山东省高考英语二轮复习 题型技法指导专题三 阅读理解.doc

2013年高考第二轮复习英语山东版题型技法指导专题三阅读理解真题试做(2012山东高考)athe pacific island nation of nauru used to be a beautiful place.now it is an ecological disaster area.naurus heartbreaking story could have one good consequenceother countries might learn from its mistakes.for thousands of years，polynesian people lived on the remote island of nauru，far from western civilization.the first european to arrive was john fearn in 1798.he was the british captain of the hunter，a whaling ship.he called the island pleasant island.however，because it was very remote，nauru had little communication with europeans at first.then whaling ships and other traders began to visit，bringing guns and alcohol.these elements destroyed the social balance of the twelve family groups on the island.a tenyear civil war started，which reduced the population from 1400 to 900.naurus real troubles began in 1899 when a british mining company discovered phosphate(磷酸盐)on the island.in fact，it found that the island of nauru was nearly all phosphate，which is a very important fertilizer for farming.the company began mining the phosphate.a phosphate mine is not a hole in the ground；it is a strip mine.when a company stripmines，it removes the top layer of soil.then it takes away the material it wants.stripmining totally destroys the land.gradually，the lovely island of nauru started to look like the moon.in 1968，nauru became one of the richest countries in the world.every year the government received millions and millions of dollars for its phosphate.unfortunately，the leaders invested the money unwisely and lost millions of dollars.in addition，they used millions more dollars for personal expenses.soon people realized that they had a terrible problemtheir phosphate was running out.ninety percent of their island was destroyed and they had nothing.by 2000，nauru was almost financially ruined.experts say that it would take approximately $433,600,000 and more than 20 years to repair the island.this will probably never happen.56what might be the authors purpose in writing the text?ato seek help for naurus problems.bto give a warning to other countries.cto show the importance of money.dto tell a heartbreaking story of a war.57what was nauru like before the europeans came?arich and powerful.bmodern and open.cpeaceful and attractive. dgreedy and aggressive.58the ecological disaster in nauru resulted from _.asoil pollution bphosphate overminingcfarming activity dwhale hunting59which of the following was a cause of naurus financial problem?aits leaders misused the money.bit spent too much repairing the island.cits phosphate mining cost much money.dit lost millions of dollars in the civil war.60what can we learn about nauru from the last paragraph?athe ecological damage is difficult to repair.bthe leaders will take the experts words seriously.cthe island was abandoned by the nauruans.dthe phosphate mines were destroyed.bone of the greatest contributors to the first oxford english dictionary was also one of its most unusual.in 1879，oxford university in england asked prof.james murray to serve as editor for what was to be the most ambitious dictionary in the history of the english language.it would include every english word possible and would give not only the definition but also the history of the word and quotations(引文)showing how it was used.this was a huge task，so murray had to find volunteers from britain，the united states，and the british colonies to search every newspaper，magazine，and book ever written in english.hundreds of volunteers responded，including william chester minor.dr.minor was an american surgeon who had served in the civil war and was now living in england.he gave his address as “broadmoor，crowthorne，berkshire，” 50 miles from oxford.minor joined the army of volunteers sending words and quotations to murray.over the next 17 years，he became one of the staffs most valued contributors.but he was also a mystery.in spite of many invitations，he would always decline to visit oxford.so in 1897，murray finally decided to travel to crowthorne himself.when he arrived，he found minor locked in a booklined cell at the broadmoor asylum(精神病院)for the criminally insane.murray and minor became friends，sharing their love of words.minor continued contributing