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木材粉碎机粉碎部分设计【9张CAD图纸2A0+毕业论文】

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关键词：: 木材粉碎机粉碎部分部份设计 cad图纸木材粉碎机毕业论文树枝粉碎机

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木材粉碎机粉碎部分设计

41页 14000字数+说明书+任务书+外文翻译+9张CAD图纸【详情如下】

4-右端盖-A3.dwg

5-小带轮-A3.dwg

6-主轴-A3.dwg

7-飞刀-A4.dwg

8-轴肩套筒-A4.dwg

9-轴承-A3.dwg

任务书.doc

外文翻译-- 破碎粉磨设备的磨损与耐磨材料的发展.doc

木材粉碎机粉碎部分设计说明书.doc

课题申请单.doc

1-装配图1-A0.dwg

2-刀盘-A2.dwg

3-左端盖-A3.dwg

1-装配图1-A0.gif

2-刀盘-A2.gif

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5-小带轮-A3.gif

6-主轴-A3.gif

7-飞刀-A4.gif

8-轴肩套筒-A4.gif

9-轴承-A3.gif

QQ截图20150417192443.gif

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摘要

近年来，随着我国经济建设的发展，在很多领域的生产实际中，对各种木质物料粉碎机的需求越来越大。根据木质物料粉碎机用途的不同，研制出满足各种要求的木质物料粉碎机已成为目前迫在眉睫的紧要任务。

本机的机架、上盖都采用了铸件，降低了整机的重心；发动机和主轴之间通过皮带传动，缓和了载荷冲击；主轴通过两个圆锥滚子轴承与机架连接；刀盘和主轴之间采用平键联接；飞刀用垫块和螺栓固定。飞刀采用螺旋曲面方式依次摆放多把短刀。

关键词: 树枝粉碎机园林绿化削片机木材加工

ABSTRACT

Abstract：In recent years, with the economic development in our country, and in many fields in the actual production, for a variety of wooden material grinder increasing demand. According to the wooden material grinder of different applications, developed to meet the various requirements of the wooden material grinder has become the urgent task for current imminent.

The fly cutter uses the bolt and cushion to be fixed, Reliable and stable, The fly cutter stretches out the quantity to be able to adjust，And advantageous for disassembling and the replacement. Rack is equipped with wheels, can be driven by the traction machine，Suitable to use in the urban green residues and the trail level lumber processing.

Key words: Branch Chipper Landscaping Chipper Wood Processing

绪论1

第一章枝桠粉碎机介绍2

1.1枝桠粉碎机的分类特点及其工作原理2

1.2 选题的设计思想，设计方法及改进4

1.3 本章小结4

第二章移动式枝桠粉碎机的总体设计5

2.1 枝桠粉碎机设计任务5

2.2 普通盘式枝桠粉碎机的结构5

2.3盘式枝桠粉碎机的削片原理7

2.4本章小结9

第三章主要技术参数的确定和计算10

3.1 生产能力的确定10

3.2 飞刀数量的确定10

3.3切削力的计算11

3.3.1主切削力的理论分析与计算11

3.3.2主切削力的经验公式13

3.4切削功率的计算17

3.6 本章小结19

第四章主要部件的设计计算20

4.1盘式短刀与长刀削片机比较20

4.2刀盘结构设计及尺寸的确定21

4.2飞刀平面布置22

4.3主轴的结构设计24

4.3.1 轴的最小直径计算24

4.3.2轴的结构设计25

4.4滚动轴承的选择26

4.5 键连接的设计26

4.5.1带轮与输入轴间键的选择及校核26

4.5.2输出轴与齿轮间键的选择及校核26

4.6飞刀的设计27

4.7本章小结27

第五章主要部件的校核和验算28

5.1 主轴强度的校核28

5.1.1求轴上的载荷28

5.1.2按弯扭合成应力校核轴的强度29

5.1.3 精确校核轴的疲劳强度29

5.2 滚动轴承的校核32

5.3本章小结33

5.4最后完成图33

结论34

参考文献35

致谢36

第一章枝桠粉碎机介绍

1.1枝桠粉碎机的分类特点及其工作原理

树枝粉碎机是将原木、采伐与抚育剩余物（枝桠、梢头木、树根、小径木等）以及木材加工剩余物（如板皮、板条、碎单板、木芯等）加工成一定规格长度木片的设备。它属于备料设备，但也是十分重要的。其切削特征是纵端向切削，主要参数是削出木片的长度。对枝桠粉碎机的主要工艺要求是：削出的木片长度应均匀一致，其合格率应在允许范围内，且应厚度均匀，切口大而平滑，产生的碎料少，削出的木片的尺寸规格依使用要求而定。

