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CJK6256B简易数控车床的的设计【4张CAD图纸+说明书】

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CJK6256B简易数控车床的的设计

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前言

随着科学技术的不断发展,机械产品日趋精密、复杂,改型也日益频繁,对机床的性能、精度、自动化程度等提出了越来越高的要求。机械加工工艺过程自动化是实现上述要求的重要技术措施之一,不仅能够提高产品质量和生产率,降低生产成本,还能改善工人的劳动条件。为此,许多企业采用自动机床、组合机床和专用机床组成自动或半自动生产线。但是,采用这种自动、高效的设备,需要很大的初期投资以及较长的生准备周期,只有在大批量的生产条件(如汽车、拖拉机、家用电器等工业主要零件的生产),才会有显著的经济效益。

在机械制造工业中,单件、小批量生产的零件约占机械加工总量的70%~80%。科学技术的进步和机械制造产品市场竞争的日趋激烈,致使机械产品不断改型、更新换代,批量相对减少,质量要求越来越高。采用专用的自动机床加工这类零件就显得很不合理,而且调整或改装专用的“刚性”自动生产线投资大、周期长,有时从技术上甚至是不可能实现的。采用各类仿型机床,虽然可以部分地解决小批量复杂零件的精度很难达到的要求。

为了解决上述问题,满足多品种、小批量,特别是结构复杂、精度要求高的零件的自动化生产,迫切需要一种灵活的、通用的、能够适用于产品频繁变化的“柔性”自动化机床。随着计算机科学技术的发展,1952年,美国帕森斯公司(Parsons)和麻省理工学院(MIT)合作,研制成功了世界上第一台以数字计算机为基础的数字控制(numerical control,简称NC)3坐标直线插补铣床,从而使机械制造业进入了 一个新阶段。    

  因此,在毕业设计到来时,根据我们专业与企业的要求,在徐卫国老师的指导下,本人选择了数控车床的改造这一课题。通过研究,改造主要有三个部分:

(1)主轴箱

(2)电器

(3)自动刀架

此课题有本人承担,本人改造主轴箱中的主轴部件是机床重要组成部分之一。除了与普通机床一样要求具有良好的旋转精度、静刚度、抗振性、热稳定性及耐磨性外,由于数控机床在加工过程中不进行人工调整,且数控机床要求的转速更高,功率大。所以数控机床的主轴部件在上述几方面要求更高且更严格。在主轴部件的改造方面,本人采取尽可能按原机床传动路线,并选用主轴脉冲发生器来输出主轴转速,主轴转一转,主轴脉冲发生器 发出1024个脉冲。数控车床的电器也很重要,车床的自动化程度也就在此体现。

电器方面,本人参考CJK6256B简易数控车床的电器原理,该结构简单,能较好的实现对主轴电机主轴变频器,刀台电机正反转,风扇等等的控制。

自动刀架也是数控车床与普通车床的重要区别之一,它具有准确的重复定位功能,具有较高的精度。                    

目录

第一章数控机床的主传动及主轴部

1.1数控机床主传动装置……………………………………………………4-6

  1.1.1特点

  1.1.2变速方式

  1.1.3选择电动机

  1.1.4选择带轮

  1.1.5确定传动方式

1.2主轴组件设计………………………………………………………………7-9

 1.2.1主轴主件类型

 1.2.2主轴设计

 1.2.3主轴支承

 1.2.4主轴停止功能1

1.3中间轴的设计…………………………………………………………………10

1.4输入轴的设计…………………………………………………………………11

1.5主轴箱的装配…………………………………………………………………12

第二章电器…………………………………………………………………………13

第三章自动刀架……………………………………………………………………15

结论……………………………………………………………………16

参考文献……………………………………………………………………………17

附录…………………………………………………………………………………18

第一章数控机床的主传动及主轴组件

1.1数控机床主传动装置

1.1.1特点

数控机床的主传动与普通机床的相比具有以下特点:

(1)主轴传动系统转速高,功率大,能满足数控机床大功率切削和高速切削的要求,实现机床高效率工作。

(2)传动系统调速范围较大,变速迅速可靠,并能实现自动无级调速,使切削工作始终在最佳状态下进行。

(3)为实现刀具的快速或自动装卸,主轴上具有特殊的刀具安装结构。

(4)主轴部件要求有较大的刚度和较高的精度。

1.1.2变速方式

本人根据原机床结构采用双向内齿离合器来使主轴实现四级变速。

1.1.3选择电动机

选用Y160L-4 A型鼠笼转子电动机系列。功率15KW转速1460r/min.额定转矩2.2kn/m。

1.1.4选择带轮

根据电动机的输出功率、输出轴所需的转速、工作时间,选择并校核带轮,确定小带轮与大带轮的基准直径,大带轮如装配图    所示,基准直径为304mm,采用孔板式结构。此结构可以避免齿轮传动时引起的振动与噪声,传动比较准确,传动精度高、平稳、噪声小,维修保养方便,不需润滑。

