高考英语 专题16 完形填空考纲解读及热点难点试题演练.doc

专题16 完形填空-2014年高考英语考纲解读及热点难点试题演练完形填空题的特点是篇幅小，但起点高，题量大，字数在230300之间。完形填空的选材近年来以第一人称为主的夹叙夹议励志型材料，具有极强的时代意义和真切的现实意义。完形填空考查考生对语法、词汇、习语、句型、搭配等基础知识的综合运用能力和短文的阅读理解能力，灵活运用语言知识的能力并且根据试题内容进行正确的逻辑推理，综合判断和分析概括的能力。一、记叙文是一种以记叙为主要表达方式的文体。它主要分为记人、叙事、写景几个方面，包括幽默故事、名人传记、逸闻趣事等。如果文章交代了when，where，who，what，how这五个要素，那么文章就是记叙文。为了测试考生对语篇的理解能力，命题人会特别注意选材的趣味性。记叙文的结尾往往出人意料，耐人寻味。做题时，考生可以从以下几点进行突破。1重视首句，把握全篇叙事性文章往往在第一句就会把事情发生的时间、地点等交代清楚或者对所要叙述的事情的性质、特征加以描述，这为我们理解文章提供了一个“窗口”。所以考生应充分重视首句的指导作用，利用它找到解题突破口，应“先完意，再完形”，即把握了全篇大意之后，再逐空试填。2理清线索，找准方向记叙文一般按事件发展的时间或空间顺序来叙述，有时用倒叙手法。因此，我们在做题时可以首先抓住表示时间顺序的词，且要理清人物之间的关系，弄清楚人物各自所做的事情，准确理解文章。3利用语境，揣摩心态高考完形填空题逐渐摒弃对语法的考查，朝着深层化和语境化的方向发展，因此考生要借助上下文语境来揣摩作者对文章中各个角色、各个事件的态度。在答题过程中，考生应该通过字里行间的内容体会主人公的心理活动，弄懂主人公对人物或事件的态度，身临其境，与主人公的思维保持一致。二、夹叙夹议完形填空所选的文章一般富于哲理性，往往可以从一件看似平淡的小事中悟出深刻的人生哲理，因此耐人寻味，可读性较强。在结构上，作者首先叙述一件事情，然后就此事情引申出一个深刻的社会话题或就此事提出自己的观点；或者先提出一种观点或看法，然后就这一观点或看法用具体的事例加以说明，最后再进一步阐述或作出结论。夹叙夹议文在语言上又具有议论文的特点：语言客观、准确、逻辑性强，且具有概括性。那么，我们在做夹叙夹议文类的完形填空题时，需要注意哪些方面呢？1重视文章首句夹叙夹议文常常以文章的标题、首句或简短的第一段导入话题，然后以顺叙或倒叙等叙事的方式适当加以描写，通过巧妙安排，在文章最后概括主题。因此，在解答夹叙夹议文类的完形填空时，考生首先要读懂第一段，尤其是文章的第一句话，这样就可以迅速总结出全文的主旨大意。2理清文章结构夹叙夹议文类的文章通常是先进行叙述，然后在段落的结尾或文章的末尾展开议论，提出故事所包含的哲理或总结自己的观点。做题时，考生要跟着作者的思路读全文，思维要有灵活性，要随着记叙与议论的转换，及时调整思维方式。只有理清了文章的结构，才能更容易地理解文章，作出正确的选择。3抓住文章线索理解夹叙夹议类文章要抓住线索，注意情节的变化，以求综观上下文，达到整体理解文意，从而避免片面性和断章取义。找出叙述、议论部分相关的命题规律与特点，分清论点、论据的习惯表达方式，找准文章的论点、论据和结论句式，使叙述与议论浑然一体。三、说明文是用说明的方式介绍人或事物、解释事理的一种文体。说明文体裁的完形填空的最显著的特点是：1开头点题做说明文体裁的完形填空时，要明确说明的对象是什么，是具体的实物还是理论性概念。因此，明确说明的对象是掌握说明细节的前提。在近几年的说明文体裁的完形填空题中，作者一般在文章的首句直接点明要说明的对象。2结构清晰把握语篇特征对理解文意与答题极为有利。说明文的写作一般按时间顺序(先后顺序等)，空间顺序(从局部到整体，从上到下，从内到外等)，逻辑顺序(前因后果，先果后因，先主后次等)，认知顺序(由此及彼，由浅入深，由具体到抽象，由现象到本质等)。在做说明文体裁的完形填空时，应当特别留意以下几点：1通过短文首尾句抓主旨通读全文，看它是属于说明事物的说明文还是说明事理的说明文；是单纯说明类的说明文还是说明加叙述类的说明文。而尾句往往是文章的结论或点睛之笔，由此可知，抓住开篇启示作用的首句和总结概括性的尾句是很必要的。2关注段落间的内在联系由于说明文一般是针对某一个对象从不同的角度和侧面加以说明的，每一段都有侧重点，对这些内容要进行概括、总结，从而找出段落之间的联系，以便更深刻地理解文章的内容。3根据写作手法理解细节说明文中有些细节就是写作手法的体现，而完形填空往往就是针对这些细节进行考查的。所以，考生要学会逆向推理，从正确理解写作手法入手来把握细节。考点1、记叙文例1、(2013湖北)zigfried，a little mouse，blew his breath on the frosty window of the farmhouse and rubbed it to see the outside.still nobody came.maybe today, he thought_1_.it was only a few days before christmas and he was watching for a miracle(奇迹)this farmhouse had been_2_too long.it needed a family.zigfrieds_3_made a noise.he realized that he hadnt eaten anything since yesterday.he jumped from the windowsill(窗沿), grabbed a_4_from his home, and went next door to farmer mikes.farmer mikes house had been a great place for the little mouse_5_the farmer married a wife who had a cat.zigfried_6_when he thought of it.he looked around cautiously as he_7_into the room where grain was stored and was quite_8_as he filled his bag with wheat.he was turning to leave when suddenly he_9_a hot breath about his ear.his heart beat_10_，and without thinking he started to run and luckily_11_the cats paws (爪子)the next afternoon zigfried heard some good news: a_12_family would be moving into the farmhouse soon.zigfrieds granny would arrive on christmas eve to_13_with him.he hoped that the family would come before his granny came.before long, a car came_14_the road leading to the house, with butter sandwiches, cheese and chocolate.zigfrieds christmas miracle did arrive!the house came_15_the next few days.zigfried_16_every single hour of them._17_， the day before christmas when he was drinking hot chocolate with a_18_smile at the door of his home, he heard the_19_of the children of the family about what they might get for christmas.what? a cat? the_20_froze on his face; his mouth fell wide open.after a long while, he at last found his voice: “hey! whose christmas miracle is this？”