随着人造板工业的发展和原木资源的日益缺乏，利用各种剩余制品削制工艺木片作为充分利用木材资源、提高木材综合利用率的主要手段的观点，已得到了人们的普遍赞同，削片机的种类也随之而日益增多。

树枝粉碎机按切削机构的形状可分为鼓式和盘式，它们的结构简图如下图：要把枝桠加工成碎片, 首先需要人工将枝桠材放进料斗, 木材在人力或进料机构的压力作用下进入削片机, 当木材的端面碰到飞刀刀盘端面时, 进给停止, 飞刀转到切削位置开始切削, 由于飞刀有一定角度, 当切入木材一定深度时, 木材受到飞刀切削面的分力、刀盘和料斗( 或底刀)的阻碍作用, 局部沿木材纤维方向崩裂成木片, 从前刀面飞出。切削过程中, 木材在压力和飞刀切削分力的作用下，向刀盘方向进给, 使切削加工得以连续进行, 完成整根木材的加工。

鼓式枝桠削片机机座采用高腔度钢板焊接而成，是整台机器的支承基础；刀辊上安装两把飞刀，用专门制造的飞刀螺栓，通过压力块，把飞刀固定在刀辊上；根据被切削原料的不同厚度，上喂料辊总成可以借助液压系统在一定范围内上下浮动；切削下来的合格木片通过网筛孔落下，有底部排处，大的片料将在机内再进行切削。鼓式削片机的结构简图如下图2所示。

1.主轴 2.锁紧装置 3.飞刀 4.飞刀螺栓 5.压刀块

6.飞刀座 7.刀辊 8.上喂料辊 9.下喂料辊 10.底刀

图1-2 鼓式枝桠粉碎机结构简图

一般而言，盘式树枝粉碎机由于飞刀运动时的切削平面固定不变，飞刀和底刀可以很好的形成剪切作用，所以盘式枝树枝碎机的木片比鼓式枝树枝碎机的木片质量好，生产率高；适宜加工原木、劈木、木芯、较厚的板皮和成捆的枝桠材，因其进料槽为方形或圆形，可充分发挥其生产能力，主要用于生产规模较大的人造板企业和造纸企业。鼓式枝桠粉碎机由于飞刀的切削平面随飞刀位置的变化而变化，削片过程中不能形成有利的剪切作用，其进料槽沿刀鼓方向为长方形，适用于加工板皮、板条、碎单板、小径木、枝桠材等厚度较小、径级不大的木料和竹材，这种削片机主要用于中小型人造板企业；现在经改进的鼓式削片机的削片质量完全能够满足人造板生产的工艺要求。盘式枝桠粉碎机大多数采用自由进料，而鼓式枝桠粉碎机大多数采用强制进料，水平进料的适宜加工较长的原料，而加工较短的原料通常采用倾斜进料。总之，枝桠粉碎机的结构形式主要取决于原料的特征和对削片质量及生产率的要求。

对于中小型树枝粉碎机而言，由于其削制的原料大多数是枝桠、板皮等剩余物，材径较小，采用平面盘式机削片时，对平面盘式的削片长度的均匀性影响不大，而其制造成本低廉，易于推广。因此，中小型枝桠粉碎机采用平面刀盘结构是一个发展方向。

