CET大学英语语法.doc

大学英语语法总结I. 主谓一致1 以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题1） 以-s结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称arthritis (关节炎), bronchitis (支气管炎), rickets （软骨病），mumps（腮腺炎），diabetes(糖尿病)等，这类名词通常作单数用但有一些疾病名称既可做单数也可做复数用。例如：Generally, measles (麻疹)occurs in children.Measles are sometimes caused by a tapeworm (绦虫).Rickets is/are caused by malnutrition （营养不良）.表示游戏名称的名词通常作单数用。例如：Darts (投镖游戏)is essentially a free and easy game.Marbles (打弹子游戏)is one of the oldest of games and was not confined to children.但也有个别表示游戏名称的名词做复数用。例如：Cards (打纸牌)are not allowed here.当darts, marbles等用于做这些游戏所用的镖或弹子等意义时，其复数形式仍做复数用。例如：Three darts （三支镖）are thrown at each turn.Marbles (各种弹子)vary in kind and quality.2) 以-ics 结尾的学科名称某些以-ics结尾的学科名称，如physics（物理学）、mathematics(数学)、mechanics（机械学）、optics（光学）、acoustics（声学）、politics（政治学）、statistics（统计学）、economics（经济学）、linguistics（语言学）、athletics（体育学）、tactics（兵法）等，通常作单数用。但若这类名词表示“学科”以外的其他意义，便可做复数用。My mathematics （运算能力）is/are rather shaky.Athletics （体育运动）have been greatly promoted at his college.The acoustics (音响效果)in the new concert hall are faultless.The tactics （策略）employed in this campaign were above reproach. (无可指责).The economics （经济效益）of the project are still being considered.3) 以-s结尾的地理名称某些以-s结尾的地理名称，如果是国名，如the United States，the United Nations， the Netherlands 等， 尽管带有复数词尾，但系单一政治实体，故作单数用。但若不是国名，而是群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名称，通常做复数用。例如：The West Indies (西印度群岛), apart from the Bahamas （巴哈马群岛）, are commonly divided into two parts.The Himalayas (喜马拉雅山脉)have a magnificent variety of plant and animal life.The Straits of Gibraltar （直布罗陀海峡）have not lost their strategic importance.The Niagara Falls （尼亚加拉大瀑布）are perhaps the most famous waterfall in the world.4) 其他以-s 结尾的名词英语中有一些有两个部分组成的物体名称通常是以-s 结尾，如scissors（剪子），pincers (钳子)，glasses， shorts （短裤），trousers, suspenders （吊带裤）等。 这一类名词，如果不带“一把”、“一副”、“一条”等单位词而单独使用，通常作复数。如果带单位词，则由单位词的单、复数形式决定动词的单、复数形式。例如：One pair of scissors isnt enough.Two pairs of pliers, one large and one small, are missing from my tool box.英语中还有一些以-s结尾的名词，如archives （档案），arms（武器），clothes(衣服), contents (内容，目录)，eaves （屋檐），fireworks（焰火），goods (货物),minutes （记录），morals (道德，品行)，remains （遗体），stairs， suburbs, thanks, wages 等，通常作复数。但也有少数这类名词作单、复数均可：His whereabouts (行踪)were/was known only to his personal staff.The dramatics （舞台艺术）of the performance were/was marvelous.凡是由-ings结尾的名词，如clippings（剪下来的东西），diggings (掘出的东西)，earnings， filings（锉屑），lodgings （租住的房间）， surroundings, sweepings（扫拢的垃圾）等，通常作复数用。例如：The clippings of the hedges are usually burnt.The sweepings of the godown (仓库)have been disposed of.但也有例外， 如tidings (消息)既可作复数，也可作单数用：Good tidings have cheered them up.The tidings has come a little too late.还有一些以-s结尾的单、复数同形的名词，如barracks (营房)，headquarters（总部），means(方法、手段)，series(系列)，species(种类)，works（工厂）等，随后动词的单、复数形式取决于这些名词是用作单数，还是用作复数。例如：A barracks was stormed (袭击)by the enemy troops.Two barracks in the suburbs have been surrounded.A headquarters was set up to direct the operation (指挥作战).Their headquarters are in Paris.The only means to achieve success is to appeal to arms. (诉诸武力).All means have been tried out to increase agricultural production.A series of pre-recorded tapes has been prepared for language lab use.There are two series of readers: one for beginners and one for advanced students. A new species of mammal (哺乳动物)has been found.Altogether, about 450 species of flatfish (比目鱼)are known.但有少数这类的名词用作单数和用作复数意义不同。例如：Whats the odds? (有什么要紧？相当于What does it matter?)The odds are against us. （我们成功的机会很小。