天津市高考英语二轮复习 第四部分 阅读表达 专题二十 解释画线单词或句子意思课件.ppt

专题二十解释画线单词或句子意思 2 考情概览此题要求考生结合主旨大意 整合上下文语境信息进行猜测 还要利用同义或者反义关系 构词法和语篇文脉关系等理解生词 猜测其含义 有些题目需要在较大的上下文范围甚至理解整个语篇的基础上进行猜测判断 以此考查考生根据上下文理解词汇或者句子含义的能力 考查形式为解释某个画线词 短语或者句子的含义 3 1 根据上下文理解句子含义 2017 天津卷 intheyearsofmygrowingup dadwasstrictwithme hemadesureimademybedanddidmyhomework hewouldcallinadvancetomakesuretherewasnoalcoholattheparty igotsoangrywithhimforlayingdownthelaw iwouldscream ihateyou dadwouldyellback good idon tcare deepdowniknewhedid onetimeataparty idranktoomuchalcoholandgotsosick isaid callmydad nextthing dadwascarryingmetothecar iwokeupthenextmorning thinkingiwoulddefinitelybecriticised asexpected igotaroasting butinowunderstandwhyineededdiscipline 4 dadwas29whenhegothisbigrolesinfilms ihadanearlystartattheageofninewitharoleina1990stvseries butitwasn tuntilifinishedfilmstudiesthatipursuedmycareerasanactress likethoseearlydaysfordad ifacedlotsofrejections workinginsuchacompetitiveindustry i vesometimesthought ican tdothisanymore once afteratriptohollywood ireturnedtoaustraliasodepressedandspentmonthsinmybedroompainting listeningtoeckharttolle smusicandtryingtofindmyselfagain dadsatmedownandsaid alice iknowit shard butit sallaboutpersistence 坚持不懈 5 nowigettoworkwithdadalot whichilove wearebothpassionateaboutacting whichcomesfromusbeingsointerestedinpeople ifitweren tfordad iwouldn tbewhereiamtoday he smybiggestfan andwhenyouhavethatinyourlifeyoucangoalongway 57 whatdoestheunderlinedpartinparagraph2mean nomorethan5words igot wascriticized scolded 由画线部分所在句子前的 thinkingiwoulddefinitelybecriticised 及 asexpected 可知 作者如自己所预想的那样遭到了父亲的批评 责骂 6 2 根据定义猜测词义通过词汇后面给出的定义 同位语从句或同位语词组 定语从句等来确定词义 如果生词在文中直接被句子或段落解释 理解句子或段落本身就能推断出词义 构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接 有时也使用破折号 冒号和括号等 定语从句在文中起着解释和说明的作用 据此我们可以推断出所修饰词的含义 7 典例分析 thejobwasstrenuous shecouldgettotheendofapage makeamistakeonthelastline andhavetodothewholethingagain foranumberofyears lowalsoworkedinthecnibsoundstudioreadingbooksontotape threeyearsago shetookupproofreading 校对 atthecnib swordfactory whatdoestheunderlinedword strenuous mostprobablymean 1word difficult hard tiring tough 根据破折号后面的 shecouldgettotheendofapage makeamistakeonthelastline andhavetodothewholethingagain 可知 她可能进行到每页的结尾了 但最后一行出了错误 那么她就不得不重新做一遍 由此可知 这项工作非常难 而且让人疲劳 8 3 根据逻辑关系猜测词义在一个句子或段落中 有时会对两个事物或现象进行对比或类比性的描述 我们可以根据生词的反义词或同义词来猜测其意义 英语中表示对比关系的词 组 主要有unlike not but however despite inspiteof incontrast和while引导的并列句等 表示类比关系的词 组 主要有similarly like also aswell等 在句子或段落中 若两个事物 现象之间构成因果关系 替代关系等 我们可以根据这些逻辑关系推知生词的词义 9 典例分析 bornin1949 diananyadtookanearlyinterestinswimmingasasportandwasafloridastatehighschoolswimmingchampion likemanyyoungathletes shehadolympicdreams butaseriousillnesskeptherfromcompetinginthegames thedisappointmentdidn tstopherfromgoingforward instead shebecameinterestedinmarathonswimming abrilliantathlete shewaswell conditionedforspendinglongperiodsoftimeinthewater asalong distanceswimmer shewouldcompeteagainstherselfandtheobstaclespresentedbydistance danger cold andexhaustion whatdoestheunderlinedword obstacles mean 