水平进料可防止原料撞击刀盘轴，操作方便，安全可靠；而倾斜进料便于投料，可保证合理的切削参数。1.2 选题的设计思想，设计方法及改进

普通盘式削片机的飞刀为长直刀, 在刀盘上呈径向布置, 切削木材时, 飞刀要切削整个原木端面, 导致动态载荷( 切削力、切削功率) 波动大、切削过程不平稳、功率消耗大、振动噪声大.为改善这种情况, 国内外科研人员曾做过很多研究 , 一是力图搞连续切削, 在刀盘上增加飞刀数量, 这样虽然使切削情况有所改善, 但飞刀在切削过程中切削原木的宽度仍然是变化的, 而且增加刀数导致功率成倍地增长; 二是将飞刀后面和刀盘面制造成螺旋面,这样切削平稳，加工出来的木片质量好。这里我采用螺旋面切削方式，并对它进行了均衡性切削改进，力图减小削片过程中切削力和切削功率的波动。

1.3 本章小结

本章主要介绍了课题研究的目的及其意义、国内外枝桠粉碎机的发展现状和趋势、枝桠粉碎机的分类特点及其工作原理、选题的设计思想，设计方法及改进等

参考文献

[1]顾正平，沈瑞珍.盘式短刀枝桠削片机设计参数的影响因素[J].北京林业大学学报.2002(1):183-186 .

[2]濮良贵，纪名刚主编．机械设计[M]．北京：高等教育出版社,2006.

[3]刘灏主编.机械设计手册[S]．北京：机械工业出版社,1998.

[4] 牛晓华,吴兆迁,樊涛.木质物料粉碎机的设计[J].林业劳动安全，2008（3）:14-17.

[5]李黎.木材切削原理与刀具[M].北京：中国林业出版社，2005.

[6]罗迎社.材料力学[M].武汉：武汉理工大学出版社，2001.

[7]濮良贵,纪名刚,陈国定,吴立言.机械设计[M]. 北京：高等教育出版社2006.

[8]苏旭平.工程材料[M].湖南：湘潭大学出版社，2008.

[9]朱思红,付东荔,缪小红.树枝粉碎机的研制[J].南京大学学报，2004，27（3）：111-113.

[10]张晓文,顾正平，沈瑞珍.盘式木材削片机均衡切削的研究[J].北京林业大学学报.1999,第21卷.

[11]Collacoff RA.Mechanical Fault Diagnosis and Condition Monitoring .London :Chapman and Hall .1977.89页.

[12]Kuehnle M R .Toroidal Drive Combines Concepts .Product Engineering .Aug. 1979.261页.

[13]B.D.Choat.Jigs and Fixtures Design，The Institution of Production Engineers，1973.

