山西省山阴县高考英语阅读理解（10）(1).doc

山西省山阴县2014高考英语阅读理解（10）及答案【2014高考英语福建省莆田市教学质量检查试卷】at this special rate，youll save more than 73 off the cover price with our continuous renewal guarantee ! youll also get free access for 6 months to the readers digest digital edition for ipad or kindle fire，with your paid subscription(订阅)subscribe to readers digest today and read up!continuous renewal(续订)：your subscription will be automatically renewed at significant savings off the cover price，unless you tell us to stopyou authorize us to charge your credit card for your renewal subscription before your current subscription expires(到期)at the low renewal rate then in effectif your credit card cant be charged for any reason we will bill you directly insteadthis service will continue each year until you tell us to stopcancel at any time at /cutomer-care and get the money back on all unmailed issuesoffer is good in u.s. onlyone-year cover price is $47.78each 1-year subscription includes 12 issuesplease allow4-6 weeks for delivery of your 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readers digest digital edition bto offer customer service to readers cto introduce subscription to readers digest dto recommend continuous renewal subscription【参考答案】6467、dcad passage thirty-four (the relationship between brain process with mental experience) by 1950, the results of attempts to relate brain processes to mental experience appeared rather discouraging. such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience. near the turn of the century, it had been suggested by hering that different modes of sensation, such as pain, taste and color, might be correlated with the discharge of specific kinds of nervous energy, however, subsequently developed methods of recording and analyzing nerve potentials failed to reveal any such qualitative diversity. it was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits. although qualitative variance among nerve rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency” throughout the nervous system. according to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but, rather, the different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidence for this view. in one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of the cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditory sensation from the auditory cortex, and so on. other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as for as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.however, cortical as diverse as those of red, black, green and white, or touch, cold, warmth, movement, pain, posture and pressure apparently may arise through activation of the same cortical areas. what seemed to remain was some kind of differential patterning effects in the brain excitation: it is the difference in the central distribution of impulses that counts. in short, brain theory suggested a correlation between mental experience and the activity of relatively homogenous nerve-cell units conducting essentially homogeneous impulses through homogeneous cerebral tissue. to match the multiple dimensions of mental experience psychologists could only point to a limitless variation in the spatiotemporal patterning of nerve impulses.1. up until 1950, efforts to establish that brain processes and mental experience are related would most likely have been met witha. vexation. . irritability. c. discouragement d. neutrality2. the author mentions “common currency” primarily in order to emphasize the a. lack of differentiation among nerve impulses in human beings. similarities in the views of the scientists.c. similarity of sensations of human