1word difficulties problems trouble s challenges 根据后面的 bydistance danger cold andexhaustion 可知 obstacle意为 困难 障碍 10 4 根据上下文及生活常识猜测词义我们可以根据文中与生词密切相关的句子 对生词进行合情合理且合乎上下文语境的推测 也可以根据生词后举出的有关例子进行适当归纳 猜测生词的词义 有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义 这时就需要运用生活经验和常识确定词义 11 典例分析 peopleoftenaskmewhywegotofarawayplaceslikemars myanswerissimple becausewe recurious wehumanbeingsdonotjustholeupinoneplace weareconstantlywonderingandtryingtofindoutwhat soverthehillandbeyondthehorizon whatdoestheunderlinedphrase holeup mean 1word stay remain live hide 根据后面的 areconstantlywonderingandtryingtofindoutwhat soverthehillandbeyondthehorizon 可知 这里的意思是不能总是待在同一个地方 12 5 借助构词法来猜测词义英语单词的构成方法主要有三种 即复合法 派生法和转化法 英语单词大多是由词根 词头 前缀 词尾 后缀 所组成 词根是单词最基本的部分 表达单词的基本含义 在词根前面或后面加上前缀或后缀 可以用来引申或转变原词的意义 只要我们掌握了各种词根 词头 词尾的基本含义 那么就可以很容易地猜测出所构成的新词的含义了 中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有 super 超 inter 在 之间 able 能 的 mini 极少的 微型的 micro 极微小的 re 再 反复 co 共同 post 后 pre 前 trans 超越 转换 under 在 之下 低于 不足 hood 状态 性质 时期 ish 如 的 有点儿 的 proof 防 的 不能穿透的 scope 镜 ship 身份 资格 权力 性质 some 易于 的 wards 向 un 不 非 in 不 非 im 不 非 dis 不 non 不 非 less 不 无 anti 反 防 13 a b c 2017 天津和平区四模 becarefulwhatyousayaroundyourdog itmightunderstandmorethanyouthink abordercollienamedricorecognizesthenamesofabout200objects sayresearchersingermany thedogalsoappearstobeabletolearnnewwordsaseasilyasa3 year oldchild itsword learningskillsareasgoodasthoseofaparrotorchimpanzee 黑猩猩 inoneexperiment theresearcherstookall200itemsthatricoissupposedtoknowanddividedtheminto20groupsof10objects thentheownertoldthedogtogoandfetchoneoftheitemsandbringitback infourtests ricogot37outof40commandsright asthedogcouldn tseeanyonetogetclues thescientistsbelievericomustunderstandthemeaningsofcertainwords 14 a b c inanotherexperiment thescientiststookonetoythatricohadneverseenbeforeandputitinaroomwithseventoyswhosenamesthedogalreadyknew theownerthentoldricotofetchtheobject usingawordthedoghadneverheardbefore thecorrectobjectwaschoseninsevenoutof10tests suggestingthatthedoghadworkedouttheanswerbyprocessofelimination 排除法 amonthlater ricorememberedhalfofthenewnames whichisevenmoreimpressive ricoisthoughttobesmarterthantheaveragedog foronething ricoisabordercollie abreed 品种 knownforitsmentalabilities inaddition the9 year olddoghasbeentrainedtofetchtoysbytheirnamessincetheageofninemonths 15 a b c it shardtoknowifalldogsunderstandatleastsomeofthewordswesay eveniftheydo theycan ttalkback still itwouldn thurttosweet talkyourdogeverynowandthen youmightjustgetabig wetkissinreturn 16 a b c 1 what sthebesttitleofthepassage nomorethan5words acleverdog 2 whatdotheunderlinedwords abordercollie inparagraph2referto nomorethan10words abreed akindofdogforitsmentalability 3 whydoesricoseemsmarterthantheaveragedog nomorethan25words becauseit sabreedknownforitsmentalabilitiesandithasbeentrainedsincetheageof9months 4 whatdoestheauthoradviseustodobysaying itwouldn thurttosweet talk nomorethan10words befriendlytoourdog headvisesustobefriendlytoourdog 5 wouldyouliketokeepadogasapet why nomorethan25words open 17 a