内容简介：: 长春理工大学光电信息学院学生毕业设计（论文）登记表分院机电工程分院专业机械设计制造及其自动化班级09511学生姓名潘新元指导教师吴翠红设计（论文）起止日期2013.3.42013.6.13教研室主任陈玲题目名称（包括主要技术参数）及要求：1.题目：粉碎机粉碎部分设计2要求： 1）通过对飞刀数量和形状的改进保证粉碎装置的平稳性。 2）采用螺旋面切削方式，并对它进行均衡性切削改进，使切削力和切削功率的波动减小。 3）通过改进飞刀保证粉碎颗粒的均匀性。 4）通过对飞刀形状的改进使噪音要尽量小。 5）可靠地粉碎装置与传动间的各种力和力矩，在满足零部件质量要小的同时，还有足够的强度和寿命。论文开题报告（设计方案论证）应包括以下几方面的内容：1、本课题研究的意义；2、调研（社会调查）情况总结；3、查阅文献资料情况（列出主要文献清单）；4、拟采取的研究路线；5、进度安排。1.本课题研究的意义：近年来，随着我国经济建设的发展，在很多领域的生产实际中，对各种木质物料粉碎机的需求越来越大。根据木质物料粉碎机用途的不同，研制出满足各种要求的木质物料粉碎机已成为目前迫在眉睫的紧要任务。因此，研制树枝粉碎削片机，对提高枝桠处理效率、扩大枝桠的用途、提高枝桠的利用率、节约资源、美化环境具有重要意义。2.社会情况总结：在指导教师的带领指导下，我们参阅了大量文献，并对粉碎机的有关工厂进行了参观了解，使我们的设计思路得到了很大启发，并对我们设计过程当中出现的问题如何正确的解决有了一定的帮助。3.查阅文件：1濮良贵，纪名刚主编.机械设计M北京:高等教育出版社,2006.2刘灏主编.机械设计手册S.北京：机械工业出版社,1998. 3牛晓华,吴兆迁,樊涛.木质物料粉碎机的设计J.林业劳动安全，2008（3）:14-17.4李黎. 木材切削原理与刀具M. 北京：中国林业出版社，2005. 5罗迎社.材料力学M.武汉:武汉理工大学出版社，2001.6B.D.Choat.Jigs and Fixtures Design，The Institution of Production Engineers，1973. 7Kuehnle M R .Toroidal Drive Combines Concepts .Product Engineering .Aug. 1979.261页.4.拟采取的研究路线：指导老师下达任务充分理解本课题要解决的问题查阅文件和素材（图书馆、上网）翻译英文资料（吉林省图书馆，长春市图书馆，达新校区图书馆）到长春一机参观撰写论文（吉林省图书馆，长春市图书馆，达新校区图书馆）CAD绘图指导教师审查修改、完善、定稿准备答辩。5进度安排：3月4日3月15日查阅文件，书籍材料。3月16日3月29日查资料，完成文献翻译和开题报告。3月30日4月26日粉碎机粉碎部分总体方案设计。4月27日5月17日机械部分设计、飞刀、主轴部分设计。5月18日6月7日上机绘图、书写设计说明书。6月8日6月13日整理，熟悉文件、准备答辩。指导教师审阅意见：年月日记事: 指导教师审阅意见：年月日毕业设计（论文）译文Broken equipment wear and wear-resisting material Fenmo development姓名学院机电工程分院专业机械设计制造极其自动化班级指导教师2013年6月10日0Broken equipment wear and wear-resisting material Fenmo developmentAbstract tarting from wearing hilure analysis，the author introduces the structure and shape，mutual matching relation，manutacturing engineering of wear resisting ma terisls，quality control and application characteristics of dama geable parts in crushing and grinding system and enumerates chemical cornportents and mechanical properties of typical wear- resisting materials at home and abroadThe developmerit of wear resisting materials is also given in this articleKey Words：crushing，grinding，damageable parts，wear- resisting materials1 Introduction Metallurgical mining, building materials, thermal power generation, chemical, coal, and other industrial sectors, the need for various broken Fenmo equipment. These pieces of equipment vulnerable groups affected by the ground, trying protected, material wear and tear, the annual consumption of the metal. For feeding to the cement industry, 1994 production of 405 million tons of cement nationwide. Ball mill Chenban category, Breakers category depletion of metal about 300 350g/t cement; Most medium (ball, above) 500g/t cement, such as young as 1994 on the cement industry consumed 120000t Chenban type metal, grinding bodies 2o more. According to relevant statistics, black, colored metal mines exertion more, the National exertion Breakers, ball mill lining protected metal about 50000t, about 130 km medium metal with a total value of 80 billion. Material consumption is reflected in energy consumption, thus saving energy and reducing consumption of materials metals an important aspect of a very clear economic and social benefits. At the same time as a result of the replacement of forced relocation of parking time in the cement industry about the total parking time 5550, representing an increase of wear and tear of equipment maintenance workload 60 65, with broken equipment crafts Fenmo rapid development of technology, with increasingly large-scale equipment development and use of new wear-resisting material growing importance. 2 broken Fenmo equipment wear and tearFenmo broken equipment wear and tear can be divided into internal factors and external factors. Internal factors include the quality of materials metallurgy, chemical composition, metallography and mechanical properties of materials I external factors including the hardness and toughness, size and edges and corners Ruiduo etc. Size pieces depending on whether the material durable resistance to wear and tear ability to resist fatigue wear capacity-lung machine and ploughs cut capacity. The size of several major pieces of equipment broken Fenmo wear a summary analysis. Broken anti-aircraft teeth every. 