采用无级变速主轴电机(直流或交流),主轴箱内齿轮变速级数很少(一般最多为四级)。主轴箱内设置齿轮变速,主要目的是重复利用电机的恒功率,输出范围一般多用于大中型机床,一部分小型机床为了获得强力切削也在应用。变速级改变通常是用液压控制齿轮滑移来实现,一般小型数控机床的主轴箱步设置齿轮变速机构其噪声与振动大大减少由于主轴功率特性在不断改进,无齿轮变速的主传动得到越来越多的应用。

液压刀架使用广泛,性能比较稳定,电机带动的刀架没有液压管路,结构简单。

1.1.5确定传动方式

传动路线如下:1.2主轴组件设计

  主轴组件由主轴、主轴支承、装在主轴上的传动件和密封件等组成。机床加工时,主轴带动工件或刀具直接参与表面成型运动,所以主轴的精度、刚度和热变形对加工质量和生产效率等有着重要的影响,而且由于数控机床在加工过程中心线的平均空间位置称为瞬时回转中心线。瞬时回转中心线相对于理想回转中心线的距离,就是主轴的回转误差。而回转不进行人为调整,这些影响就更为重要。

(1)回转精度高

回转中心线的空间位置,在理想的情况下应是固定不变的, 称为理想中心线。实际上,由于主轴组件中各种因素的影响,回转中心线的空间位置每一瞬间都是变化的,这些瞬时回转中误差的范围,就是主轴的回转精度。径向误差、角度误差和轴向误差很少单独存在,当径向误差和角度误差同时存在时,构成径向跳动,而轴向误差和角度误差同时存在时构成端面跳动。

(2)刚度大

主轴组件的刚度是指受外力作用时,主轴组件抵抗变形的能力。主轴组件的刚度越大,主轴受力后的变形越小。若主轴组件的刚度不足,在切削力及其它力的作用下,主轴将产生较大的弹性变形,不仅影响工件的加工质量,还会破坏齿轮、轴承的正常工作条件,加快其磨损,降低精度。主轴部件的刚度与主轴的结构尺寸、支承跨距、所选用的轴承类型及其配置形式、轴承间隙的调整、主轴上传动元件的位置关系等有关。

(3)抗振性强

主轴组件的抗振性是指切削加工时,主轴保持平稳运转而不发生振动的能力。若主轴组件抗振性差,工作时容易产生振动,不仅会降低加工质量,而且限制了机床生产率的提高,使就刀具的耐用度下降。

(4)温升低

主轴组件运转中的温升过高会引起两个方面的不良结果:一是主轴组件和箱体因热膨胀而变形,主轴的回转中心线和机床其它元件的相对位置发生变化,直接影响到加工精度;二是轴承等元件会因温度过高而改变已调好的间隙,破坏正常工作,严重时甚至会发生“抱轴”。数控机床为了解决温升问题,一般采用恒温主轴箱。

(5)耐磨性好

主轴组件必须有足够的耐磨性,以便能长期保持精度。主轴上易磨损的地方是刀具或工作安装部位,以及移动式主轴的工作表面。为了提高耐磨性,主轴的上述部位应该淬火硬,或氮化处理,以提高硬度,增加耐磨性。主轴轴承也需要有良好的润滑,以提高其耐磨性。

1.2.1主轴组件的类型

主轴组件按运动方式可分为五类:

(1)只有旋转运动的主轴组件。这类主轴组件结构较为简单,如车床、铣床、和磨床等主轴组件。

(2)既有旋转运动又有轴向进给运动的主轴组件。

(3)既有旋转运动又有轴向调整移动的主轴组件。如滚齿机、部分立式铣床等的主轴组件。主轴在套筒内作旋转运动,并可根据需要随主轴套筒一起作轴向调整运动。主轴组件工作时,用其中的夹紧装置将主轴套筒夹紧在主轴箱内,以提高主轴部件的刚度

(4)既有旋转运动又有径向进给运动的主轴部件。如卧式镗床的平旋盘主轴组件、组合机床的镗孔车端面头主轴组件。主轴作旋转运动时,装在主轴前端面平旋盘上的径向滑块可带动刀具作径向进给运动。

(5)主轴作旋转运动又作行星运动的主轴部件。


1.2.2主轴设计

主轴是主轴组件的重要组成部分,它的结构尺寸和形状、制造精度、材料及其热处理等。对主轴组件的工作性能都有很大的影响,其主要尺寸参数包括如下四个部分:

