词源字典 m.doc

-machy suffix meaning battle, war, contest, from Gk. -makhia, from makhe battle, fight, related to makhesthai to fight, of unknown origin. -mancy combining form meaning divination by means of, from O.Fr. -mancie, from L.L. -mantia, from Gk. manteia oracle, divination, from mantis seer, prophet, soothsayer, related to mania madness, frenzy (see mania). M.A.S.H. 1950, U.S. military acronym for Mobile Army Surgical Hospital. M.D. 1755, abbreviation of L. Medicin Doctor doctor of medicine. M.F.N. acronym of most favored nation, attested from 1942. M.I.A. acronym of missing in action, attested from 1946. ma 1823, childish or colloquial shortening of mamma. maam 1668, colloquial shortening of madam (q.v.). Formerly the ordinary respectful form of address to a married woman; later restricted to the queen, royal princesses, or by servants to their mistresses. Mabel fem. proper name, shortening of Amabel. Mac casual, generic term of address for a man, 1928, from Ir. & Gaelic mac, from O.Celt. *makko-s son; a common prefix in Scottish and Irish names, hence, used generally from early 19c. for a Celtic Irishman. Cognate root *makwos son produced O.Welsh map, Welsh mab, ap son; also probably cognate with O.E. mago son, attendant, servant, O.N. mgr son, Goth. magus boy, servant, O.E. mg maid (see maiden). macabre c.1430, from O.Fr. (danse) Macabr (dance) of Death (1376), probably a translation of M.L. (Chorea) Machaborum, lit. dance of the Maccabees (leaders of the Jewish revolt against Syro-Hellenes, see Maccabees). The association with the dance of death seems to be via vivid descriptions of the martyrdom of the Maccabees in the Apocryphal books. The abstracted sense of gruesome is first attested 1842 in Fr., 1889 in Eng. macadam 1824, named for inventor, Scot. civil engineer John L. McAdam (1756-1836), who developed a method of leveling roads and paving them with gravel and outlined the process in his pamphlet Remarks on the Present System of Road-Making (1822). Originally, road material consisting of a solid mass of stones of nearly uniform size laid down in layers; he did not approve of the use of binding materials or rollers. The idea of mixing tar with the gravel began 1880s. Verb macadamize is first recorded 1826. macadamia Australian evergreen tree, 1904, from Mod.L. (1858), named for Scot.-born chemist Dr. John Macadam (1827-65), secretary of the Victoria Philosophical Institute, Australia. macaque E. Indian monkey, 1757, from Fr., from Port. macaco monkey, a Bantu word brought from Africa to Brazil (where it was applied 17c. to a type of monkey there). Introduced as a genus name 1840. macaroni 1599, from southern It. dialect maccaroni (It. maccheroni), pl. of *maccarone, possibly from maccare bruise, batter, crush, of unknown origin, or from late Gk. makaria food made from barley. Used after c.1764 to mean fop, dandy (the Yankee Doodle reference) because it was an exotic dish at a time when certain young men who had traveled the continent were affecting Fr. and It. fashions and accents. There is said to have been a Macaroni Club in Britain, which was the immediate source of the term. macaronic 1611, form of verse consisting of vernacular words in a Latin context with Latin endings; applied loosely to verse in which two or more languages are jumbled together; from Mod.L. macaronicus (coined 1517 by Teofilo Folengo), from It. dial. maccarone (see macaroni), in allusion to the mixture of words in the verse: quoddam pulmentum farina, caseo, botiro compaginatum, grossum, rude, et rusticanum Folengo. macaroon 1611, small sweet cake consisting largely of ground almonds, from Fr. macaron (16c.), from It. dial. maccarone (see macaroni). Fr. meaning said to have been invented 1552 by Rabelais. The -oon ending was conventional in 15c.