2.1 Plate Jaw-Breakers teeth plates worn to holes cut-worn. Jiangsu Changshu quarries to use PZ250500-jaw style Breakers teeth protected, for example, the teeth are protected by the materials handling water standards high manganese steel fasteners. In scanning call youthful observation teeth wrenched himself face can be seen, teeth protected by squeezing out as much of the surface material, followed by a pressure abrasive tongue pushing himself face, can be seen in the upper surface of many abrasive edges because the marks are caused by short-range sliding, and may see a slight cracks teeth board surface, see figure 1. After analysis, teeth wrenched worn mainly abrasive relative teeth board short sliding, cutting metal grinding scrap and abrasive repeatedly squeeze caused teeth protected materials on deformation, resulting in the metal materials off fatigue, loss of skills to teach the course are : (1) materials repeatedly squeeze hole cut teeth arranged in the teeth protected area surface, or in metal squeeze the highlights roots form micro cracks, linked to the continued expansion of micro-cracks, causing the surface of metal materials separated, forming himself crumbs. (2) Section objects repeatedly squeeze, causing teeth wrenched metal materials were partially closed or residents to reveal the fragmentation or residents to reveal some of the materials and the impact to squeeze off a difficult scrap (3) material relative teeth short-range sliding panels, a difficult scrap carbide teeth boards.Therefore teeth from wear-resisting material control panels worn mainly hardness and resilience. Hard materials, materials squeeze shallow depth, material deformation small, short-range sliding cutting materials volume of the material is also good resilience of small materials, a strong ability to resist fracture, the impact may be removed squeeze process brittleness fracture, raising anti-fatigue deformation shell capacity. Jaw-Breakers different size specifications, feed granularity, Ruiduo different panels of the squeezing out teeth, different impacts of large and medium-sized squeeze pressure, apart from the material to resist pressure and to resist squeeze sliding brackets, should also consider the impact of the impact and bending stress the large teeth board composition should use high resilience, good overall performance materials. From the above analysis shows wear ineffective for teeth board material should choose hardness high resistance materials to squeeze, lung machine failures, the choice of materials sufficient to resist cutting Bo resilience cut impact fatigue failure. At the same time to improve the structure of boards from the teeth, and tooth plates to reduce the relative sliding materials, useful not only for increasing productivity but also to improve the material life useful. 2.2 hammer-Breakers dead Different specifications hammer-Breakers, dead shape and size vary, it is generally thought that the dead 90125kg for large, 25kg Following is a small, and the rest for medium. Dazhong plant general use 2550kg dead. The dead and sizes and the use of the state of different conditions, the wear and tear of its failure vary. The dead wear, with the impact of the cut-cut, accompanied by heavy lung machine wear. Externalities for impact craters and its worn cutting plow Gap. The dead wear and tear of the main ways to attack, so do dead people accustomed to the choice of high manganese steel materials. (1) The following dead one 2kg Because of its extremely small jumping, Jiagongyinghua can not give full play