b c 2016 天津卷 i ma34 year oldman married livinginanicehouse andhavingasuccessfulcareerasaneducationalconsultant butmylifewasnotalwayssogreat ihadalearningdisabilityfromanearlyage iwenttoaspecialschoolwhereigotplentyofextrahelp still isufferedtherestofmyschooldaysinpublicschools mylifeimprovedremarkablywhenidiscoveredart theartworldgavemeachancetoexpressmyselfwithoutwords iwenttoaworkshopandgraduallygotgoodatmakingthingswithclay 黏土 hereilearnedmyfirstimportantlesson disabledasiwasinlanguage icouldstillbesmartandwellexpressmyselfwithclay andmyconfidencecamealong 18 a b c igotmynextlessonfromrockclimbing itwasafunthingbutiwasscaredatthestart isoonnoticeditwasn tatalentthing itwaspractice soididitmore afteraboutfiveyearsofclimbing ifoundmyselfinyosemitevalleyonabigwall ilearnedthatifyoufallinlovewithsomethinganddoitallthetime youwillgetbetteratit lateridecidedtoapplymypreviousexperiencetolearninghowtoreadandwrite everydayipracticedreadingandwriting whichiusedtoavoidasmuchaspossible aftertwohardyears iwasliterate havinggonethroughthelongprocesswithart rockclimbing andreadingandwriting nowi vegottoapointinmylifewhereiknowiamsmartenoughtodiveintoanareathatistotallyunknown hard butinteresting 19 a b c 1 whatmadetheauthor sschooldaysdifficult nomorethan5words his learningdisability or havingalearningdisability or thathewaslearningdisabled or hehadalearningdisability 2 whydidartgivetheauthorconfidence nomorethan10words hecouldbesmartandexpresshimselfwithclay or artcouldhelphimexpresshimselfwithoutwords or hecouldwellexpresshimselfwithclay art 3 whatlessondidtheauthorlearnfromrockclimbing nomorethan15words ifyouenjoysomethingandkeepdoingit youwillgetbetteratit or themoreyoupracticesomething thebetteratityouwillbecome or practicemakesperfect or practiceleadstosuccess 20 a b c 4 whatisthemeaningoftheunderlinedpartinparagraph4 nomorethan5words icouldreadandwrite 5 howdoestheauthor sstoryinspireyoutoovercomedifficultiesinlife putitinyourownwords nomorethan20words weshouldnotloseheartinfaceofdifficulties ifweworkhard wewillfindawayout or theauthor sstorytellsmethatishouldbeconfidentandpracticehardtoovercomedifficultiesinmylife or weshouldovercomeourweaknessesandfearswithcourageanddetermination 21 a b c whenmyfriendswenttocollegeingreatdelight irestartedmyseniorhighschoollife myspiritssank surroundedbystrangeclassmates ifeltlikeiwasinamazeandwassorryaboutmyself thereweresomecomplexfeelingsinmymind iwasfrightened nervousandlonely tomakemattersworse irecalledmyfailureagainandagain whichputmorepressureonmethanicouldbear asaresult iwasalwaysfeelingdownduringclasstime myteacherfoundmespiritless onedayheaskedmetocometohisofficeandtoldmeabouthisattitudetowardslife wemightsufferfrommistakes butit simportanttolearnlessonsfromthem allthepainsandtheembarrassingthingsweexperiencearepartoftheprocess sokeepyourspiritsup atlast headded ifyouareoptimistic thingsyouwantmayhappentoyou 22 a b c warmthrushedthroughmysoul isuddenlyfoundthesunshiningagainwhenisteppedoutofhisoffice withtheteacher shelp ieventuallygotovermydepression fro