海天作文讲义.doc

综上所述，考生一定要洞悉考研英语大纲对写作部分的高分标准涉及以下六个方面： 1 内容切题。审题准、不跑题。文不对题会严重影响成绩，导致写作失败。2 表达清楚。语言要简洁、准确，条理清楚；主题明确。3 意义连贯。遣词造句得当，表达连贯平稳。论点论据展开合理（以因果，对比，分类，定义，列举，概括，详情，时间，空间，过程或综合等方法展开）。4 句式有变化。采用适当的句式来表达相应的内容。常用句式包括简单句；并列句；复合句；主被动句；长句；短句；否定句；双重否定句；疑问句；反问句；倒装句；强调句；插入语；独立主格成分等。5 用词有变化。避免重复使用同一词汇，可适当使用代词；同义词；近义词；关联词；使表达富有动感。同义词的使用是衡量考生语言运用能力的一个尺度。6 语言规范。符合英语的表达习惯，语法错误少，写出的英语不是中式英语。 妙笔生花：（一）与英语词语活用相关的写作技巧 1、转换成动词汉语中经常出现动词，这是汉语的特征，但是在英语中，谓语动词出现的次数远远少于汉语。例如：（1）Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭己经用来探索宇宙。(名词转换为动词) （2）The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint，but l had to be cautious.她能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示，但是我必须小心谨慎。(形容词转换为动词) （3）Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life. 医生们说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。(形容词转换为动词) 注意：英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形容词，在系动词后作表语用时，往往可转换成动词。如：confident, certain, careful, cautious, angry, sure, ignorant, afraid, doubtful, aware, concerned, glad, delighted, sorry, ashamed, thankful, anxious等。（4）She opened the window to let fresh air in. 她把窗子打开，让新鲜空气进来。(副词转换为动词)2、 转换为名词（1）To them, he personified the absolute power.在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。(动词转换为名词) （2）This solar cell is only 7% efficient.这只太阳能电池的效率只有7%。(形容词转换为名词) （3）They made every effort to help the sick and the wounded. 他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。(形容词转换为名词) （4）The new type of machine is shown schematically above.上图所示是这种新型机器的简图。（副词转换成名词） 3、转换为形容词（1）Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.独立思考对学习是绝对必需的。(名词转换为形容词) （2）The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。(名词转换为形容词) （3）The engineer had prepared meticulously for his design.工程师为这次设计做了十分周密的准备。（副词转换成形容词） （4）Most teenagers feel no difficulty in learning and operating computers. 绝大部分青少年在学习和操作电脑方面并不觉得困难。（名词转换成形容词） 4、其它词类互换（1）The old professor is physically weak but mentally sound.这位年迈的教授身体虽弱，但思想健康。(副词转换为名词) （2）The film impressed me deeply.这部电影给了我深刻的印象。(动词转换为名词，副词转换为形容词。) （3）It was a clear and unemotional exposition of the Presidents reasons for willing to begin a Chinese-American dialogue.这篇发言清楚明白、心平气和地说明了总统希望开始中美对话的原因。（形容词与副词的转换）（4）The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor. 新市长有礼貌地前来访问城市贫民，获得了他们的一些好感。（名词转换成副词）（二）与兼有状语特点的定语从句相关的写作技巧有的定语从句，意义上有状语特点，说明原因、结果、目的、让步、假设等逻辑关系，考生应该在写作时予以注意。 1、表原因We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in more rays of light than ours, can see things clearly at night.我们知道，由于猫的眼睛比我们人的眼睛吸收更多的光线，所以猫在黑夜也能看很清楚。 2、表结果There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.这个方案富于创造性，独出心裁，很有魄力，所以使他们都喜欢。 3、表让步He insisted on building another house, which he had no use for.他坚持要再造一栋房子，尽管他并无此需要。 4、表目的I have not given up my efforts to get a passport that will enable me to visit that country.我没有放弃努力来争取一张护照，以便访问那个国家。 5、表条件Men become desperate for work, any work which will help them to keep alive their families.人们极其迫切要求工作，不管什么工作，只要它能维持一家人的生活就行。 （三）高分模板的启示 说明文（Increase and Decrease） As is shown in the pictures (graphs/ tables/ data/ figures), we may see clearly that with the increase of, the number of has dramatically decreased. In one picture, there were a great deal ofin 1900. Contrary to this, in 2010 there are The purpose of the pictures (graphs/ tables/ data/ figures) is to show us that great concern has to be given to Owing to，the number of has reachedTherefore, it is demanding for us to take effective actions. For one thing, we should appeal to our government to build up rigid laws to For another, we ought to enhance (enforce/ strengthen/ enlarge) the understanding of Only by doing so can we achieve the final success! 第二章 历届考研英语写作命题与启示 一、历届考研英语写作命题总览考试年代 考试题目 选题范围1991年 WHERE TO LIVEIN THE CITY OR THE COUNTRY？ 环境1992年 FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN PARENTS 人际关系AND CHILDREN 1993年 ADVERTISEMENT ON TV 传媒 1994年 ON MAKING FRIENDS 人际关系 1995年 THE “PROJECT HOPE” 教育 1996年 GOOD HEALTH 健康 1997年 SMOKING 健康 1998年 BUSINESS PROMISE AND GUARANTEE 诚信 1999年 HUMAN POPULATION AND WILDLIFE PROTECTION 环境 2000年 WORLD COMMERCIAL FISHING 环境 2001年 LOVE IS LIKE A LAMP 人际关系 2002年 CULTURENATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL 文化 2003年 YOUTH DEVELOPMENT 教育 2004年 THE END IS ALSO A NEW START 人生 2005年 A FOOTBALL MATCH OF TAKING CARE OF PARENTS 道德 2006年 THE BLIND WORSHIP OF STARS 青年思想教育 2007年 LACK OF SELF-CONFIDENCE 教育 2008年 THE IMPORTANCE OF COOPERATION 人际关系 2009年 INTERNET AND PEOPLES COMMUNICATION 科技与生活 2010年 HOTPOT OF “CULTURE” 文化交融 二、历届考研英语试题类型历届考研英语写作试题主要分为以下两大类型：1）19911996年：给出提纲或开头句的命题写作 （writings based on given outlines or opening sentences）2）19972010年：给出提纲的图画或图表写作 （writings based on visual information or pictures or graphs） 三、历届考研英语写作命题的启示从1991年至2010年共计20年的考题来分析，我们可以对考研英语写作命题分析如下： 1） 写作题目忌偏忌怪。考研英语写作选题范围都是目前人们最为关注的问题，从子女与父母的关系到健康的重要性，从近年来泛滥的行业 “承诺”到世界烟民的现状，从希望工程到电视广告，从环境保护到生物种类趋于灭绝，以及2002年和2006年的考题所涉及的国际文化交流与青少年思想教育的题目，无不反映了当前社会的热门话题。在2007年真题中的大作文里，命题组专家们又将人们面对工作中的挑战与困难的时候，应该采取什么样的态度提了出来让考生进行思考。面对社会的激烈竞争，人与人之间的交往需要些什么？针对这个人际关系问题，命题组专家在2008年的大作文命题中突出了“你一条腿，我一条腿；你我一起，走南闯北。”这样一个有关合作的重要性的主题。在2009年考研英语中，考生可以看到命题组专家又将目光投向了我们的生活。网络早已经成为了新世纪高科技的代名词。而利用哲学思想看待问题会使得我们去思考网络于我们的积极与消极两方面的影响。今年更是紧扣上海世博会概念打出了一张“文化交融”的王牌。2） 文体基本上是说明文和议论文。考这类体裁的写作比较符合形式发展的实际需要。在学习，工作和生活中，人们所书写的材料大多也是说明文或议论文。3） 出题形式在平稳中逐渐趋于多样化。4） 写作题目易于理解。写作题目无论以文字的形式还是以图表，图画的形式出现都会浅显易懂。考生不会因题目中出现生词或难以理解的短语而影响正常发挥。 四、 考研英语文章段落的写作和常规整体构建模式 （一）文章段落的写作一篇文章可由几个自然段组成。文章中的句子和段落均为文章的中心思想服务，形成一个有机的整体。好的段落必须是意思完整，语义连贯，完全体现文章主旨中心，同时又是层次分明，结构严谨，逻辑关系应用合理的。 1、段落的组成一个段落由三部分组成：（1）主题句（Topic Sentence）:点出段落的主题（文章谈论的是什么）。（2）扩展句（Developing Sentence）:说明和支持主题。（3）结尾句（Concluding Sentence）:得出结论。 主题句 扩展句1 扩展句2 扩展句3 结尾句 2、段落的主题一篇文章有中心意思，也就是题目。而每个段落有段落主题，段落主题是为文章中心思想服务的。每个段落只能有一个主题（central idea），它用一个句子加以表达，所以称为主题句。主题提出后需要很多结构严谨的句子来支持和说明，称为扩展句。最后得出一个结论，并用一个结尾句表达。参看下面段落：This is supposed to be an enlightened age, but you wouldnt think so if you could hear what the average man thinks of the average women. Women won their independence years ago. After a long, bitter struggle, they now enjoy the same educational opportunities as men in most parts of the world. They have proved repeatedly that they are equal and often superior to men in almost every field. The hard-fought battle for recognition has been won, but it is by no means over. It is men, not women who still carry on the sex war because their attitude remains basically hostile. Even in the most progressive societies, women continue to be regarded as second-rate citizens. To hear some men talk, youd think that women belonged to a different species! 