to the role of high manganese steel, resistance to abrasion from ideal, such as broken feldspar, Liezhimei and blast furnace slag and other materials, dead in a few days or even a few classes, some failures. It was reported by 5.8kg to 11.5kg dead and cement used to wear dead after mutilated body lapse analysis revealed two dead Jiagongyinghua results are poor surface hardening curve shown in figure 2.The wear process is small dead materials on the one hand small energy shocks dead, a metal surface deformation and plasticity Emblem cracks. Just change many times in the expansion of cracks, metal debris particles formed by squeezing out, leading to shocks wear; On the other hand materials tips surface materials in a certain law is the power to influence and role of the surface of metal materials have lung machine, washed, worn metal surfaces, but because of the impact of power, high manganese steel to be Jiagongyinghua. Therefore, it is necessary to choose a certain resilience to the high hardness of the material can lead to a substantial increase useful life. (2) 50kg class dead Because of its great impact, high manganese steel materials using high resilience, its performance has been Jiagongyinghua must play dead to wear, impact and cut-cut, micro machining with heavy wear and tear, wear micro externalities performance for impact craters and cutting plow Gap. However, if the material conditions of the state are different, the same is the use of high manganese steel dead also a big difference. Shaanxi River is the same as cement plant production 12P 50kg class high manganese steel dead in eternal plant only applications 23 months failures; Cement plant in Yaoxian available 811 months. Dianjingguancha eternal in the plant dead worn surface mainly cutting plow Gap, impact craters exist on the expiry of their worn mainly by cutting mechanisms to wear and tear, accompanied by impact. Analysis because the plant limestone materials, including large quantities of mud, small granularity to reduce the impact load, high manganese steel processing hardness less, and often with high hardness of the material silica slate of high manganese steel austenitic like Zeikowa acuminata is a hard metal knife, leaving many cut trench, so wear faster. Yaoxian plant is dead wear face major impact craters, and a small cut below, the impact that it is worn mainly by cutting wear and tear, it is because the limestone pieces for the Great Yaoxian plant, and evenly, the impact great. Limestone and the impact of a dead wear face many impact craters, craters are visible around here. The high manganese steel have good plasticity, is in abrasive impact of the formation of impact craters and easier plasticity deformation; On the other hand, because of the larger impact of high manganese steel to be Jiagongyinghua, increased deformation resistance, and thus demonstrated higher wear-resistant ability. As can be seen from the above analysis : in a cut-based cases, the hardness of the poetry of resistance to abrasion lead role to solve this problem, we Hubei cement plant with a super-high manganese steel in the development of high-resilience premise ten feet of improving its yield strength (up to 450N/ram. ), to increase the initial hardness HB260300. at the same time improving its Jiagongyinghua rate, the longevity Life significantly improved. (3) Large Breakers 90kg and 125kg dead To do its work to 90kg dead parameters as shown in table 1.Table 1 shows the aggregate size of the Breakers into large, broken than large, high rotational speed, the dead impact of the large impact on the wear and tear on machinery. Material should lead to resilience to combine hardness, intensity, integrated performance. Cement kilns, March t983 use from Germany O8 company introduced MB70/90-hammer-style Breakers, 90kg dead is double the original metal casting, with his head high chromium cast iron, hammer handles in low alloy steel, the use of dead cut off, combining Department fracture more affected normal production, the threat of whole sets of safety July 1986 imports O&K companies Shan metal 90kg dead, the average use of 10 months broken 1800000 t limestone. Tangshan cement plant in the country dead autopsy analysis book basis and high manganese steel dead, 1991, through ministerial identification. 