-17c. Eng. to add emphasis to borrowings of Fr. nouns ending in stressed -on. Macassar oil 1809, hair tonic originally advertised as made from materials obtained from Macassar, name of a district on the island of Celebes (modern Sulawesi). macaw species of large, long-tailed birds, 1668, from Port. macau, from a word in a Brazilian language, perhaps Tupi macavuana, which may be the name of a type of palm tree the fruit of which the birds eat. Macbeth Gaelic, lit. son of life, an old personal name. The first ref. to bad luck associated with Shakespeares Macbeth, and to avoidance of naming it, is from 1910 and alludes to old actors, so presumably it was current late 19c. Maccabees 1375, from L.L. Maccabus, surname given to Judas, third son of Mattathias the Hasmonean, leader of the religious revolt against Antiochus IV, 175-166 B.C.E., usually connected with Heb. maqqabh hammer, but Klein thinks it an inexact transliteration of Heb. matzbi general, commander of an army. Macduff Gael. Mac Dhuibh son of Dubh, lit. black. mace (1) heavy metal weapon with a spiked head, 1297, from O.Fr. mace a club, scepter, from V.L. *mattea (cf. It. mazza, Sp. maza mace), from L. mateola a kind of mallet. The L. word probably is cognate with Skt. matyam harrow, club, O.C.S. motyka mattock, O.H.G. medela plow. mace (2) spice made from dry outer husk of nutmeg, c.1377, from O.Fr. macis (in Eng. taken as a plural), sometimes said to be a scribal error for L. macir, a red spicy bark from India, but OED finds this etymology unlikely. Mace (3) chemical spray originally used in riot control, 1966, technically Chemical Mace, a proprietary name (General Ordnance Equipment Corp, Pittsburgh, Pa.), probably so called for its use as a weapon, in ref. to mace (1). The verb is first attested 1968. Macedonia from L. Macedonius Macedonian, from Gk. Makedones, lit. highlanders or the tall ones, related to makednos long, tall, makros long, large (see macro-). macerate 1491 (implied in maceration), from L. maceratus, pp. of macerare soften, related to maceria garden wall, originally of kneaded clay, from PIE base *mag-/*meg- to knead (cf. Gk. magis kneaded mass, cake, mageus one who kneads, baker; O.C.S. mazo to anoint, smear; Bret. meza to knead; M.Ir. maistir to churn). Mach measure of speed relative to the speed of sound (technically Mach number), 1937, named in honor of Austrian physicist Ernst Mach (1838-1916). machete 1598 (in pseudo-Sp. form macheto), from Sp. machete, probably a dim. of macho sledge hammer, alt. of mazo club, probably a dial. variant of maza mallet, from V.L. *mattea war club (see mace (1). Alternate explanation traces macho to L. marculus a small hammer, dim. of marcus hammer, from a base parallel to that of L. malleus (see mallet). Machiavellian 1568, cunning, deceitful, unscrupulous, from Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527), Florentine statesman and author of Del Principe, a work advising rulers to place advantage above morality. A word of abuse in Eng. well before his works were translated (The Discourses 1636, The Prince 1640), in part because his books were Indexed by the Church, in part because of Fr. attacks on him (e.g. Gentillets, translated into Eng. 1602). machination c.1477, a plotting, intrigue, from L. machinationem (nom. machinatio) device, contrivance, machination, from machinatus, pp. of machinari contrive, plot, from machina (see machine). machine 1549, structure of any kind, from M.Fr. machine device, contrivance, from L. machina machine, engine, fabric, frame, device, trick (cf. Sp. maquina, It. macchina), from Gk. makhana, Doric variant of mekhane device, means, related to mekhos means, expedient, contrivance, from PIE *maghana- that which enables, from base *magh- to be able, have power (cf. O.C.S. mogo be able, O.E. mg I can; see might). Main modern sense of device made of moving parts for applying mechanical power (1673) probably grew out of 17c. senses of apparatus, appliance (1650) and military siege-tower (1656). In late 19c. slang the word was used for both penis and vagina, one of the very few to be so honored. Political sense is U.S. slang, first recorded 1876. Machinery (1687) was originally theatrical, devices for creating stage effects; meaning machines collectively is attested from 1731. Machine Age (1922) was coined by Lewis Mumford. Machine-gun is first attested 1870; the verb is from 1915. Machine for living (in) house translates Le Corbusiers machine habiter (1923). machinist 1706, engineer, mechanical inventor, from machine (q.v.). Meaning machine operator is attested from 1879. machismo 1940, from Amer.Sp. machismo, from Sp. macho male (see macho) + ismo -ism. macho 1928 (n.) tough guy, from Sp. macho male animal, as an adj., masculine, virile, from L. masculus (see masculine). First attested in Eng. as an adj. 1959. machree Ir. expression, 1829, from Ir.