3、写好主题句定义：主题句为一个完整的句子，用以概括、叙述和说明该段的主题。位置：主题句一般位于段首，也可置于段尾或段中，考生最好放在段首，这样较易掌握和构思。例如：位于段首：在英文中，大部分段落的第一句便是主题句。开门见山地提出问题，后面的扩展句围绕主题句加以说明、支持、补充和解释。An important part of police strategy, rapid police response is seen by police officers and the public alike as offering tremendous benefits. The more obvious the abilities of police to apply first aid life saving techniques quickly, the greater likelihood of arresting people who may have participated in a crime. It aids in identifying those who witnessed an emergency or crime as well as in collecting evidence. The overall reputation of a police department too is enhanced if rapid response is consistent and this in itself promotes the prevention of crime. Needless to say rapid response offers the public some degree of satisfaction in its police force. 位于段尾：主题句位于段尾便于总结全段的内容，给读者以深刻的印象，是写作中的一种演绎方法。At present rates of demand, the world has enough oil to last for more than 40 years, enough gas for more than 60 years and enough coal for more than 230 years. Naturally, demand will increase; but so will reserves as companies explore more widely and costs fall. Since 1970 viable reserves of oil have almost doubled while those of gas have leapt three-fold. One distant day a crunch will come, but as it approaches fossil-fuel prices will rise, making alternative forms of energy, perhaps including nuclear power, competitive. That is no reason to spend on nuclear now. 位于段中：位于段中的主题句起承上启下的作用，这类主题句多起转折作用，一般由“but, however, yet, anyhow, nevertheless”等词连接，用于引起下文。What we teach ourselves sometimes, indeed, is more useful than what we learn from others. Some great men had little or no schooling. But these great men probably studied harder by themselves than most boys do in school. The greatest minds are not necessarily those who have never been able to distinguish themselves at school, but have been very successful in life later. It has been said that Wellington and Napoleon were both dull boys at school, and so were Newton and Albert Einstein. 无主题句：有的段落中无主题句，段落的主题思想通过文章内容来提示，这种方法能促使读者对文章内容进行思考和分析，但考生一般不宜在考试中采用这种方法：Money may be deposited or withdrawn from branches of the credit unions and banks during business hours from Monday to Friday (but not on public holidays) or 24 hours a day from the many on-campus automatic teller machines. Business hours for financial institutions vary, but credit unions are usually open from 9 am to 5 pm weekdays, and, generally, banks are open from 9.30 am to 4 pm (5 pm on Fridays). Some services are available on Saturday mornings in selected areas. While prices often compare favorably with prices overseas, because Australia is a large and exciting country it is very easy to overspend, especially if on a tight budget. 温馨提示： 写好主题句的方法：1）主题句要概括一定内容，不要空泛，否则扩展句将难以说明和支持它，例如：空泛：English language is very important.概括：English language is very important in our daily life. 空泛：The Olympic Games are exciting.概括：In the Olympic Games the football teams from many countries compete intensely. 2）尽量使用简单句或简洁明了的句子，例如：简洁：Collecting stamps is her hobby.复杂: She likes collecting stamps which is her hobby.简洁: I enjoyed watching Gone with the wind very much.复杂：Gone with the wind was a good film which I enjoyed watching very much. 3）主题句应该做到句子完整和表达的主题思想完整，：例如：不完整：How to write a composition.