18 containing manganese steel up to 17, mainly to enable dead Houda, the center for the entire Department generally maintain its excellent resilience, the use of reliable, increase Cr Mo and other elements to improve overall yield strength and initial hardness, the performance needs of production. Wear and tear on the above description to the impact of the vulnerability to choose materials and supplemented by other high-resilience integrated performance. The wear and tear of the ball mill Chenban 2.3 Wear ball mill lining plate Ball (control) mills and the Chenban bear Moqiu materials shocks, cut, squeeze and lung machine multifaceted role of worn surface features is a crater, crackle and ploughs Gap. And the degree of wear materials characteristics, size, nature Ruiduo living skills, but also with the rod diameter size specifications, Chenban which parts. 2.2m x 6.5m to cement mills to do, a warehouse, two positions high manganese steel surface of a mirror Chenban worn photographs shown in figure 3 and figure 4.Photo from a warehouse in the foreseeable Chenban many ploughs Gap and spalling pit, because a warehouse for 7080mm average ball Drive, the largest ball to 90100mm, average granularity 25ram materials, the largest up to 40mm, and sharp edges and corners; Two positions for the ball Drive 3050mm 35mm x 30mm or below steel. Materials from one warehouse was broken into two panels after booths warehouse stores, granularity has become 5ram around edges and corners Ruiduo has greatly reduced, so two positions Chenban mainly lung machine, squeezing out accumulation and salt Board 4 worn. Feed-Motouchenban Because of the larger equipment and materials granularity sports large, sharp edges and corners of the side impact and sliding hill, than expected - comb plates wear out much more serious. It positions panels back one or two positions balls side shocks, but also to materials through hoof off by washed lung machine, and therefore wear is also more serious if it requires board positions both wear resistance capacity is not broken, we should have a higher yield strength and hardness, resistance to bending, resistance materials washed maintain comb linking width, crafts meet requirements, it should choose the good resilience high hardness of the material. Even with a hammer Chenban not wear different parts Korea, for example - Chenban, Central Chenban affected by the impact of materials and Moqiu serious, especially to greet expected face more and more light is close to the tail device. Receiver Chenban whether ladder, prominent corner, layering, etc. Chenban welcome by cutting spherical expected, the impact of serious Chenban production processes in different parts of China should consider the resistance to abrasion resistance to wear and tear, or from the structural design of improvements, such as Motou - Chenban welcome Liu noodles plus corner; A warehouse village board will double ladder; It positions boards worn parts add thickness, and so on. In Chenban wear is a systems engineering, needles To different conditions and the status of the corresponding wear-resisting material. 