to the dictionary，sending in more than 10,000 submissions in 20 years.murray continued to visit minor regularly，sometimes taking walks with him around the asylum grounds.in 1910，minor left broadmoor for an asylum in his native america.murray was at the port to wave goodbye to his remarkable friend.minor died in 1920，seven years before the first edition of the oxford english dictionary was completed.the 12 volumes defined 414,825 words，and thousands of them were contributions from a very scholarly and devoted asylum patient.61according to the text，the first oxford english dictionary _.acame out before minor diedbwas edited by an american volunteercincluded the english words invented by murraydwas intended to be the most ambitious english dictionary62how did dr.minor contribute to the dictionary?ahe helped murray to find hundreds of volunteers.bhe sent newspapers，magazines and books to murray.che provided a great number of words and quotations.dhe went to england to work with murray.63why did dr.minor refuse to visit oxford?ahe was shut in an asylum.bhe lived far from oxford.che was busy writing a book.dhe disliked traveling.64prof.murray and dr.minor became friends mainly because _.athey both served in the civil warbthey had a common interest in wordscminor recovered with the help of murraydmurray went to america regularly to visit minor65which of the following best describes dr.minor?abrave and determined.bcautious and friendly.cconsiderate and optimistic.dunusual and scholarly.66what does the text mainly talk about?athe history of the english language.bthe friendship between murray and minor.cminor and the first oxford english dictionary.dbroadmoor asylum and its patients.csan francisco has its cable cars.seattle has its space needle.and，longview has its squirrel bridge.the bridge，which has attracted international attention，is now a local landmark.the nutty narrows bridge was built in 1963 by a local builder，amos peters，to give squirrels a way to cross the busy road without getting flattened by passing cars.the original bridge was built over olympia way on the west edge of the library grounds.before the bridge was built，squirrels had to avoid traffic to and from the park plaza office building where office staff put out a nutty feast for the squirrels.many times，peters and others who worked in and near park plaza witnessed squirrels being run over.one day peters found a dead squirrel with a nut still in its mouth，and that days coffee break discussion turned into squirrel safety.the group of businessmen cooked up the squirrel bridge idea and formed a committee to ask the blessing of the city council(市政会)the council approved，and councilwoman bess lariviere jokingly named the bridge“nutty narrows”after architects designed the bridge，amos peters and bill hutch started construction.they built the 60foot bridge from aluminum and lengths of fire hose(消防水带)it cost $1,000.it didnt take long before reports of squirrels using the bridge started.squirrels were even seen guiding their young and teaching them the ropes.the story was picked up by the media，and nutty narrows became known in newspapers all over the world.in 1983，after 20 years of use，peters took down the wornout bridge.repairs were made and crosspieces were replaced.the faded sign was repainted and in july 1983，hundreds of animal lovers attended the completion ceremony of the new bridge.peters died in 1984，and a tenfoot wooden squirrel sculpture was placed near the bridge in memory of its builder and his devotion to the project.67the nutty narrows bridge was built in order to _.aoffer squirrels a place to eat nutsbset up a local landmarkchelp improve trafficdprotect squirrels68what happened over the coffee break discussion?athe committee got the councils blessing.bthe squirrel bridge idea was born.ca councilwoman named the bridge.da squirrel was found dead.69what does the underlined phrase“teaching them the ropes”probably mean in the text?apassing them a rope.bdirecting them to store food for winter.cteaching them a lesson.dshowing them how to use the bridge.70which of the following is true of the squirrel bridge?ait was replaced by a longer one.bit was built from wood and metal.cit was rebuilt after years of use.dit was designed by bill hutch.71what