1a.carefully bexcitedly chopefully dproudly2a.shabby bnoisy cmessy dempty3a.mouth bnose cstomach dthroat4a.bag bstick cbowl dcoat5a.although buntil cwhereas dunless6a.leapt bsniffed ctrembled dwithdrew7a.broke bmarched cpaced dstole8a.curious bnervous cpitiful dsensible9a.took breleased cfelt ddrew10a.strongly birregularly cslowly dwildly11a.escaped bseized crubbed dscratched12a.close bhappy cnew dyoung13a.celebrate bcommunicateccompete dcompromise14a.across bfrom coff dup15a.alive bloose copen dstill16a.counted benjoyed cmissed dwasted17a.however binstead cmoreover dtherefore18a.bitter bforced cpolite dsatisfied19a.introduction bdiscussionccomment ddebate20a.blood bsmile ctear dsweat考点二、夹叙夹议文(2013江苏)i used to believe in the american dream，which meant a job，a mortgage(按揭)，credit cards，success.i wanted it and worked toward it like everyone else，all of us _21_ chasing the same thing.one year，through a series of unhappy events，it all fell _22_.i found myself homeless and alone.i had my truck and $56.i _23_ the countryside for some place i could rent for the _24_ possible amount.i came upon a shabby house four miles up a winding mountain road _25_the potomac river in west virginia.it was_26_，full of broken glass and rubbish.i found the owner，rented it，and _27_ a corner to camp in.the locals knew nothing about me，_28_ slowly，they started teaching me the _29_ of being a neighbor.they dropped off blankets，candles，and tools，and began _30_ around to chat.they started to teach me a belief in a _31_ american dreamnot the one of individual achievement but of _32_.what i had believed in，all those things i thought were_33_ for a civilized life，were nonexistent in this place._34_ on the mountain，my most valuable possessions were my _35_ with my neighbors.four years later，i moved back into _36_.i saw many people were having a really hard time，_37_ their jobs and homes.i managed to rent a big enough house to _38_ a handful of people.there are four of us now in the house，but over time ive had nine people come in and move on to other places.wed all be in _39_ if we hadnt banded together.the american dream i believe in now is a shared one.its not so much about what i can get for myself；its about _40_ we can all get by together.【语篇解读】 本文属于夹叙夹议的文体。作者从自己的亲身经历，反映出一个人的梦不是美国梦，所有人的梦才是美国梦，只有大家共同努力才能实现共同的梦想。21a.separately bequallycviolently dnaturally22a.off bapart cover dout23a.crossed bleft ctoured dsearched24a.fullest blargest cfairest dcheapest25a.at bthrough cover dround26a.occupied babandoned cemptied drobbed27a.turned bapproached ccleared dcut28a.but balthough cotherwise dfor29a.benefit blesson cnature dart30a.sticking blooking cswinging dturning31a.wild breal cdifferent dremote32a.neighborliness bhappiness cfriendliness dkindness33a.unique bexpensive crare dnecessary34a.up bdown cdeep dalong35a.cooperation brelationships csatisfaction dappointments36a.reality bsociety ctown dlife37a.creating blosing cquitting doffering38a.put in bturn in ctake in dget in39a.yards bshelters ccamps dcottages40a.when bwhat cwhether dhow考点3、说明文例3、(2013安徽)if you want to learn a new language, the very first thing to think about is why.do you need it for a_41_reason, such as your job or your studies？