相当于We are not likely to succeed.）又如remains用作“遗体”意义时，随后的动词通常都用复数：His remains lie in the churchyard.The martyrs remains were buried at the foot of the hill.但做“遗迹”或“剩余物”解释时，可做复数或单数用：Here is the remains of a temple.The remains of the meal were/was fed to the dog.2. 以集体名词作主语的主谓一致问题1）通常作复数的集体名词有些集体名词，如police, people, cattle, militia(义勇军，自卫队), poultry （家禽），vermin (害虫)等, 通常作复数，随后的动词用复数。2）通常作不可数名词的集体名词又有一些集体名词，如foliage（树或植物叶），machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandise (商品), 通常作不可数名词，随后的动词用单数。3）既可作单数也可做复数的集体名词还有一些集体名词，如 army, audience, band, board, clan, class, club, committee, company, congress, crew (全体船员或机组人员)，crowd, family, firm, flock, gang, government, group, herd, jury, majority, minority, orchestra, party, public, staff, swarm, team, troop等，既可作单数，也可做复数用。如将各该名词所表示的集体视为一个整体，则动词用单数。如将侧重点放在组成集体的成员上，动词用复数。比较：That group (or platoon(排) or squad（班，小队）)of soldiers is a top-notch (最好的)fighting unit.That group (or platoon or squad) of soldiers have the best ratings of individual performance.That herd of cows and calves is the healthiest the farm has had in some time.That herd of cows and calves are moving toward the sheds by twos and threes.4) a committee of 等+复数名词如果主语是由“a committee of/ a panel of/ a (the) board of + 复数名词”构成，随后的动词通常用单数。3. 以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题2） 如果作主语的并列结构不是指两个或两个以上的人或物，而是表示单数意义，则动词用单数。例如：Ham and eggs is a good breakfast.The hammer and sickle(镰刀)is no longer flying from the tall flagpole.The secretary and treasurer(会计；出纳员)is absent.Cf: The secretary and the treasurer are absent.Ice cream and cake is my favorite dessert.2) 有一些带连词and 的省略结构形似单数，而意义为复数，随后的动词用复数。例如：Good and bad taste are inculcated by example. (good taste and bad taste)What I say and think are no business of yours. (what I say and what I think)Social and political freedom are limited there. (social freedom and political freedom)3) 当and 连接的并列名词词组带有each, every, many a 或more than one等限定词时,随后的动词通常用单数。例如：Every boy and every girl in this room is entitled to a copy.Many a man and woman in this community finds himself or herself in need. More than one college student wishes to return to the easy days of high school.Cf:More than one hundred men and women are working in this workshop.Many an airplane and many a big gun remains in the exhibition.No boy and no girl above the age of five rides the bus free of charge.4) 由or/nor/eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also 连接的并列结构作主语，随后的动词形式通常按照“就近原则”处理。例如：My sisters or my brother is likely to be at home.Either her father or her mother calls for her every afternoon.Either my father or my brothers are coming.Neither the Kansas players not the coach was overconfident.Not only the switches but also the old wiring has been changed.Doesnt he or I deserve it? (否定助动词的单、复数和最近的主语一致)Dont you or he deserve it? (否定助动词的单、复数和最近的主语一致)5）当主语后面跟有由as much as, rather than, more than, no less than 等引导的从属结构时，或当主语后面跟有由as well as, in addition to, with, along with, together with, except, not to mention, including, instead of, besides 等引导的词组时，其后的动词形式取决于主语本身的形式。例如：Some of the workers as much as the manager were responsible for the loss.His brother rather than his parents is to blame.My wife, more than anyone else in the family, is anxious to go there again.Man, no less than the lower forms of life, is the product of the evolutionary process(进化过程).The manager with some workers was working during the holidays.The father, as well as his sons, is going to enroll.Bill, together with his sisters, was hurt in the accident.The truck along with al its contents was destroyed.The barn, in addition to the house, was burned.No one except two girls was late for dinner.4. 