-Gaelic mo chroidhe (of) my heart, hence my dear! Mack proprietary name for a brand of heavy automobile trucks, 1921 by International Motor Co., N.Y., N.Y., claiming use from 1911. mackerel c.1300, from O.Fr. maquerel (Fr. maquereau), of unknown origin but apparently identical with O.Fr. maquerel pimp, procurer, from a Gmc. source (cf. M.Du. makelaer broker, from O.Fris. mek marriage, from maken to make). Connection is obscure but medieval people had imaginative notions of the sex lives of animals. The fish approach the shore in shoals in summertime to spawn. Exclamation holy mackerel is attested from 1899. Mackinaw type of boat used on the Great Lakes, 1812, from Mackinac, port and island in Michigan, from Ojibway (Algonquian) mitchimakinak many turtles, from mishiin- be many + mikinaak snapping turtle. As a type of heavy blanket given to the Indians by the U.S. government, it is attested from 1822. mackintosh waterproof outer coat, 1836, named for Charles Macintosh (1766-1843), inventor of a waterproofing process (patent #4804, June 17, 1823). The surname is from Gael. Mac an toisich Son of the chieftain. macram 1869, from Turk. maqrama towel, napkin, from Arabic miqramah embroidered veil. macro- comb. form meaning long, from Gk. makros long, large, from PIE base *mak-/*mek- long, thin (cf. L. macer lean, thin; O.N. magr, O.E. mger lean, thin; Gk. mekos length, makros long). As a stand-alone word, in computer programming, meaning a macro-instruction, it is attested from 1959. macro-economics 1948, from macro- + economics. macrobiotic inclined to prolong life, 1797, from Gk. makrobiotikos long-lived, from makros long (see macro-) + bios life (see bio-). The specific reference to a Zen Buddhist dietary system dates from 1936. macrocosm 1600, the great world (the universe, as distinct from the little world of man), from O.Fr. macrocosme (c.1300), from M.L. macrocosmus, from Gk. makros large, long (see macro-) + kosmos cosmos (see cosmos). macron short horizontal line placed over a vowel to indicate length, 1851, from Gk. makron, neut. of makros long (see macro-). maculate (adj.) spotted, 1490, from L. maculatus, pp. of maculare to make spotted, to speckle, from macula spot, stain. mad O.E. gemdde (pl.) out of ones mind (usually implying also violent excitement), also foolish, earlier gemded rendered insane, pp. of a lost verb *gemdan to make insane or foolish (related to gemad mad), from P.Gmc. *ga-maid-jan, demonstrative form of *ga-maid-az changed (for the worse), abnormal (cf. O.S. gimed foolish, O.H.G. gimeit foolish, vain, boastful, Goth. gamais crippled, wounded, O.N. meia to hurt, maim), from intensive prefix *ga- + PIE *moito-, pp. of base *mei- to change (cf. L. mutare to change, mutuus done in exchange, migrare to change ones place of residence; see mutable). Emerged in M.E. to replace the more usual O.E. word, wod. Sense of beside oneself with excitement or enthusiasm is from c.1330. Meaning beside oneself with anger is attested from c.1300, but deplored by Rev. John Witherspoon (1781) as an Americanism, and now competes in Amer.Eng. with angry for this sense. Of dogs, affected with rabies, from 1800. Madcap (n. and adj.) is from 1588; madhouse is from 1687. Phrase mad as a March hare is attested from 1529, via notion of breeding season; mad as a hatter (1857) is said to be from erratic behavior caused by prolonged exposure to poison mercuric nitrate, used in making felt hats. Mad as a wet hen is from 1823. Mad money is attested from 1922; mad scientist is from 1940. madam 1297, from O.Fr. ma dame, lit. my lady, from L. mea domina (cf. madonna). Meaning female owner or manager of a brothel is first attested 1871. madame 1599, see madam, which is an earlier borrowing of the same Fr. phrase. Originally a title of respect for a woman of rank, now given to any married woman. OED recommends madam as an Eng. title, madame in ref. to foreign women. madder (n.) O.E. mdere plant used for making dyes, from PIE *modhro- dye plant (cf. O.N. mara, O.H.G. matara madder, Pol. modry, Czech modry blue). madding action of the obs. verb mad to make insane, c.1300; now principally in the phrase far from the madding crowd, title of a novel by Hardy (1874), who lifted it from a line of Grays Elegy (1749), which seems to echo a line