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胆管癌诊治的最新进展王草叶赵翰林【提要】胆管癌是胆道恶性肿瘤,近来全球发病率显著增加,同时肿瘤诊断技术和治疗方面研究也有新进展。临床检查新方法,如:正电子发射断层扫描(PET),内窥镜超声检查。光学结合断层扫描可提高早期的诊断率,已用于肿瘤的诊断和临床分期。对存在肝内巨大胆管肿瘤的病人,光动力学治疗是一种有效的辅助疗法。对手术不能切除肿瘤者,器官移植的长期疗效已有报道。胆管癌的分类和诊断研究对胆管癌病人的疾病评估和治疗具有重要意义。【关键词】胆道恶性肿瘤;诊断;治疗Advancement in diagnosis and treatment of cholangiocarcinoma WANG Cmo-ye,ZHAO HanlinDepartment of General Surgery,the First Ailiated Hospital。Nanjing Medical University,Nanjing 210029,PRChinaAbstractCholangiocarcinoma is a malignancy of biliary tract and its incidence has been increasing in recent yearsall over the worldMeanwhile,there have been advances intechniques for its diagnosis and treatmentSome new methods such as PETendoscopic ultrasonography and scopic CTcan promote the diagnostic rate in the early stage and theyhave been used for diagnosis and staging Of tumorsForthose patients with large cholangiocarcinoma in the liver,photodynamic therapy is an effective neoadjuvant treatmentFor those patients with unresectable cholangiocarcinoma,organ transplantation might be employed Classification ofcholangiocarcinoma and study on its diagnosis are importantfor disease evaluation in patients with the diseaseKey words Biliary tract malignancy;Diagnosis;Treatment胆管癌难于早期诊断,早期治疗,在全球发病率占人类恶性肿瘤的2,男女比15:1 E。胆管癌发病机制尚未完全明了,缺少有效的疾病评估和治疗方法。近年来胆管癌的发病率在全球范围内呈逐年增加趋势z喝。本文就胆管癌的高危因素、临床诊断、治疗方法及疗效评估的相关进展做一综述。一、胆管癌的流行病学和分类Lazaridis等z-33认为胆管癌的高危因素主要有:胆道先天畸形、慢性胆道炎症、胆石症、寄生虫感染、药物、毒物。2005年Shaib等H研究发现在亚洲慢性乙肝、丙肝是胆管癌的高危因素。2005年130I:103760emajissn10078118201005028作者单位:210029南京医科大学第一附属医院普外科王草叶现工作单位:213003常州市第一人民医院腔镜中心Oh等5韩国学者研究示肥胖也是胆管癌的高危因素。Prawan等哺3研究发现CYPlA2的基因多态性,谷胱苷肽一转换酶121和Q2与胆管癌的发生有关,这些因素可能影响致癌毒素(如二垩英)的代谢。胆管癌解剖学分类包括:肝内、肝外、门静脉区域,其中5875发生在肝胆管分叉处,称肝门部胆管癌(hilar cholangiocarcinoma),又称Klatskim肿瘤。就形态学而言,肿瘤的生长模式包括胆管内生型、胆管外生型、浸润型、部分肿瘤生长有混合性特点,Yeh78等研究发现肝内胆管癌的形态学分类与疾病的病因和预后相关。肝门部胆管癌临床分型通常采用Bismuth-Corlette分型,然而临床上一种来源肝内胆管肝外浸润生长的肝门部胆管癌,无法用BismuthCorlette分型法概括,因此在BismuthCorlette分型基础上,将源于肝内胆管的肝门部胆管癌定为V型,即肿瘤自右肝管向肝外浸润生长者为V a型,源于左肝管的为V b型,其中以Vb型较常见9。