2.4 Moqiu the wear and tear failures Moqiu ball in the Moldovan plane is the largest metal work exertion. We are different materials, the use of the situation in different conditions Moqiu analysis shows the wear and tear Moqiu lapse following several mechanisms: (1) cut and cut wear and tear. Moqiu rise in the upper stage, with relatively sliding materials, which were hard and sharp materials on the surface of a deeper trench cut by Jinger materials is a less blunt the trench, the size of different materials, different soft and hard acute, resulting in the ball below the surface mine shallow, narrow differences crosscutting. Moqiu slow down to a certain point, the impact of materials, a partial cut a hole worn. (2) deformation wear. Moqiu and materials relative sliding or shock, direct cutting, cut, there are ploughs Gap deformation occurred, and the metal was pushed to the naked eye below the outer side, in the role of metal deformation materials repeatedly by a contingency fatigue cracks, cracks expand, connecting, forming plow scrap sheet, the surface area. (3) brittleness spalling. Moqiu affected by the impact of the process materials brittleness of (such as carbon) shell, broken down by himself from the surface Zhuo filings. (4) fatigue wear. Moqiu in mills within the cycle of rise, throw, repeatedly sliding, rolling and impact of changes in shocks contact pressure stress, is the role of a stress fatigue in Asia surface fatigue cracks formed parallel to each other, forming an extension of fatigue spalling and surface layer. Fatigue cracks in Asia next life consisting of a mixture of nuclear material and brittleness can grow in the surface layer and the dynamics softened layers asked for nuclear. When the casting surface in much of the wrong and mixed nuclear expansion will lead to macro fatigue spalling, or a piece of debris caused by ball joints stolen Yuan. Near the surface and lead to micro-nuclear fatigue spalling, a finding lamina and spalling pit. 破碎粉磨设备的磨损与耐磨材料的发展摘要从磨损失效分析入手，对破碎粉磨系统中易损件的结构形状、相互匹配关系、耐磨材料生产工艺、质量控制与使用性能等进行评述，并列举了国内外典型耐磨材质的化学成分覆机械性能，同时阐述了破碎粉磨材料的发展。关键词：破碎，粉磨，易损件，耐磨材料1 引言冶金矿山、建材、火电、化工、煤炭等工业部门，需要各种破碎粉磨设备。这些设备的易损件受研磨体、衬扳、物料的磨损，每年消耗大量金属。以水泥工业为饲，1994年水泥全国产量405亿吨。球磨机衬板类、破碎机类损耗金属约为300 350gt水泥；研磨介质(球、段)为500gt水泥，这样1994年仅水泥工业就消耗衬板类金属12万t，研磨体2o多万t。据有关资料统计，黑色、有色矿山消耗金属更多，全国消耗破碎机、球磨机衬扳金属约5o万t，研磨介质金属约130万t，总价值达80亿元。材料的消耗必然反映到能源消耗上，因此降低金属材料消耗也是节约能源的一个重要方面，具有明显的经济效益和社会效益。同时因更换易损件而被迫停车的时间在水泥行业约占总停车时间的50 55 ，占因磨损而增加设备维修工作量的6o 65 ，因此随着破碎粉磨设备工艺技术的飞速发展，随着设备日趋大型化研制和使用，新型耐磨材料越来越为人们所重视。2 破碎粉磨设备的磨损破碎粉磨设备的磨损可分为内部因素和外部因素。内部因素包括材料的冶金质量、化学成分、金相组织和机械性能I外部因素包括物料的硬度和韧性，粒度和棱角锐度等等。易损件是否耐用取决于材料的抗冲击磨损能力，抗疲劳磨损能力，抗显微切削和犁削的能力。下面对几种破碎粉磨设备主要易损件的磨损进行简要分析。2.1 颤式破辟机齿板颚式破碎机齿板的磨损属于凿削式磨损。以江苏常熟采石场使用PZ250500型颚式破碎机齿扳为例，齿扳材质是经水韧处理的标准高锰钢。在扫描电镜下观察齿扳磨面可以看出，齿扳表面被挤压成凹凸部分材料，随后又被磨料推挤形成压舌磨面，在磨面上可以看到很多磨料尖角短程滑动造成的磨痕，并可看到齿板表面有微裂纹，见图1。经过分析，齿扳磨损的主要原因是磨料相对齿板短程滑动、切削金属造成磨屑和磨料反复挤压引起齿扳材料多次变形，导致金属材料疲劳脱落，磨损失教过程是：(1)物料多次反复挤压凿削齿扳，在齿扳区表层，或在挤压金属的突出部分根部形成微裂纹，此微裂纹不断扩展到相连，造成表面金属材料脱落，形成磨屑。(2)物科反复挤压，造成齿扳金属材料被局部压裂或翻起，其碎裂或翻起部分又随着挤压撞击的物料一起脱落形成磨屑 (3)物料相对齿板短程滑动，切削齿板形成磨屑。因此从耐磨材料上控制齿板磨损主要是硬度和韧性。材料硬，物料挤压深度浅，材料变形小，物料对材料短程滑动的切削量也小材料韧性好，抵抗断裂能力强，可消除挤压撞击过程中脆性断裂，提高抗疲劳变形开裂能力。颚式破碎机的大小规格不同，进料粒度、锐度不同，对齿板的挤压、撞击力不同，大中型挤压力大，除考虑材料的抗挤压力和抗滑动切削外，还应考虑受撞击时的冲击力及弯曲应力因此大型齿板选材应选用韧性高、综合性能好的材质从上述磨损失效分析可知，对于齿板材料应选择硬度高的材质以抵抗挤压、显微切削失效，选择足够韧性柏材质以抵抗凿削撞击疲劳失效。同时从齿板结构上进行改进，以减少物料与齿板的相对滑动，这不仅对提高生产率有益，而且对提高材料的使用寿命也有益。2.2 锤式破碎机锤头不同规格的锤式破碎机，锤头形状大小也各不相同，一般认为90125kg的锤头为大型，25kg以下为小型，其余为中型。大中水泥厂一般使用2550kg锤头。由于锤头大小不同，使用工况条件不同，它的磨损失效也各不相同。锤头的磨损方式，以冲击凿削为主，伴随有冲刷显微切削磨损。其磨损形貌为冲击坑和切削犁沟。由于锤头的主要磨损方式为冲击，所以人们习惯于选择高锰钢做锤头材质。(1)12kg以下锤头由于其冲韧小，不能充分发挥高锰钢的加工硬化作用，因此耐磨性很不理想，如破碎长石、劣质煤和高炉矿渣等物料，锤头有的用几天甚至几个班即失效。有人把玻璃厂用58kg锤头和水泥厂用115kg锤头进行磨损后残体失效分析，结果表明两类锤头加工硬化效果都很差，表面硬化曲线如图2所示。小锤头的磨损过程是一方面物料小能量冲击锤头，金属表面产生塑性变形和徽裂纹。在反复多次塑变情况下裂纹扩展，金属受挤压形成碎片脱落，导致冲击磨损；另一方面物料刺入材料表面，在一定法向力与切向力作用下，对材料表层金属产生显微切削、冲刷，使金属表面磨损，但由于冲击力大，高锰钢不足以被加工硬化。所以应选择有一定韧性，以硬度高为主导的材料才能大幅度提高使用寿命。(2)50kg级锤头由于其冲击力大，采用高韧性的高锰钢材质，其加工硬化性能得到一定发挥，锤头以磨损、冲击、凿削为主，伴随冲刷显微切削磨损，磨损的微观形貌表现为冲击坑和切削犁沟。但是如果物料工况条件不同，同样是高锰钢锤头使用情况也相差很大。如同样是陕西延河水泥机械厂生产的12P

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