_42_perhaps youre interested in the_43_，films or music of a different country and you know how much it will help to have a_44_of the language.most people learn best using a variety of_45_， but traditional classes are an ideal(理想的)start for many people.they_46_an environment where you can practice under the _47_ of someone whos good at the language.we all lead _48_ lives and learning a language takes_49_.you will have more success if you study regularly, so try to develop a_50_.it doesnt matter if you havent got long.becoming fluent in a language will take years, but learning to get by takes_51_.many people start learning a language and soon give up.“im too_52_，” they say.yes, children do learn languages more _53_ than adults, but research has shown that you can learn a language at any_54_.and learning is good for the health of your brain, too.ive also heard people_55_ about the mistakes they make when_56_.well, relax and laugh about your mistakes _57_youre much less likely to make them again.learning a new language is never _58_.but with some work and devotion, youll make progress.and youll be _59_by the positive reaction of some people when you say just a few words in _60_ own language.good luck!【语篇解读】 该篇文章属于说明文，主要进述了学语言的原因。学好语言的方式：班级授课及经常练习，个人学习语言的态度，即从不放弃，专心致志。41a.technical bpolitical cpractical dphysical42a.after bso cthough dor43a.literature btransport cagriculture dmedicine44a.view bknowledge cform ddatabase45a.paintings bregulationscmethods dcomputers46a.protect bchange crespect dprovide47a.control bcommand cguidance dpressure48a.busy bhappy csimple dnormal49a.courage btime cenergy dplace50a.theory bbusiness croutine dproject51a.some risks ba lot lesscsome notes da lot more52a.old bnervous cweak dtired53a.closely bquickly cprivately dquietly54a.age bspeed cdistance dschool55a.worry bhesitate cthink dquarrel56a.singing bworking cbargaining dlearning57a.if band cbut dbefore58a.tiresome bhard cinteresting deasy59a.blamed bamazedcinterrupted dinformed60a.their bhis cour dyour技巧一抓住主旨大意【例1】 .when he asked 11(why) i was paying their bill i felt a little 12(shy) as i tried to cover my feelings.i finally replied，“when i saw that couple i got the feeling that they had to 13(struggle) to get what theyve got.so i decided to pay their bill.now every time i think of the _20_ at the restaurant a smile spreads across my mouth，as i remember how once，i felt a strong desire to give freely to another.”20a.incident bservice cjoke dfood【例2】 every morning i continued to watch the man with interest.so far i havent seen anyone fail to wave back.i find it interesting that one person can make such a(n) difference to so many peoples lives by doing one simple thing like waving and smiling warmly.his cheerfulness armed the start of my day.with a friendly wave and smiling face he had changed the _35_ of the whole neighborhood.35a.trends bobservationscregulations dfeelings阅读首句可知，本文是一篇记叙文。接下来作者一定要描述有关考试的事情。所以，做题时，一定要依据平常应付考试时的表现和一般心理感受，把词汇锁定在与考试有关的单词或短语上。完形填空虽然篇幅短小，但却是一个完整的语篇。