以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题1） 以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语a. 如果数量概念被看作一个整体，动词用单数；如果被看作组成该数量的一个个的个体，则动词用复数。例如：The treasurer thought that sixty-five dollars was not too much to ask.Six months is too short a time, General Westmoreland warned.Three miles was too long a distance for Freedman to run.Five hours is needed to complete the outline.Cf:There were six silver dollars in each of the stockings.b. 如果作主语的名词词组是由“分数（或百分数）+of-词组”构成，其动词形式依of-词组中名词类别而定。例如：Two thirds of the swampland (沼泽地)has been reclaimed (开垦)for farming.Over sixty per cent of the city was destroyed in the war.Thirty-five per cent of the doctors were women.c. 两数相减或相除，动词用单数；两数相加或相乘，动词可用单数也可用复数。例如：Forty minus fifteen leaves twenty-five.Forty divided by eight is five.Seven plus/and five makes/make twelve.Five times eight is/are forty.d. 如果主语由one in / one out of + 复数名词 构成，在正式语体中，动词用单数；在非正式语体中，动词也可按“就近原则”用复数。例如：One in ten students has failed the exam.One out of twenty was badly damaged.Cf:One in ten students have failed the exam.One out of twenty were badly damaged.2) 以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语a. 如果主语是all of, some of, none of , half of , most of 等表示非确定数量的名词词组，其后的动词形式依of-词组中的名词类别而定。例如：Most of the money was recovered by Deputy Player.Most of the members were there.All of the cargo was lost.All of the crew were saved.Some of the money has been stolen.Some of the books were lost.None but the best coffee is good enough.None of my friends ever come(s) to see me. Half of the building was damaged in the explosion.Half of the students are girls.b. 如果主语是由lots of, heaps of , loads of, scads of, plenty of + 名词构成，表示“许许多多”等概念时，随后动词的单、复数形式也依of-词组中名词类别而定。例如：Lots of food is going to waste.Lots of people are waiting outside.Loads of milk has been distributed among the children.Loads of apples have been picked.Plenty of the sugar is imported from Cuba.Plenty of the men are already here.c. 如果主语是由a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of，a sequence of, a chain of, a succession of +名次构成，不管名词类别为何，动词通常用单数。例如：A substantial portion of the reports is missing.A series of accidents has been reported.A pile of logs was set beside the hearth (炉边).d. 如果主语是由a kind/sort/type of, this kind/sort/type of + 名词构成，动词用单数。例如：There is a kind of rose in the garden, which fills air with fragrance when May comes.This kind of man annoys me.即使of-词组中的名词为复数，动词仍用单数：This kind/sort of apples is highly priced.That type of men is dangerous.但若在kind/sort/type之前的限定词是these/those, 同时，of-词组中的名词又是复数，则动词用复数：These kind of men annoy me.Those type/sort of machines are up to date.e. 如果主语是由many a + 名词或more than one + 名词构成，其意义虽属多数，但随后的动词仍遵循“语法一致”原则用单数。例如：Many a man has done his duty.More than one game was lost.f. 如果主语由an average of / a majority of + 复数名词构成，而且明确表示多数个体概念，随后的动词用复数；如果这类主语不表示多数个体概念，则动词用单数。比较：An average of 25 persons apply each month.An average of 25 applications a month is not unusual.A majority of the towns younger men are moving to the city.A majority of three votes to one was recorded.g. A number of / a variety of 后用复数名词，并用复数谓语动词。A number of students were late. The number of / the variety of 后用复数名词，但谓语是单数。The number of students in the class is fifteen.5. 其他方面的主谓一致问题1） 以名词性分句作主语的主谓一致问题a. 由what, who, why, how, whether 等wh-词引导的名词性分句作主语，其后的动词通常用单数。