完整：How to write a composition is not an easy thing to talk about.不完整：If the weather had been fine.完整：If it had been fine, we would have had a good time. 4）关键词是直接表达主题的词汇，它决定段落的内容和展开的方法，引导整个段落的发展，例如：There are several ways to boil the water.The task can be finished in three steps.There is a new method to reduce the cost. 4、写好扩展句和段落 围绕主题句展开，支持、说明和阐述主题句的句子便是扩展句。扩展句紧扣主题句中的关键词而展开，句子与句子之间逻辑清楚，上下转承结合得当，简明扼要，重点突出。一般来说，每个自然段除了主题句与结尾句之外，还包含了36个扩展句。所以，写好了扩展句便基本上完成一个自然段落。做题时，一旦定下了主题和关键词，作者便按照自己的思路来组织段落中的句子，句子之间要具有连贯性，就必须由一系列的逻辑关系构成，例如：并列关系，因果关系，递进关系，转折关系，解释关系，概括关系，顺序关系，让步关系，对照、比较关系，转换关系等等，这些逻辑关系可由一系列的过渡词（transitional words）来完成。过渡词在句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间起到承上启下的作用，使句子或段落之间的衔接自然、连贯，逻辑合理，结构严谨，因此极为重要。 常用的几种扩展句和段落写作模式关联表达方法： 表示因果关系常用的表达方法有：because, since, as, seeing that, the reason why, because of, on account of , due to, so, thus, hence, therefore, accordingly, consequently, so that, as a result of, in consequence of, result in, result from, lead to, soas to, owing to, to have an effect on, for the reason, in this way等。 表示列举或例证法常用的表达方法有：for example, for instance, for one thing, for another, to illustrate, one example is, to begin with, first, second, furthermore, besides, in addition, moreover, finally, in conclusion, in summary, also, a case in point, as an illustration, incidentally, namely, that is等。 表示比较对比关系常用的表达方法有：similarly, likewise, like, too, equally important, the same as, in common, in the same way, on the contrary, on one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, in sharp contrast, whereas, rather than, conversely, instead, in/by contrast, but, however, yet, nevertheless 表示分类法常用的表达方法有：to divideinto, to classifyinto, groupinto, to fall into classes, there arekinds(types, groups, classes, categories, sorts ) of, according to, in terms of, depending on, at the level of等。 表示定义常用的表达方法有：what is？, to be defined as, to refer to, the definition ofis, to be used to describe, in a very real sense, this is, this means, be explained, it states that, in other words, namely等。 表示总结关系常用的表达方法有：generally speaking, generally, as a general rule, in general, on a larger scale, to take the idea further, to take the above opinion to an extreme, in a sense, in one sense, in a way, to some extent, in my opinion, in my view, as for me, as far as I am concerned, obviously, undoubtedly, in terms of, in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, in a word, on the whole, to sum up, to conclude. 表示强调关系常用的表达方法有： anyway, certainly, surely, obviously, to be sure, especially, particularly, above all, indeed, in fact, even worse, needless to say, most important of all, no doubt 表示空间顺序常用的表达方法有：beyond, above, under, nearby, outside, in here, across, close to, on(to, at)the left(right), ahead of, in front of, above, from, adjacent to, against, around, at the bottom, before, behind, below, beneath, between, beyond, close at hand, close to down, far, farther, in the center of, in the distance, in the middle of, nearby, near to, next to, on the opposite side, opposite to, on top of , over, under, up等。 （二）文章的常规整体构建模式对于考生来说，了解一点作文考试常用的文体知识很有必要。文章文体一般分为叙述文（Narration）、议论文（Argumentation）、说明文（Exposition）和描写文（Description）。