can we learn about amos peters?ahe is remembered for his love of animals.bhe donated $1,000 to build the bridge.che was a member of the city council.dhe was awarded a medal for building the bridge.dfor those who are tired of doing the laundry，samsung has found an answer：a washing machine that can tell you when your laundry is done via a smartphone app(application)strange though it may seem“my wife already does that”was a common response among attendees viewing the device when it was introduced at the consumer electronics show(ces) this weeksamsung is just one of many appliance makers racing to install(安装)a large number of internetconnected features in machines in an effort to make them“smart.”last year，it was a refrigerator that tweeted.this year，its wifienabled laundry machines and fridges that can tell you when your groceries are going bad.the washers and dryers，available starting in the spring，connect to any smartphone through a downloadable application.the phone can then be used as a remote control，so the machines can be turned on and off while their owner is at work or on the bus.samsung says its not just something newthe app connection actually has some practical uses.“if you started to dry clothes in the morning and forgot to take them out，you can go to your phone and restart your dryer for the time when you come home，so your clothes are refreshed and ready to go，”said spokesperson amy schmidt.the company also says that with electricity rates(电价)varying depending on the time of day，more control over when the machines are used can help save money.perhaps，but what they will probably really accomplish is what all good technologies doenable laziness.rather than getting up to check on whether the laundry is done，users will instead monitor it on their phones while watching tv.72what can be inferred from the common response of the attendees at the ces?athe machine will be a big success.btheir wives like doing the laundry.cthe machine is unrelated to their life.dthis kind of technology is familiar to them.73what can we learn about the new laundry machines?athey can tell you when your clothes need washing.bthey can be controlled with a smartphone.cthey are difficult to operate.dthey are sold at a low price.74we can conclude from samsungs statements that _.athe app connection makes life easierbit is better to dry clothes in the morningcsmartphones can shorten the drying timedwe should refresh clothes back at home75what is the main idea of the last paragraph?athe laundry should be frequently checked.blazy people like using such machines.cgood technologies also cause problems.dtelevision may help do the laundry.考向分析山东近5年高考阅读理解题材、题型统计：年份篇目题型题材细节理解题推理判断题主旨大意题词义猜测题2008a生活话题(电影节报道)56,57,605958b科技动向(手机短信报警系统)62,63,64,656166c人物故事(创业经历)67,68,7069,71d环境保护(少年环保组织)72,7473,752009a人物故事(捐献遗产，邻里互助)56,57,5958,60b生活话题(虚假广告与理性消费)62,6361,64,65c社会话题(提高烟税，尽快戒烟)6769,706668d教育就业(选择经济专业，找份稳定职业)71,72,7473752010a慈善事业(糖尿病患者建立慈善机构)56,57,58,5960b环境保护(如何应对包装浪费对环境的危害)6362,64,6561c人物故事(成长经历)66,67,6968,70d科技报道(核能电池)71,73,7472,752011a人物故事(阿瑟米勒生平及代表作)56,5957,5860b人物故事(退休教师夫妇热心公益事业)61,62,63,6465c社会话题(学生贷款和大学学费上涨)66,68,69,7067d新闻报道(脑机接口技术的发明、原理和益处)71,72,73,74752012a环境保护(美丽富饶的岛国瑙鲁生态失衡)57,58,596056b人物故事(牛津英语词典编撰者不一般的人生)61,62,63,646566c动物保护(朗维尤松鼠桥的建立过程)67,68,707169d科技动向(智能手机控制的洗衣机)7372,7475合计573184分析近几年高考试题，可以发现阅读理解题呈现如下特点：1话题新颖，题材、体裁多样材料大多为时文，与社会日常生活息息相关，呈现出高度的生活化和多样化。选材真实，内容丰富，具有浓厚的时代气息，如环境保护、科技动向、人与自然等。这种关注实际生活的选材特点已呈现出明显的增强趋势。题材多样，信息丰富，包括日常生活、科普、社会、文化、政治、经济、新闻、史地、人物传记等等，体现了很好的传承性；体裁以记叙文和说明文为主，对说明文的考查呈现越来越重要的趋势。2阅读量、信息量大考查阅读能力的一个重要方面是阅读速度，较大的阅读量、信息量对考生的阅读技能是一种有效的检测方法。近几年高考试题都保持了较大的词汇量，所涉及的内容广泛而深刻，对于词汇能力的考查也继续保持了较高的要求，为考生提供了施展阅读才能的机会和开阔的思维空间。从阅读理解部分的总词汇量来看，2008年为1826个，2009年为1775个，2010年为1913个，2011年为1966个，2012年2019个；从4篇文章的词汇量来看，2008年为1134个，2009年为1205个，2010年为1221个，2011年为1201个，2012年1260个；从设题的词汇量来看，2008年为692个，2009年为570个，2010年为692个，2011年为765个，2012年759个。3语篇结构复杂阅读材料基本保留了其原有的语言风格，语篇结构也有一定难度。作者在阐述问题时都使用多种技巧和修辞方法，文章的展开不全是平铺直叙，而是间有倒叙、插叙等多种方式。行文的跳跃程度较大，陈述次序富于变化，隐含信息较多，再加上阅读材料的文化含量加大，文章的遣词造句趋于地道，因此，许多文段读起来感到“生涩”，有时读懂了文字，但不一定能够立刻领悟语篇的意思，常常要反复阅读几次才能读懂。4语言难度较大具体表现在语句的长度、措辞的灵活性、一定量的生词量以及替代和省略手法的运用上。简单句、复合句、虚拟语气、结构复杂的长句、倒装句、省略句以及插入语等语言现象随处可见，而且多种时态混用。词汇运用要求更高，活用词比比皆是，一词多义、熟词生义现象更是频繁出现。要求考生掌握的词汇量一直在增加，2012年比2011年增加了105个新词，其中大多数是与网络和考生生活相关的词汇，进一步体现出引导考生关注现实生活的命题趋势。