下几种：1. 名词化的ing分词My job is teaching English. My favorite sport is swimming.Our duty is serving the people heart and soul.In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs.这类动词保留了动词的一些特征，可带宾语和状语。2. 形容词化的ing分词常见的有：amusing, astonishing, boring, confusing, delighting, disappointing, discouraging, encouraging, exciting, exhausting, moving, frightening, inspiring, interesting, inviting(吸引人的), missing, pleasing, promising (有希望的), puzzling, relaxing, shocking, satisfying, surprising, tiring, touching, upsetting, worrying, 等。The question is very puzzling.The film is quite boring.这些ing分词前面可加very等副词来修饰。3. 注意作表语的ing分词和进行时中的ing分词的区别：His hobby is collecting stamps.(ing分词作表语)He is collecting stamps.(进行时)4. The present situation is encouraging. (ing分词作表语)The present situation is encouraging the people all over the world in their fight for freedom.（进行时）III. 动词不定式和ing分词作表语的区别动词不定式和ing分词都可以作表语，一般说来，不定式作表语表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。 To do two things at a time is to do neither一次做两件事等于未做。 What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干如果主语是不定式（表示条件），则表语也是不定式（表示结果）。 To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。 To work means to earn a living工作就是为了生活。 如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。 His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。 The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant ing分词作表语，表示抽象的、一般性的行为。 Our work is serving the people我们的工作是为人民服务。 His hobby is collecting stamps他的爱好是集邮。 Taking a walk after supper will do good to your health. 晚饭后散步对你的身体有好处。（经常性的动作）IV. ed分词作表语1. 并非所有动词的ed形式都能作表语，能作表语的动词ed 分词常见的有：amazed, amused, astonished, bored, confused, delighted, disappointed, discouraged, excited, exhausted, frightened, inspired, interested, moved, pleased, puzzled, relaxed, satisfied, shocked, surprised, tired, touched, upset, worried等。以上动词都有相应的ing形式, 此时ing表示“令人”，表示主动；ed表示“感到”，表示被动。因为这些动词原形时意思为“使”，如satisfy(使满意)，His answer satisfied me.(他的回答使我满意)，所以：His answer was satisfying.他的回答令人满意I was satisfied with his answer.我对他的回答感到满意五、非谓语作定语I. 不定式做定语要放在所修饰的词后，有下列几种情况：1.不定式作定语常和所修饰的词形成动宾关系或介(词)宾关系Do you have anything to say?There are a lot of TV sets to choose from.We found a house to live in.Give me a pen to write with.2.某些名词常以不定式作定语，此时不形成动宾或介宾关系：chance, way, attempt, ability, time等The easiest way to learn English is living in an English-speaking country.We still had a chance to win the match.3.序数词后面Betty was the first to know the truth.II. ing分词作定语：1. ing分词作定语可分为以下几种：A. 名词化的ing分词，此时单词作定语置于所修饰词之前，词组作定语置于所修饰词之后：a sleeping car, a sleeping babya waiting car, a waiting room,I have no desire to take sleeping pills. The children are watching the marching soldiers.People watching the game cheered both teams when the game was over. I dont know the girl sitting on the left. The problem being discussed is of great importance.the children playing in the parkHe cant walk without a walking-stick. Is there a swimming pool in your school? 这类动词保留了动词的一些特征，可带宾语和状语。B. 形容词化的ing分词amusing, astonishing, boring, confusing, delighting, disappointing, discouraging, encouraging, exciting, exhausting, frightening, inspiring, interesting, inviting(吸引人的), missing, moving, promising(有希望的)， puzzling, shocking, satisfying, surprising, tiring, touching, upsetting, worrying, 等。a puzzling question, the missing words,a satisfying answer, 这些ing分词前面有些可加very等副词来修饰：a very interesting bookIII. ed分词作定语和ing分词作定语的区别1. 一般说来，ing 分词表示主动、正在进行；ed分词表示被动、完成；A. an exciting film(a film which excites sb.)an excited boy(a boy who is excited)B. a sleeping baby (a baby who is sleeping)a printed article(an article which is printed)C. developing countries 发展中国家developed countries发达国家D. boiling water 正在沸腾的水boiled water烧开过的水E. falling leaves正在飘落的树叶fallen leaves已飘落的树叶F. rising sun正在升起的太阳risen sun已升起的太阳G. a retired worker 退休工人（已经退休）an escaped prisoner 逃犯（已从监狱里逃走）a broken heart 破碎了的心a lost childH. The letter posted yesterday will soon reach him. Have you read the books written by the young writer？ 2. 和ing分词一样，ed分词作定语时，单词放在所修饰词前面，分词短语放在所修饰词后面。如果作定语的ed分词又被一个副词修饰，此时该ed分词连同副词一起放在所修饰的词前面：a well written article / a well done job / a well developed country / a well-dressed lady / a well-educated man / a well-informed person / a well-known writer / a well organized trip / a well-behaved boy / a newly born baby / a newly built hospital / a newly-invented device / a long lost friend / a highly praised deed等等, 不胜枚举。六、非谓语作宾语补足语作宾语补足语的动词可采取to do，doing和done三个形式中的一种或几种，但需看主要动词是否具有这样的用法，具有哪种用法。现将常用动词按宾语补足语的动词形式归纳如下：I. see, hear, watch, feel, notice, observe, listen to, look at，其宾补可分别采用三种动词形式，但宾语和宾补主动时不定式不带to，主语和谓语被动时不定式要带to(括号内为其被动句)。例：1.I heard him sing the song. (He was heard to sing the song.)(I heard the song sung by him)2.I heard him singing the song. (He was heard singing the song.)(I heard the song being sung by him.)3.I often hear the song sung by him. (The song is often heard sung by him.)II. find, keep, leave, 当宾语和宾补主动时用-ing形式，宾语和宾补被动时用过去分词，无不定式。例：1.I found him sitting in the corner. (He was found sitting in the corner.)I found my watch stolen. (My watch was found stolen.)2.Im sorry to keep you waiting. (He was kept waiting.)He forgot to keep the door locked/closed/shut3.Dont leave the baby crying in th