在实际写作中，这几种文体常常交叉使用，相辅相成，但主体仍以一种为主，其它为辅。从考研作文试题情况来看，主要为议论文，出题形式常常是针对某一事物或现象让考生提出自己的看法。 议论文（Argumentation） 作者对某一问题或事件直接或间接地进行分析评论，表明自己的立场、观点、态度、主张，这就是议论。它常常用于学术论文，各种评论、短文、杂文、辩论等方面，应用广泛。 议论文的写作要注意三个要素：1.提出论点；2.组织论据，进行论证；3.得出结论。 常用的论证方法包括夹叙夹议法、例举法、比较对照法、因果法、逻辑推理法（包括归纳法和演绎法）。可以从正面论证，也可以从反面进行反驳。 常规整体构建模式在一篇文章中，各自然段，各句子都为文章的中心思想服务，各段落之间，句子与句子之间存在着某种逻辑关系。文章段落之间的逻辑关系主要由过渡词来完成，在修辞中称为启、承、转、合。“启”就是开头，“承”是承接，“转”是转折，“合”是综合或总结，一篇文章与一段文章一样都有“启、承、转、合”关系。例如： Chinas entry into WTO （启） Nowadays there has been a widespread concern among the general public over Chinas entry into WTO, which is widely seen to bring us a blessing and promising future. It seems to be so at first sight. However, on reflection, were convinced that its just another double-edged sword. （承）On one hand, China is to enjoy the benefits that the organization provides us. Lower tariffs and tax rates and fewer trade barriers will facilitate our swift and efficient imports and exports and other trade activities. According to the trade clauses of the WTO, the European Union shall cut down the tax rates it imposes on our exported textile products, thus availing the arts-and-crafts companies in our country to extract more profits from the business. In a sense, the WTO means opportunity, and it sets the stage for our business to cut a brilliant figure in the international economic circles. （转） On the other hand, the entry will impose some negative effects on China. Chinas national economy is set to be faced with fierce competition from the outside world. WTO pursues a relatively equal and free business environment for all its members, which poses a major challenge for our economy. Such monopolized business sectors used to enjoy protections from governments of all levels as telecommunications and banking will find themselves no longer in a “safe box”. They have to adjust or replace their current operative and marketing strategies to cope with the “outdoors” shrewd and talented competitors, or they will suffer big losses and tough time is awaiting them. （合）Whatever the reason, the early entry into WTO is beneficial to our country and our life. We should make good use of the chances and meanwhile suitably deal with the outside competition. All our efforts are to upgrade our business scales and get more integrated into the international business community.3 图画题型写作图画题型写作是较难的题型之一，近几年考研英语写作试题均为图画题型，故考生应该认真对待。面对此类题型，考生应首先确定主题，然后再动笔。 1） 图画题型写作要点 考生应对图画进行全面而细致的研究，尤其注意图画中人或物（人与物）的体貌表情特征和背景，确定人物之间，人物与背景之间的主要关系，以便正确掌握图画所传达的信息。 如果图画以系列形式（即两幅以上）出现，考生除了掌握每一幅图画的信息，还应该对图画之间的相应联系有所理解，从而在整体上把握图画所传达的信息。 面对图画题型，考生应该展开合理而丰富的联想，用生动而恰当的言辞抒发自己对图画的所思、所想、所感。 注意图画题型中的文字提示。文字提示非常重要，文字提示通常十分清楚地提供一些写作要点。 草拟提纲，合理组织材料。考生可以根据图画内容的不同采用不同的段落发展方式。如果画面内容是以描述为主，即按空间方位或时间先后顺序排列，在描述图画时，大家可以按照先写哪个部分，后写哪个部分的写作方式进行。如果画面内容是以解释说明为主，即不需要考生再将图画中所看到的人或事本身进行详细地描写，而是直接写出图画的意义，那么写作时考生应该把图画所蕴涵的含义在首段告诉读者，当然也可以在首段书写图画内涵的社会背景，为下个段落的点题做好铺垫。 系统且突出地展开段落。展开段落要根据画面内容进行，同时也要围绕每一段的主题句进行。 检查与修改。考生应重点检查图画内容是否准确地被表达出来，题目所给提示是否完整地反映在文章之中。如果存在与画面不相符的内容，或未能完全涵盖题目所给提示，考生应对文章做出相应修订。 2） 图画题型写作试题实例 写作题目（2003年考研英语写作真题）Directions: Study the following set of drawings carefully and write an essay in which you should1) describe the set of drawings, interpret its meaning, and2) point out its implications in our life.You should write about 200 wo