beings.d. continuous passage of nerve impulses through the nervous system.3. which of the following theories is reinforced by the depiction of the experiment in lines 1619?a. cognitive experience manifested by sensory nerve impulses are influenced by the area of the brain stimulated. qualitative diversity in nerve potentials can now be studied more accurately.c. sensory stimuli are heterogeneous and are greatly influenced by the nerve sensors they produce.d. differentiation in neural modalities influences the length of nerve transmissions.4. it can be inferred from the passage that which of the following exhibit the least qualitative variation?a. nerve cells. . nerve impulses.c. cortical areas. c. spatial patterns of nerve impulses.vocabulary1. mental experiences 精神感受2. discharge 释放3. negligible 微小的，可以忽略不计的4. manifold 多种多样的，多方面5. neuron 神经元/细胞6. neural （中枢）神经的（系统）7. qualitative diversity 质的多样性，量变的8. disprove 反驳，反证9. homogeneous 相似的10. sensory nerve 感觉神经11. cortical 外皮的，皮质的12. cerebral cortex 大脑皮层13. locus 地点，区域14. psychoneural 精神神经15. heterogeneous 异源的，异种的，异体的16. spatiotenporal 时空的难句译注1. such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.结构分析 句型为suchas 可as 具有关系代词作用，此处作从句中had been demonstrated 的主语。参考译文 神经细胞中所显示的诸如在尺寸，形状，化学，神经脉冲中传导速度，激发界限等方面的那种变化差异对多方面的精神感受可能有联系来说仍然意义不大。2. it was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.参考译文 有可能用其他办法来显示神经类型之间细微的结构差异。可是，缺乏证据证实脉冲的或者其脉冲传导的质量受这些差别的影响。相反，这种质量看起来它却影响了中枢神经循环的进展模式。3. in one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of the cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditory sensation from the auditory cortex, and so on.结构分析 主从句。后面跟解释性同位语：that is 。参考译文 在一个实验中，当电刺激作用于有意识的人体大脑皮层的某个感觉部位，它对这个特定部位产生一种恰如其分的感觉道，也就是说，视觉来自视觉皮层，听觉来自听皮层，以此类推。4. other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as for as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.参考译文 其他实验揭示了神经细胞在尺寸，数目，排列和相互联结上的细微变化。可是，就精神神经相互关系而论，这些感觉部位相互之间明显的相似性似乎比任何细微差异更为明显多。5. in short, brain theory suggested a correlation between mental experience and the activity of relatively homogenous nerve-cell units conducting essentially homogeneous impulses through homogeneous cerebral tissue.参考译文 总之，大脑理论说明精神感觉和相对相似的神经细胞单位的活动有关系。这种活动通过相似的大脑皮层组织传导的基本相似的脉冲。写作方法与文章大意 文章是对“大脑神经活动和精神感受关系的探讨。”采用时空写法。先从1950年，探索两者关系的结果令人沮丧谈起。在临近本世纪转折时期，由赫林提出的不同的感觉态可能和某种神经能量有关。经过一系列理论和经验探索，最后得出大脑理论说明神经感受和相对相似的神经细胞单位活动有关的结论。这是一种通过相似的大脑结构引导相似脉冲的活动。答案祥解1. c. 令人失望。答案见文章的第一句话“到了1950年，大脑活动过程和精神感受有关系的实验结果看起来令人沮丧。”a. 令人恼火。 b. 激怒。 d. 中立。 均不对。2. a. 在人的神经脉冲中缺少变异（差别）。common currency 本义是一般通用。这里的上下问决定了它的含义“无变异脉冲（普通脉冲）”。第二段“虽然神经能量中的质变理论从没有受到严厉的驳斥，但这一学说被普遍放弃，而赞成其对立的观点；那就是：神经脉冲在质量沙锅内基本相似，并作为无变异脉冲（普通脉冲）经神经系统传送。”所以普通脉冲就是指神经脉冲无变异，在质量上基本相似。b. 科学家观点上的相似性。 c. 人类感觉相似性。 d. 神经脉冲连续不断通过神经系统。这三项和common currency 无关。3. a. 受刺激的大脑部位影响感觉神经脉冲所显示的认知感受。在第二道题译文下面“根据这一理论，不是感觉神经脉冲的质量决定它们所产生的各种有意识的感觉。而是由脉冲在大脑中释放的不同部位决定，并且有证据证明这一论点。”见难句译注3。 b. 现在对神经潜力的质量变化可以进行更精彩的研究。 c. 感官刺激是异源的，并深受它们所产生的神经感觉（感受器）的影响。 d. 神经形态上的差异影响神经传递长度。4. b. 神经脉冲。这在第2题答案a中译注（即第二段）已有明确的答复。“神经脉冲在质量上基本相似。”a. 神经细胞。见难句译注2，“有可能用其他办法来显示神经细胞类型之间细微的结构差异。” c. 外皮区域（部位）。 d. 神经脉冲空间模式。见难句译注5和本文最后一句“为了和精神感受多样性吻合，心理学家只能指明神经脉冲时空模式上的无限差异。”这说明，它不是 “least qualitative variation.”阅读理解概述（2）题型探究 探究点一细节理解题一、题型特点与命题方式所谓细节题，是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。一般包括直接理解题(在原文中可直接找到答案，常用who, what, when, where, why和how等提问)、语义转化题(需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论)、数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画题等。抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键，也是做好其他类型题的基础。这类题型的题干常为：when / where did the story happen?which of the following statements is (not) correct?which of the following statements is (not) mentioned in the passage?which is the right order of the events given in the passage?all the statements are true except该题型几乎都可以在文章中直接找到与答案有关的信息，或是其变体。