(1)主轴直径

(2)内孔直径

(3)悬件长度

(4)支承跨距

根据原有结构,本人采用原有主轴,改变主轴支承方案来增强主轴的强度与刚性。

1.2.3主轴支承

根据各段轴的直径,确定主轴支承。前支承用3182132型双短圆柱滚子轴承与8218推力球轴承,后支承采用3182124型双短圆柱滚子轴承,中间辅助支承为128型单列滚珠轴承。这样不仅保证主轴的回转精度,也提高了主轴刚度和抗振性。由于运转中会发热,主轴必然会膨胀,为了吸收这个热膨胀量,希望后支承能沿轴向移动,容易使轴承受损。因此从提高后支承刚性和适应主轴热膨胀的要求来说,前支承采用3182132型双短圆柱滚子轴承为好,右端用端盖顶住,左面用调整螺母来预紧。

参考文献

华东纺织工学院、哈尔滨工业大学、天津大学主编      《机床设计图册》     上海科技技术出版社       1979

范云涨、陈兆年主编                       《金属切削机床设计简明手册》

机械工业出版社           1993

许高燕主编                               《机械设计手册及课程设计》

中国地质大学出版社        2001

吕慧瑛主编                                         《机械设计基础》                                      

  上海交通大学出版社        2001

  成大宪主编                                         《机械设计手册》

  化学工业出版社            1998

  王炳实主编                                         《机床电器控制》

  机械工业出版社            1999

  彭晓南主编                               《数控技术》                                   机械工业出版社              2001