5题型设置合理设题手法更加灵活，设题方式呈多样化的趋势。题干及选项设置科学严谨、简洁精练，信息定位具体，考点分布均匀，语言表达简洁，准确。不仅考查对文中的特定信息的理解把握，又涉及文章的主旨要义、作者的态度意图等深层理解题，更加注重考查学生的综合分析和概括能力。题型以细节理解题和推断判断题为主，主旨大意题一般每年2个左右，词义猜测题一般每年不超过1个。在20082012五年的100个题中，细节理解题占57个，推断判断题占31个，主旨大意题占8个，词义猜测题占4个。答题步骤1快速浏览，掌握大意快速浏览，抓住文章中心大意以及文章的结构。浏览时不要急于做题，而要注意抓住主要信息，迅速把握文章大意和中心思想，了解文章全貌。同时通览题目，研究题目要求及选项，弄清问题所指。有的问题是针对文章中的一句话设计的，有的是针对一段话所陈述的事实设计的，有的是针对整篇文章设计的。对所提问题做到心中有数，为下一步阅读做好针对性的准备。2细读全文，找准信息抓住文章大意、明确解题的目标后，带着问题仔细阅读文章。敏锐捕捉隐含在文中的有关信息词和信息句，推敲其中的关键词语，结合上下文把握语句的含义，排除文中不存在、片面或不合逻辑的选项，作出正确选择。做题时要本着先易后难的原则，对于比较明显的，有把握的题可立刻作出选择；对于难题，要在文章中仔细查阅，认真琢磨，找出确凿的依据，运用逻辑推理，准确选出符合要求的最佳答案。3复读检查，验证答案答案选出之后，快速阅读原文，重点放在与题目有关的词语、句子和段落上，核查答案，力求答案准确无误。尤其是感觉把握不大、选择时有些困难的题目，要对照原文与选项，看看是否一致、是否合乎情理、合乎逻辑。 技法指导历年的高考阅读理解试题，基本上可分为四类题目：细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题、词义猜测题。1细节理解题细节理解题常见的命题方式有以下几种：(1)which of the following is not included/mentioned in the passage?(2)which of the following (sentences/statements) is not true according to the passage?(3)according to the passage，all of the following are true except/but _.(4)the author mentions all of the following except _.(5)in the passage，the author states that _.(6)according to the passage，when (where，why，how，who，etc.).(7)choose the right order of the events given in the passage.(8)which of the following maps/diagrams gives the right position of.?(9)which of the drawings below gives an idea of.?如：(2012江苏高考，b)deputy agriculture secretary kathleen merrigan sees an epidemic(流行病)sweeping across americas farmland.it has little to do with the usual challenges，such as flood，rising fuel prices and cropeating insects.the countrys farmers are getting older，and there are fewer people standing in line to take their place.national agricultural census(普查)figures show that the fastestgrowing group of farmers is the part over 65.merrigan is afraid the average age will be even higher when the 2012 statistics are completed.merrigan，a former college professor，is making stops at universities across the country in hopes of encouraging more students to think about careers in agriculture.aside from trying to stop the graying of americas farmers，her work is made tougher by a recent blog posting that put agriculture at no.1 on a list of “useless”college degrees.top federal agriculture officials are talking about the posting，and it has the attention of agricultural organizations across the country.“there couldnt be anything thats more incorrect，”merrigan said.“we know that there arent enough qualified graduates to fill the jobs that are out there in american agriculture.”in addition，a growing world population that some experts predict will require 70% more food production by 2050，she said.“i truly believe were at a golden age of agriculture.global demand is at an alltime record high，and global supplies are at alltime record lows，”said matt rush，director of the texas farm bureau.“production costs are going to be valuable enough that younger people are going to have the opportunity to be involved in agriculture.”the department of agriculture has programs aimed at developing more farmers and at increasing interest in locally grown food.the national young farmers coalition has also been pushing for state and federal policy changes to make it easier for new farmers.ryan best，president of future farmers of america，has been living out of a suitcase，traveling the country and visiting with high school students about careers in agriculture.the 21yearold best hopes his messagethat this is a new time in agriculturewill motivate the next generation to turn around the statistics.“never before have we had the innovations(创新)in technology which have led to agriculture in this country being the most efficient it has ever been，”he said.“theres really a place for everybody to fit in.”59what is the new challenge to american agriculture?afewer and older farmers.bhigher fuel prices.cmore natural disasters.dlower agricultural output.剖析：a细节理解题。根据第一段第三句“the countrys farmers are getting older，and there are fewer people standing in line to take their place.”可知，对于美国的农业来说，面临的挑战是农民年龄老化和人员减少。60why is merrigan visiting universities across the country?ato draw federal agriculture officials attention.bto select qualified agriculture graduates.cto clarify a recent blog posting.dto talk more students