二、胆管癌的诊断方法1血浆标记因子:Maestranzi等1阳报道,糖链抗原19-9(CAl9-9)常被作为胆管癌肿瘤标记物,但特异性不高。2005年Levy等【11研究表明CAl99仅能鉴定出晚期胆管癌,且多数病人已失去手术机会。2005年Chen等12研究表明,胆汁糖化酵素可能是诊断胆道恶性肿瘤的标记物。良性梗阻病人胆汁糖化酵素活性低于46 UL,它可用于良恶性胆道梗阻的鉴别,对恶性胆道肿瘤的敏感性是66,特异性是74。2003年Chen等13测量胆管癌、良性胆道狭窄病人胆汁中纤维连接蛋白浓度,结果胆管癌病人胆汁中平均浓度明显高于后者,以其作为胆管癌诊断指标的敏感性、特异性为50和66,而同样的样本同时测定胆汁中总胆汁酸的浓度,将纤维连接蛋白浓度总胆汁酸的浓度设为相对纤维连接蛋白浓度,以其作为胆管癌诊断指标的敏感性、特异性分别为57和79。2CT和MRI检查:螺旋CT增强扫描和MRl是胆管癌诊断的最常用的无创检查。肝外或肝门部胆管癌常表现为早期的黄疸,病灶太小,CT和MRI不易发现。MRCP(magnetic retrograde cholangiopancreatography)优于CT,且可显示胆管树形结构。薄层三维螺旋CT胆道造影(multislice threedimensionalspiral CT cholangiography,3-D CTC)比MRCP更能清晰、准确的显示胆管树形结构,诊断更准确。薄层CT扫描提高了胆管的分辨率,115 mm层厚的扫描,可获得类似组织解剖的影像改变,可进行图像三维重建。2002年Xu等口4在一项大样本回顾性研究中显示3-D CTC在肝外和肝门胆管癌的诊断上优于传统的CT和超声检查,在肝内胆管癌的诊断率上等同于ERCP(endoscopicretrograde cholangiopancreatography)。2005年Zandrino等15迸行了一项前瞻性研究,比较了36位胆道狭窄的病人,同时进行核磁共振胆道造影(magnetic resonance cholangiography,MRC)和CT胆道造影检查,CT胆道造影诊断正确率为9444(3436),其中2例误诊为胆总管结石。2004年Ahmetoglu等【16j研究显示,34位胆道梗阻性质待定的病人中,CT胆道造影诊断胆道结石的诊断率为93,胆道肿瘤诊断率为94。因此,CT胆道造影,尤其对MRI检查禁忌者而言,很可能作为胆道梗阻性质待查病人的常规检查。3正电子发射断层(positron emission tomography,PET):2005年Wakaboyash等【17研究18F-2一脱氧一肛葡萄糖正电子断层(FDpPET)扫描对胆管癌的诊断效果,结果显示其具有高度的敏感性(90)和特异性(78),有助于了解有无淋巴结和远处器官转移。2005年Reinhardt等81做了另一项研究,比较FDG-PET和CT在Klatskin肿瘤上的诊断差异,并定义肿瘤诊断的临界标准值,即机体摄取36单位造影剂即可诊断为肝门部胆管癌。4其他检查:胰胆管逆行造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)术中可以通过细胞刷获得组织标本,较放射线图像检查更能提供完善资料。Baron等1叼进行了一项前瞻性研究,常规细胞学检查的准确率为924,且与所取材料的细胞构成没有任何关系。结合应用荧光原位杂交技术和数字化图像分析技术可提高细胞学检查的准确率。Kipp等20研究显示在恶性胆道狭窄肿瘤的诊断上,荧光原位杂交技术的敏感性显著优于常规的细胞学检查(34US 15,PO01),但两者的特异性却没有明显差异(91。s 98,P=O06)。Baron等Ll一项前瞻性研究比较了数字化图像分析技术和常规细胞学检查在胆道狭窄肿瘤诊断上的差异,前者比后者的敏感性高(393口s 179,P一001),但特异性却低(773口s977,P=0003)。2005年Fukuda等21研究观察ERCP检查38例胆道恶性肿瘤病人,明确诊断22例,准确性、敏感性和特异性分别为78,58和100,行经口胆道造影时,全部38例胆道狭窄肿瘤病人均明确诊断,另外38例中的33例良性损伤也准确检测出(准确性93,敏感性100,特异性87),经口胆道造影检查因需要两人操作而限制了其广泛应用。然而,2005年Farrell等阳23研究表明,仅需一位操作者完成的十二指肠镜辅助胆道造影可使胆道结石治疗有临床应用的可行性,研究此项技术能否应用于胆管癌的诊断还在进行中。5内镜超声检查同时细针穿刺活检(endoscopic ultrasound with fineneedle aspiration,EUSFNA):EUS-FNA是胆管癌ERCP细胞学检查的替代技术。