考生一定要在把握全文大意的基础上进行推断，否则很容易背离全文的主题，连续出现错误。故考生在解题过程中切忌就句论句，首先要弄清文章的中心思想。技巧二理清细节【例1】 i was born and brought up in the small town of pineville，which i left at the age of sixteen.twenty years _1_ i found myself back on a visit.i went to see my _2_ friend tom clark，who _3_ as ever，was chairman of the local club.1a.ago blater cearlier dbefore2a.new bold cforgotten dwelcome3a.active blazy cbrave dshy【例2】 many people who work in london prefer to live outside it，and to go into their offices，factories or schools every day by train，car or bus，even though this means they have to get up _1_ in the morning and reach _2_ later in the evening.1a.quickly bearly cearlier dearliest2a.home bfamily cflat dhouse阅读首句可知，第一篇是一篇记叙文。接下来作者描述自己回到家乡的见闻与感触。因此，做题时，考生把词汇锁定在与家乡见闻有关的单词或短语上。第二篇是一篇说明文，讲解london人的日常学习、工作和生活习惯，要扣住客观需求和自然规律字眼的词汇。技巧三重视语篇情感【例1】 tom was seriously injured in the traffic accident and was taken to the hospital，and his parents were called for.they were very _1_ to hear of the accident and quickly rushed to his _2_.for three days tom was not able to feel or think and his parents were _3_ that he might die.but on the fourth day tom _4_ and spoke softly.his parents were _5_.the police by then had followed the owner of the car and caught hold of him at last.1a.angry bplease cshocked ddisappointed2a.school bhome chospital doffice3a.worried bready cconfident dcertain4a.felt sick bgot up cfell asleep dwoke up5a.surprised bcalm cglad dpuzzled几乎每篇完形填空的语境都有一定的褒贬性，这种褒贬性反映了主人公的特定心理状态和情绪以及作者的写作意图。语境题在完形填空题中已占有一半题量，因此，利用好文章的语境关系就能对文章进行准确性地逻辑判断，在理解文意的基础上推断出每一空的准确信息从而确定答案。其具体方法就是认真读原文，找出反映语境的标志性的词汇或句子，并大胆预测下文。【例2】 soon after dave left college，one of his uncles，who was rich and had no children of his own，died and left a lot of money，so he decided to set up his own real estate company.he found a nice office，bought a lot of things to _1_ it，and moved in.he had only been there for a few hours _2_ he heard someone _3_ towards the door of his office.“its my first visitor！”he thought.he quickly _4_ the telephone up and pretended to be very _5_ answering an important call from someone in new york.【语篇解读】 这是一组典型的词汇搭配题。1a.supply bfurnish cfill dmatch2a.and bthen cwhen dsuddenly3a.going bwalkingcapproaching dentering4a.hung banswered cpicked dbrought5a.interested bactive cbusy dfascinated【例3】 when i graduated from high school.i went _1_ to graduate from the us.naval academy and later became an officer in the navy.the part of my job i _2_ most was the counseling meeting i _3_ with the family members of the men and women in my _4_，trying to help them deal with the long periods of _5_.these proved popular and word of them spread.【语篇解读】 这5道题均属语境化选择题。段落大意：“我”从美国海军学院毕业后，成为了一名海军军官。这项工作中“我”最喜欢的部分是为“我”负责管理的男女士兵的家人举行咨询会。1a.out bon caway doff2a.took bhated cenjoyed ddid3a.ended bbegan ccontinued dheld4a.charge bsituation cposition dchoice5a.lessons bmeeting ctraining dseparation高考完形填空题中有少量的试题来考查习惯搭配。该题型难度中等，但使考生容易丢分，其原因是考生只注重语义，而忽略了词汇的习惯搭配，所以考生在准确把握语境的同时，更要注意所要填入的名词，形容词，动词与空格前面或后面的词汇的习惯搭配，尤其要注意介词或副词的搭配关系。技巧四判断行文逻辑【例1】 in the depth of my memory，many things i did with my father still live.these things have come to represent，in fact，what i call _ and love.adesire bjoy canger dworry【例2】 after the discovery，scientists returned to the forest and _1_ some hair and measured footprints.about 20 inches appears to be the animals foot！