例如：What caused the accident is a complete mystery.b. 两个由and 连接的并列名词性分句作主语，如果主语表示两件事情，动词用复数。例如：What caused the accident and who was responsible for it remain a mystery to us.c. 在以what-分句作主语的SVC结构中，如果主句补语是复数名词，主句谓语动词可用复数, 如果是单数名词，谓语动词用单数。例如：What was real to him were the details of his life.What he needs are some books.What I want is ice cream.d. 如果what-分句本身明显表示复数意义, 比如what-分句的动词和补语都是复数，那么主句动词也可用复数。例如：What are often regarded as poisonous fungi (毒菌子)are sometimes safely edible.2) 以非限定分句作主语的主谓一致问题a. 以非限定分句（主要是不定式分句和-ing分词分句）作主语，随后的动词通常用单数。例如：To eat well is all he asks.To climb mountains requires courage.Playing tennis is very good exercise.Increasing their wages has raised the crews morale.b. 以两个由and 连接的并列非限定分句作主语，如果指的是两件事，动词用复数；如果指的是一件事，动词用单数。例如：Reading Ibsen(阅读易卜生剧本)and solving a quadratic equation （解二次方程）are entirely different assignments.3) 关系分句中的主谓一致问题a. 在“one of + 复数名词+关系分句”结构中，关系分句动词通常依照语法一致原则用复数形式。例如：Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.I am one of those people who by the general opinion of the world are counted both infamous and unhappy.b.如果在这类结构之前有定冠词the 或者有the only等限定词和强调词时，关系分句动词形式依one 而定，用单数。例如：Selfishness is the one of her many faults which defeats itself.Keves is the only one of the players who has learned all the rules.He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.c. 形容词性从句（定语从句）关系代词作主语，谓语看先行词The person who gets there first is served first.He who hesitates is lost.The astronauts who are reported to be very cheerful, are expected to land on the moon shortly.4) 在分裂句（cleft sentence） 中，that/who 分句的动词形式通常依先行项而定。在 “It is I + who-分句”中, who-分句动词现在时在人称和数的形式上应与I 保持一致。例如：It is I who am to blame.5) 存在句中的主谓一致问题a. 在存在句中，谓语动词的单、复数形式一般取决于随后的“实义主语” (Notional Subject)的形式：实义主语为复数，动词用复数；实义主语不是复数，动词用单数。例如：There are three routes you can take.There is a note left on the desk.b. 当用作实义主语的名词词组是个并列结构时，只要第一个并列成分不是复数，谓语动词便可用单数。例如：Theres more grace and less carelessness.Theres a long springboard and three rafts at varying distances from the shore.c. Here are the letters for you. Here comes a bus.6) Chinese, English, French, Japanese 等词指语言时，用单数；指人民时，用复数。如：Chinese is a difficult language/The Chinese are kind and friendly.7) the + adj./-ed 形式作主语如果表示一类人，谓语动词用复数，如表示抽象概念是谓语动词用单数。如：The young are full of vigor.The beautiful attracts more attention than the good. (善) The true = truth (真) the false= falsehood (伪)8）表示时间、金钱、距离、体积、小数、机构名称、书及其他作品的名称作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。II. 限定词的用法 1.限定词包括a. 定冠词、不定冠词、零冠词b. 物主限定词：my, your, his, her, our, your, their, ones, itsc. 名词属格：Johns， my friendsd. 指示限定词: this, that, these, those, suche. 关系限定词：whose, whichf. 疑问限定词：what, which, whoseg. 不定限定词：no, some, any, each, every, enough, either, neither, all, both, half, several, many, much, (a) few, (a) little, other, another h.基数词 和 序数词 i.倍数词和分数词j.量词：a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great/good deal of, a large/small amount/quantity of, a great/large/good number of 等2. 限定词与三类名词（单数名词、复数名词、不可数名词）的搭配关系a) 只能与单数名词搭配的限定词：a (n), one, another, each, every, either, neither, many, such a 等b) 只能与复数名词搭配的限定词：both, two, three, another two/three, many, (a) few, several, these, those, a (great) number of 等c) 只能与不可数名词搭配的限定词：a (little) bit of, a large amount of, a great deal of, (a) little, much, less, (the) least 等d) 能与复数名词和不可数名词搭配的限定词：a lot of, lots of, plenty of, enough, more, most, such, other， less, (the) least 等3. 