from Drummond of Hawthornden from 1614. made 1387, from M.E. maked, from O.E. macod made, pp. of macian to make (see make). To be a made man is in Marlowes Faust (1590). To have it made (1955) is Amer.Eng. colloquial. Madeira 1548, from island of Madeira in the Atlantic, from Port. madeira wood, because the island was formerly thickly wooded, from L. materia wood, matter (see matter). Madeline fem. proper name, from Fr. Magdalene (q.v.). The type of small, rich cake (which loomed large in the life of Proust) is so called from name of Madeleine Paulmier, 19c. Fr. pastry cook. mademoiselle 1450, unmarried Frenchwoman, from Fr. ma dameisele (see damsel), lit. young mistress. Madison Avenue values and business of advertising and public relations, 1955, from the street in Manhattan, laid out c.1836 and named for U.S. President James Madison. The concentration of advertising agencies there seems to date from the 1940s. madonna 1584, Italian lady, from It. madonna, from O.It. ma donna (It. mia donna) my lady, from ma my + donna lady. Sense of picture or statue of the Virgin Mary is from 1644. madras 1833, in allusion to the former Indian state of Madras, from which this type of bright-colored muslin cloth was exported. madrasah Islamic college, 1622, from Arabic madrasah, lit. a place of study, from loc. prefix ma- + stem of darasa he read repeatedly, he studied. madrigal short love poem, also part-song for three or more voices, 1588, from It. (Venetian) madregal simple, ingenuous, from L.L. matricalis invented, original, lit. of or from the womb, from matrix (gen. matricis) womb. Mae West type of inflatable life jacket, 1940, military slang, in ref. to the screen name of the buxom U.S. film star (1892-1980). maelstrom 1682 (Hakluyt has Malestrand, c.1560), whirlpool off the northwest coast of Norway, from Dan. malstrm (1673), from Du. Maelstrom, lit. grinding-stream, from malen to grind (see meal) + stroom stream. Name given by Du. cartographers (e.g. Mercator, 1595). Perhaps originally from Froic mal(u)streymur. Popularized as a synonym for whirlpool c.1841. maenad 1579, from Gk. mainas (gen. mainados) priestess of Bacchus, lit. madwoman, from stem of mainesthai to rage, go mad (see mania). maestro 1797, master of music, great teacher or composer, from It. maestro, lit. master, from L. magisterium, acc. of magister (see master). Applied in It. to eminent musical composers. Meaning conductor, musical director is short for maestro di cappella (1724), lit. master of the chapel (cf. Ger. kapellmeister). maffick to celebrate boisterously, 1900, from Mafficking, a nonce-verb formed punningly from Mafeking, British garrison town in South Africa whose relief on May 17, 1900, during the Boer War, was celebrated wildly in London. OED reports the word confined to journalistic use. mafia 1875, from It. Mafia Sicilian secret society of criminals (the prevailing sense outside Sicily), earlier, spirit of hostility to the law and its ministers, from It. (Sicilian) mafia boldness, bravado, probably from Arabic mahjas aggressive, boasting, bragging. Or perhaps from O.Fr. mafler to gluttonize, devour. mag car wheel made of magnesium alloy, 1969. As an abbreviation of magazine, it dates from 1801. As a nickname for Margaret it is known since M.E. (see magpie). magazine 1583, place where goods are stored, esp. military ammunition, from M.Fr. magasin warehouse, depot, store, from It. magazzino, from Arabic makhazin, pl. of makhzan storehouse, from khazana to store up. The original sense is almost obsolete; meaning periodical journal dates from the publication of the first one, Gentlemans Magazine, in 1731, from earlier use of the word for a printed list of military stores and information, or in a fig. sense, from the publication being a storehouse of information. magdalen reformed prostitute, 1697, so called for Mary Magdalene, disciple of Christ (Luke viii.2), who is often identified with the penitent woman in Luke vii.37-50. See Magdalene. Magdalene fem. proper name, from L. (Maria) Magdalena, from Gk. Magdalene, lit. woman of Magdala, from Aram. Maghdela, place on the Sea of Galilee, lit. tower. The vernacular form of the name, via Fr., has come to Eng. as maudlin. Magellanic clouds 1685, from Mod.L. Magellanicus, from name of Port. navigator Ferno de Magalhes (c.1470-1521)