Eloubeidi等Z33进行了一项前瞻性研究,评价了EUS-FNA的诊断范围,及其对28例肿瘤病人治疗的结果。该检查对胆管癌的敏感性、特异性、阳性率和准确率分别为86,100,100和88。EUS-FNA结果改变了84病人的治疗方案。FritscherRavens等2铂进行的一项前瞻性的研究评价了对怀疑肝门部胆管癌、细胞学检查阴性、有手术切除治愈性可能的病人。EUS-FNA结果对他们治疗方案的影响,EUS-FNA的检查结果改变了27位(2744)病人原来的治疗方案。Ahmetoglu等n6一项前瞻性研究比较了在诊断胆道狭窄来源是胆道肿瘤还是胰腺肿瘤时,EUS准确性高于ERCP。ERCP引导下活检诊断的敏感性和特异性分别是36,100,ERCP引导下细胞学检查诊断的敏感性和特异性分别是46,100,EUS-FNA诊断的敏感性和特异性分别是48和100。在胆道肿瘤诊断的敏感性上EUS优于ERCP,且EUS引导的活检对胰腺肿瘤的诊断敏感性高(EUS是60,ERCP是38)。因此,从细胞学诊断上来看,怀疑胆道恶性肿瘤者首选ERCP检查,而怀疑胰腺肿瘤引起的胆道狭窄时,首选EUS检查25|。6导管内超声检查(intraductal uhrasonography,IDUS):导管内超声检查已用于胆道肿瘤的诊万方数据断和分期。判断肿瘤纵向蔓延范围,了解肝动脉、门静脉和胰腺实质受浸润的状况2引。2005年Stavropoulos等27一项前瞻性研究表明,61名胆道狭窄者,43人恶性肿瘤CT未发现阳性结果,进行IDUS,使用20 MHz的高频导丝引导探针,IDUS将ERCP的准确率从58增加到90。Domagk等28一项前瞻性研究比较在胆道狭窄引起黄疸的33位病人中,ERCP、IDUS和MRCP诊断的准确性,ERCP和MRCP区分良恶性肿瘤的百分比分别为76和58(P=0057),IDUS结合ERCP显著增加了胆道恶性狭窄的诊断率,为88(P=0004)。7光学结合断层扫描(optical coherence tomography):光学结合断层扫面具有区别良、恶性胆道狭窄的优势,可获得胆管树形结构,且对伴有原发性胆管硬化的胆管癌做出早期诊断口93引。光学结合断层扫描图像与胆管癌的组织切片图像有相关联性(图1),它分辨率高,足以检测胆道上皮组织和上皮下组织,包括胆道外周腺体、脉管系统及肝实质。因此,光学结合断层扫描技术已被证明是一项用于观察胆道的良好检查方法,即可直接“看”到胆道上皮异常和早期上皮内癌变。四、胆管癌的治疗外科手术是惟一可治愈胆管癌的办法。术者熟练的操作技术,病人对手术耐受能力是决定手术治疗方法和效果的重要因素。提倡进行术前肿瘤分期,对侵入性肿瘤行完全肝门和肝脏切除的可行性进行评估m321。1胆管癌分类、分期方法及对治疗方案的影响:尽管胆管癌分类和分期对治疗很重要,非侵入性的检查如CT,MRI,ERCP和MRCP广泛用于肿瘤分类和分期。近来,Anderson等口33评价了31位用FDG-PET进行胆管癌的分类和分期。FDpPET对巨大肿瘤的诊断敏感性是85,侵入性肿瘤敏感性是18,对肿瘤转移的敏感性是65,30的病人因FDG-PET诊断出明确的肿瘤转移而改变了原本外科治疗方案。2005年Connor等343研究显示,腹腔镜手术探查在84位肝门部胆管癌病人的肿瘤分期评估上具有很大优势,此项研究还显示,腹腔镜探查使42的病人明确了肿瘤分期从而放弃了原本腹腔镜手术治疗。2姑息疗法:大多数胆管癌已是肿瘤晚期或有严重的手术病死风险,以致不能耐受手术。对于这些病人,治疗目的是缓解症状。肿瘤未切除者其中位生存期为3个月,行姑息性胆管引流者为6个月,(ab)胆管癌的光学结合断层扫描图像I(c)胆管癌组织切片的显微镜图像,与光学结合断层扫面图像相似围1死因常为胆道感染和肝功能衰竭351。对肝门部胆管癌病人,一旦解除梗阻,肝功能会很快改善,术后近期疗效并不亚于切除者,甚至比复杂性切除者恢复更快。常用的姑息性治疗方法包括胆肠内引流术、经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术和胆道支架等。胆道支架和光动力学疗法是姑息治疗的主要方法,可延长生存期,内镜支架放置术近来被临床使用361。结合化疗的支架治疗方法很有前景意义,但目前研究很少。(1)光动力疗法(photodynamic therapy-PDT):近来有研究采用PDT治疗肝内胆管癌。Berr等371万方数据对23例丧失手术切除机会的肝门胆管癌进行PDT和胆管内支架引流,随访发现除1例出现肝转移外,所有病人均改善了胆汁淤积,部分病人偶有上腹不适、胆管炎、光毒性发生。2005年Shim等8一项前瞻性研究评价了24位晚期胆管癌病人进行经皮经肝的PDT效果。