所以，搜查信息在阅读中非常重要，它包括理解作者在叙述某事时使用的具体事实、数据、图表等细节信息。做这类题一般采用寻读法，即先读题，然后带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行分析对比，找出答案。二、解题思路与应试技巧 细节题是针对文中某个细节、某句话或某部分具体内容设置问题，正确答案的根据一定可以在原文中找到，即原文的改写往往成为正确选项。通常细节题的正确选项有以下特征：1对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，成为正确选项。2词性或者语态的变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，给考生制造障碍。3语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言进行简化，成为正确答案。4正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项(适用于寻找错误选项的题目)。干扰项也是以文章中的某个细节设题，若不仔细辨别，很容易把它当成正确选项。干扰项有以下特征：1将原文内容扩大或缩小。把原文中的限定词去掉或替换，使该选项看似正确，实际上却是错误选项。2把未然当已然。改变文中某句话的时态，如把将来时变成现在时，把未发生的事情当成已发生的事情。3无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论，而文中并未涉及。4偷换概念。把原来做该事的“张三”换成“李四”，所述细节确实与原文一致，一不小心就会误选。5文不对题。这类题最不容易辨别，选项中的描述与原文完全一致，确属原文中的一个细节，这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题。下面结合最新高考试题，对细节题的不同类型加以解读。1直接信息题对此类题型，考生可以首先从问题中找到关键词，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一细节。找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定最佳答案。 例1 【2011全国卷】wanted, someone for a kisswere looking for producers to join us on the sound of london kiss 100 fm.youll work on the stations music programmes.music production experience in radio is necessary, along with rich knowledge of modern dance music.please apply(申请) in writing to producer vacancies, kiss 100.who should you get in touch with if you hope to work in a radio station?aproducer vacancies, kiss 100.bmrs roglivie, palmlace limited.cthe enterprise shopping centre.dwealden district council.【解析】 a直接细节题。这则广告是招聘电台播音员的，因此a最合适。 例 【 2011北京卷】as a young girl growing up in the 1930s, i always wanted to fly a plane, but back then it was almost unheard of for a woman to do that.i got a taste of that dream in 2001, when my husband arranged for me to ride in a hot air balloon for my birthday.what happened to the author in 2001?ashe flew an airplane.bshe entered a competition.cshe went on a hot air balloon ride.dshe moved into a retirement community.【解析】 c直接细节题。根据i got a taste of that dream in 2011，when my husband arranged for me to ride in a hot air balloon for my birthday.可以选出最佳答案。 2间接信息题做这类题目时，考生需要对原文信息进行加工处理，然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴别，这是介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间的一种题型，对考生来说有一定难度。 例3【 2011北京卷】on occasion, i teach a course called history matters for a group of higher education managers. my goals for the class include a full discussion of historical themes and ideas. because i want students to thoroughly study the material and exchange their ideas with each other in the classroom，i have a ruleno laptops, ipads, phones, etc. when students were told my rule in advance of the class, some of them were not happy. some of the students in the history class were unhappy with_.athe course materialbothers misuse of technology cdiscussion topicsdthe authors class regulations【解析】 d间接细节题。根据i have a ruleno laptops, ipads，phones，etc.some of them were not happy可知答案。在这里我们需要把“rule”以及后面的some of them were not happy进行转换。 3数字计算题数字计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容，此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题可以是对年代的计算、月份的计算或比例的计算等。文章中经常会出现许多数字，它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先来理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确的答案。例4 【 2011辽宁卷】.according to the coalitions studies, of over two hundred million people living in the united states, up to three million are homelessand the number is still growing how many people are homeless in the us.according to the coalitions studies?a39% of the population.b200 million people.c