chinese scientists have now set up a special group to exchange information and make a _2_ of the forest.but in the meantime，some people _3_ to believe that this halfman，halfmonkey exists.they will not believe that it is _4_ until one of the animals has been caught.【语篇解读】 考查逻辑判断。1a.cut bpulled ccollected dtore2a.film btour cchoice dstudy3a.come brefuse cprefer dhave4a.wrong balive creal dcorrect逻辑关系是指表达结构特定，意思密切相连，语气一致的词组或句子组成的语言现象，其形式整齐匀称，内容联系紧密，进一步表达出语言的中心内涵。技巧五巧用文化背景【例1】 the real marathon(a longdistance running race of 42.195km)in my town usually occurs during a heat wave.my job was to follow behind the runners in an ambulance _1_ any of them needed medical attention.“were supposed to stay behind the _2_ runner，so take it slowly，”i said to the driver，doug，as the race started.the frontrunners started to _3_ and then my eyes were _4_ to the woman in blue silk running shorts and a loose white tshirt.we knew we were already watching our“last runner”her _5_ were so crippled that it seemed almost impossible for her to be able to walk，let along run a marathon.【语篇解读】 这是一组典型的文化背景常识考查题。1a.so that bin caseceven though donly if2a.first bbest conly dlast3a.run bseparate cdisappear dappear4a.drawn bthrown cfixed dcaught5a.hands blegs carms dbody完形填空题基本上都是独立的语篇，它提供了完整的语言信息，其中有时夹杂着社会知识，自然知识或风俗习惯等常识知识。考生在解答时，要积极地运用自己所掌握的文化背景知识和生活常识，特别是注意中西文化的差异，将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程，节省宝贵的时间，顺利的解答试题。技巧六夯实语法词汇【例1】 at first his _ did not get across.“what was he walking about！”then i got it.i had set my trays on his wifes orthopedic walker.i stood frozen as ice，but my face was on fire.i wanted to get into a hole and hide.aidea bpraise cmessage dneed【例2】 it is always ressuring at times like these，when employees so clearly show their _ to their jobs.adevotion bdonation cconnection dreaction【例3】 “why not put the egg in a basket with a parachute _？”cassie rolled her eyes.“the parachute is better that stupid idea.”afollowed bcovered cattached dsupported【例4】 a mining engineer enjoyed flying very much.one day，he was flying his own plane over a lonely island when a _1_ storm came，so he was _2_ to make a forced landing.the plane was in good _3_ but his legs and shoulder got _4_ hurt.after getting out of the plane with great _5_，he found nothing but high green hills _6_ the place.he lay there expecting to die.【语篇解读】 这是一组典型的语境判断和词汇运用题。1a.quick bwonderful cheavy dsudden2a.ordered bforbidden cpermitted dobliged3a.condition brelation caction dspeed4a.slightly bseriously chardly dluckily5a.pleasure battention cdifficulty dachievement6a.covering bwrapping cholding dsurrounding【例5】 “i was looking _ thinking of what to buy，and i stopped to read the little cards on the giving trees”aout bover cforward daround【例6】 i knew she had strict sleeping habits，but i thought she ought to be able to _ some of this strictness.aput up btake up cpick up dgive up短语动词在完形填空题中是比较常见的，占有一定的比例。这类短语有两种考查方式：一种是四个选项中只有一个搭配是正确的；另一种是四个选项的搭配不止一个正确，这时考生须借助上下文的意思作出适当的判断。但有时介词的搭配也少不了。技巧七学会逻辑推理四个选项从词汇搭配，语法角度考虑均行得通，但由于文章是一个完整的统一体，词，句，段三者存在着内在逻辑关系，此时需要从上下文中寻找有关的提示或暗示，对文章的情节进行逻辑推理，抓住关键信息，理顺句与句之间的关系，确定合理的答案。【例1】 when the red cross started blood banks to collect and store blood for men wounded in battle，black american gave blood along with the whites.at first thei