限定词与限定词的搭配关系中位限定词包括：a(n), the, zero; this, that, these those; my, your等；Marys, my friends; some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough; what(ever), which(ever), whose 等前位限定词包括：all, both, half; double, twice, three times 等； one-third, two-fifths等； what, such (a/an) 等后位限定词包括：one, two, three等; first, second, third等 next, last, other, another 等; many, much, (a) few, (a) little, fewer, (the) fewest, less, (the) least, more, most; several, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, a great/large/good number of, a great/good deal of, a large/small amount of; such 等如果一个名词词组带用上述三类限定词，其搭配关系总是按照“前位中位后位”的顺序排列。注：中位限定词之间和前位限定词之间是互相排斥的，即一个名词中心词之前不可并用两个中位限定词或两个前位限定词。但后位限定词的使用却不受此限。4 若干限定词用法比较1) many, much, a lot of, lots of, plenty of 等a. many 和a good/great many之后需跟复数名词； much 和a large amount of 之后需跟不可数名词。b. many, much, a great many 等既可用作限定词，也可用作不定代词。Have you done all these exercises?-No, I havent done very many.Have you done much work today?-No, I havent done much.Has she read any English novels in the original?-Yes, a great many.Has he spent much money on the house?-Oh, a large amount.c. many, much 可以带有how/too/so/asas 等修饰语。例如：I have (far) too many books on the shelf. He took as many boxes with him that he had to call a taxi.2) (a) few , (a) littlea. a few, a little 表示“少量”，带有肯定含义b. few/little 若不与a 连用则表示否定意义，相当于not many/much, not enough.c. 要注意quite a few, a good few, not a few 不表示“少”，而表示“相当多”的含义，相当于a fair number (of)d. few 和 fewer 这两个词不能与表示量的大小的“数词”连用，也不能与number 连用。如：less (不用fewer) than six weeks.The number of people was less (不用fewer) than usual.3)some, anya. some 用于肯定句， 而any 用于否定句b. 当说话人期待肯定回答时，some 也可用于疑问句c. 当购物时向售货员提问或者主人向客人表示款待时，也可在疑问句中用some.d. 当 some 与单数可数名词搭配时，some 相当于a certain （某一）的含义；而 any 与单数可数名词搭配, 则相当于 every （任何一个）的含义。 如：Some boy has broken window.Any child could answer that question.4) all , both, every, each, either, neither, anya. 这一类词， 除 every 只能做限定词外, 都是既可做限定词，也可做不定代词。b. 表示全体，可用 all 和 both, 但 all 表示三个或三个以上人或物的全体，而both 则表示两个人或物的全体。c. 如果要表示“全体都不”的意思， 当“全体“为三个或更多的人或物时，通常用none. No one 只能指人， 不能指物。d. 表示全体中的“每个”，如果这个“全体”包含三个或更多的人或物，通常用every. 如果这个“全体”包含两个或两个以上的人或物，便可以用each.e. every 与 each 的区别还在于every 指许多人或物中的“每个”侧重在全体，近乎all 的含义。而 each 则治学多人或物中的“各个”，侧重在个别。f. 表示全体中的“任何一个”，当“全体”包含三个或三个以上，要表示其中任何一个需用any. 当“全体”之包含两个时，要表示其中任何一个需用either. 但在 on either side, on either end 等固定词组中有时可以兼指两个。例如：There are warehouses on either side of the river. (= on both sides of the river)He got off the train with a bundle on either arm.There are stairways at either end of the corridor.4.习惯用定冠词的词组at the hands of (从那里，由于的作用)， by the way, for the time being, in the case of (至于), in the distance, in the east of , in the end, in the front of, in the possession of (为所有), in the shade （逊色），on the way (来到，接近，在进行中)，on the job (忙碌着), on the part of， on the right/left, on the shoulder, on the spot (当场)，on the whole （总的来说），(the) day before yesterday, the other day, under/in the circumstances, to be in the habit of, to bring down the house (博得满场喝彩), to follow the plough (务农)，to get/gain the upper hand of, to go by the board (被丢弃)，to take the fancy of (引起的注意), to tell the truth， to trun/tip the scale(s) （起决定性作用）5. 习惯用不定冠词的词组all of a sudden, a matter of course, as a rule, as a matter of fact, at a loss (不知所措)，at a discount, at a time when, (to throw) for a loss （使震惊）, in (after) a fashion (略略地)， in a walk (轻而易举地)， on a large scale, with a firm hand, with a view to, to be in a hurry, to get/fly into a temper (发怒)，to be in position to, to make the best of a bad job (尽量减少损失), to have a chance, to have a good time, to have a hand in (参与), to have a mind to, to have a say, to