各种原子轨道成键,杂化原子轨道的图示.doc

Molecular Geometry, using Orbital HybridizationThese notes should not replace the reading of good text books.The basis for the Valence Bond theory: Sigma (s) bonds form by head on overlap of unhybridized, s-orbital-s-orbital, p-orbital-p-orbital, s-orbital-p-orbital and hybridized, (sp, sp2,sp3, sp3d and sp3d2) orbitals, strong bonds will form.pi (p)-bonds form by side-ways overlap of unhybridized p- and d-orbitals, weak bonds will from.Molecular Geometry (three dimensional structure) can be determined by the number of s-bonds and the lone pairs on the central atom. These lone pairs will also be accommodated in hybridized orbitals. Orbitals used in bond formations-bond, showing the head on overlap of atomic orbitalss-orbital - s-orbital s-orbital - p-orbital p-orbital - p-orbital sp-hybrid orbital - sp-hybrid orbital orsp-hybrid - sp2 hybrid orsp2 hybrid - sp2 hybrid or sp2 hybrid - sp3 hybrid or sp2 hybrid - sp3d hybrid or sp3 hybrid - sp3d2 hybrid and so on Two overlapping hybrids, forming a strong bondHybridized orbitals will be simplified like so Orbitals used in bond formationp-bond, showing the side-ways overlap of atomic orbitalspy-orbital - py-orbitaloverlap also illustrated like so 3dxy-orbital - py-orbital3dxy-orbital - 3dxy-orbitalHybridization and associated Molecular Geometry HybridizationOrbitals (simplified)Molecular Geometry spone s + one p : two sp hybridsLinearsp2one s + two ps : 3 sp2 hybridsTrigonal Planarsp3one s + three ps : 4 sp3 hybridsTetrahedralsp3done s + three ps + one d : 5 sp3d hybridsTrigonal Bipyramidalsp3d2one s + three ps + two ds : 6 sp3d2 hybridsOctahedral Hybridization, Lone Pairs and associated Molecular GeometryMolecular Geometry is determined by the positions of atomic nuclei in three dimensional space HybridizationOrbitals with LOne PairsMolecular Geometry sp2One Lone Pair in one of the sp2 hybridsBentsp3One Lone Pair in one of the sp3 hybridsTrigonal Pyramidalsp3Two Lone Pairs in two of the sp3 hybridsBentsp3dOne Lone Pair in one of the sp3d hybridsSee Sawsp3dTwo Lone Pairs in two of the sp3d hybridsT-Structuresp3dThree Lone Pairs in three of the sp3d hybridsLinearsp3d2One Lone Pair in one of the sp3d2 hybridsSqu