静脉注入血卟啉,2 d后经皮胆道镜进行胆管腔内的PDT,3个月后进行疗效评估,肿瘤的厚度显著降低,从(8737)mm减少到(5820)mm(P50岁、性别、原发性硬化性胆管炎的疾病背景与预后显著相关。认为肝移植对不能手术切除、有原发性硬化性胆管炎病史的早期肝门胆管癌有较好预后。五、总结胆管癌因其在全球范围内的发病率逐年增加而备受关注,许多技术可对肿瘤进行诊断、治疗及疗效评估,这些检查技术正被广泛使用,寻找胆管癌的有效治疗措施有待进一步研究。我国王炳生认为不应随便下肿瘤不可切除的结论,凡元手术禁忌证者均宜积极手术探查,一可明确诊断,二可有效地解除胆道梗阻46。同时胆管癌病人提高生存期不能仅从手术切除及化疗方案改善。刘永雄认为:努力做到及早发现、及早检查、早期诊断是全面提高治疗效果的根本出路H川。胆管癌的预防、早期诊断、基础研究、高危人群监测和治疗将是胆管癌研究的重点和热点。参考文献1Malhi H。Gores GJm modern diagnosis and therapy of el*alangioearcinorrn Aliment Pharmacol Ther。2006。23:128712962Lazaridis KNGores GJCholangiocarcinomaGastroenterology2005,128:1655-166733 Khan SA。Thomas HC,Davidson BR,et al,CholangiocareinomaLancet。2005,366:1303-13144Shaib YH,ElScrag HBDavila JA。et a1Risk factors of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States:a case-control studyGastroenterology,2005,128:620-62653 Oh SW,Yoon 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Aprospective comparative study外文期刊 2004(3)8.Fritscher-Ravens A;Broering DC EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration of suspected hilarcholangiocarcinoma in potentially operable patients with negative brush cytology外文期刊 20049.Eloubeidi MA;Chen VK;Jhala NC Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy ofsuspected cholangiocarcinoma 200410.Farrell JJ;Bounds BC;Al Shalabi S Single-operator duodenoscope assisted cholangioscopy is aneffective alternative in the management of choledocholithiasis not removed by conventionalmethods,including mechanical lithotripsy外文期刊 200511.Wiedmann M;Berr F;Schiefke I Photodynamic therapy in patients with non-resectable hilarcholangiocarcinoma:5-year follow-up of a prospective phase study外文期刊 2004(1)12.Shim CS;Cheon YK;Cha SW Prospective study of the effectiveness of percutaneous transhepaticphotodynamic therapy for advanced bile duct cancer and the role of intraductal ultrasonography inresponse assessment外文期刊 2005(5)13.Berr F;Wiedmann M;Tanapfel A Photodynamic therapy for advanced bile duct cancer;evidence forimproved palliation and exte

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