  李宏胜主编                                    《机床数控技术及应用》

内容简介:
前言随着科学技术的不断发展,机械产品日趋精密、复杂,改型也日益频繁,对机床的性能、精度、自动化程度等提出了越来越高的要求。机械加工工艺过程自动化是实现上述要求的重要技术措施之一,不仅能够提高产品质量和生产率,降低生产成本,还能改善工人的劳动条件。为此,许多企业采用自动机床、组合机床和专用机床组成自动或半自动生产线。但是,采用这种自动、高效的设备,需要很大的初期投资以及较长的生准备周期,只有在大批量的生产条件(如汽车、拖拉机、家用电器等工业主要零件的生产),才会有显著的经济效益。在机械制造工业中,单件、小批量生产的零件约占机械加工总量的70%80%。科学技术的进步和机械制造产品市场竞争的日趋激烈,致使机械产品不断改型、更新换代,批量相对减少,质量要求越来越高。采用专用的自动机床加工这类零件就显得很不合理,而且调整或改装专用的“刚性”自动生产线投资大、周期长,有时从技术上甚至是不可能实现的。采用各类仿型机床,虽然可以部分地解决小批量复杂零件的精度很难达到的要求。为了解决上述问题,满足多品种、小批量,特别是结构复杂、精度要求高的零件的自动化生产,迫切需要一种灵活的、通用的、能够适用于产品频繁变化的“柔性”自动化机床。随着计算机科学技术的发展,1952年,美国帕森斯公司(Parsons)和麻省理工学院(MIT)合作,研制成功了世界上第一台以数字计算机为基础的数字控制(numerical control,简称NC)3坐标直线插补铣床,从而使机械制造业进入了 一个新阶段。 因此,在毕业设计到来时,根据我们专业与企业的要求,在徐卫国老师的指导下,本人选择了数控车床的改造这一课题。通过研究,改造主要有三个部分:(1)主轴箱(2)电器(3)自动刀架此课题有本人承担,本人改造主轴箱中的主轴部件是机床重要组成部分之一。除了与普通机床一样要求具有良好的旋转精度、静刚度、抗振性、热稳定性及耐磨性外,由于数控机床在加工过程中不进行人工调整,且数控机床要求的转速更高,功率大。所以数控机床的主轴部件在上述几方面要求更高且更严格。在主轴部件的改造方面,本人采取尽可能按原机床传动路线,并选用主轴脉冲发生器来输出主轴转速,主轴转一转,主轴脉冲发生器 发出1024个脉冲。数控车床的电器也很重要,车床的自动化程度也就在此体现。电器方面,本人参考CJK6256B简易数控车床的电器原理,该结构简单,能较好的实现对主轴电机主轴变频器,刀台电机正反转,风扇等等的控制。自动刀架也是数控车床与普通车床的重要区别之一,它具有准确的重复定位功能,具有较高的精度。 目录第一章数控机床的主传动及主轴部件 1.1数控机床主传动装置4-6 1.1.1特点 1.1.2变速方式 1.1.3选择电动机 1.1.4选择带轮 1.1.5确定传动方式1.2主轴组件设计7-9 1.2.1主轴主件类型 1.2.2主轴设计 1.2.3主轴支承 1.2.4主轴停止功能11.3中间轴的设计101.4输入轴的设计111.5主轴箱的装配12第二章电器13-14第三章自动刀架15 结论16 参考文献17附录18第一章数控机床的主传动及主轴组件 1.1数控机床主传动装置1.1.1特点数控机床的主传动与普通机床的相比具有以下特点:(1) 主轴传动系统转速高,功率大,能满足数控机床大功率切削和高速切削的要求,实现机床高效率工作。(2) 传动系统调速范围较大,变速迅速可靠,并能实现自动无级调速,使切削工作始终在最佳状态下进行。(3) 为实现刀具的快速或自动装卸,主轴上具有特殊的刀具安装结构。(4) 主轴部件要求有较大的刚度和较高的精度。1.1.2变速方式本人根据原机床结构采用双向内齿离合器来使主轴实现四级变速。1.1.3选择电动机选用Y160L-4 A型鼠笼转子电动机系列。功率15KW转速1460r/min.额定转矩2.2kn/m。1.1.4选择带轮根据电动机的输出功率、输出轴所需的转速、工作时间,选择并校核带轮,确定小带轮与大带轮的基准直径,大带轮如装配图 所示,基准直径为304mm,采用孔板式结构。此结构可以避免齿轮传动时引起的振动与噪声,传动比较准确,传动精度高、平稳、噪声小,维修保养方便,不需润滑。采用无级变速主轴电机(直流或交流),主轴箱内齿轮变速级数很少(一般最多为四级)。主轴箱内设置齿轮变速,主要目的是重复利用电机的恒功率,输出范围一般多用于大中型机床,一部分小型机床为了获得强力切削也在应用。变速级改变通常是用液压控制齿轮滑移来实现,一般小型数控机床的主轴箱步设置齿轮变速机构其噪声与振动大大减少由于主轴功率特性在不断改进,无齿轮变速的主传动得到越来越多的应用。液压刀架使用广泛,性能比较稳定,电机带动的刀架没有液压管路,结构简单。1.1.5确定传动方式传动路线如下:离合器1拨叉向左 电动机带轮 离合器1拨叉向右 离合器2拨叉向左离合器2拨叉向右离合器2拨叉向左离合器2拨叉向右 1.2主轴组件设计 主轴组件由主轴、主轴支承、装在主轴上的传动件和密封件等组成。机床加工时,主轴带动工件或刀具直接参与表面成型运动,所以主轴的精度、刚度和热变形对加工质量和生产效率等有着重要的影响,而且由于数控机床在加工过程中心线的平均空间位置称为瞬时回转中心线。瞬时回转中心线相对于理想回转中心线的距离,就是主轴的回转误差。而回转不进行人为调整,这些影响就更为重要。(1) 回转精度高回转中心线的空间位置,在理想的情况下应是固定不变的, 称为理想中心线。实际上,由于主轴组件中各种因素的影响,回转中心线的空间位置每一瞬间都是变化的,这些瞬时回转中误差的范围,就是主轴的回转精度。径向误差、角度误差和轴向误差很少单独存在,当径向误差和角度误差同时存在时,构成径向跳动,而轴向误差和角度误差同时存在时构成端面跳动。(2) 刚度大主轴组件的刚度是指受外力作用时,主轴组件抵抗变形的能力。主轴组件的刚度越大,主轴受力后的变形越小。若主轴组件的刚度不足,在切削力及其它力的作用下,主轴将产生较大的弹性变形,不仅影响工件的加工质量,还会破坏齿轮、轴承的正常工作条件,加快其磨损,降低精度。主轴部件的刚度与主轴的结构尺寸、支承跨距、所选用的轴承类型及其配置形式、轴承间隙的调整、主轴上传动元件的位置关系等有关。(3) 抗振性强主轴组件的抗振性是指切削加工时,主轴保持平稳运转而不发生振动的能力。若主轴组件抗振性差,工作时容易产生振动,不仅会降低加工质量,而且限制了机床生产率的提高,使就刀具的耐用度下降。(4) 温升低主轴组件运转中的温升过高会引起两个方面的不良结果:一是主轴组件和箱体因热膨胀而变形,主轴的回转中心线和机床其它元件的相对位置发生变化,直接影响到加工精度;二是轴承等元件会因温度过高而改变已调好的间隙,破坏正常工作,严重时甚至会发生“抱轴”。数控机床为了解决温升问题,一般采用恒温主轴箱。(5) 耐磨性好主轴组件必须有足够的耐磨性,以便能长期保持精度。主轴上易磨损的地方是刀具或工作安装部位,以及移动式主轴的工作表面。为了提高耐磨性,主轴的上述部位应该淬火硬,或氮化处理,以提高硬度,增加耐磨性。主轴轴承也需要有良好的润滑,以提高其耐磨性。 1.2.1主轴组件的类型主轴组件按运动方式可分为五类:(1)只有旋转运动的主轴组件。这类主轴组件结构较为简单,如车床、铣床、和磨床等主轴组件。(2)既有旋转运动又有轴向进给运动的主轴组件。(3)既有旋转运动又有轴向调整移动的主轴组件。如滚齿机、部分立式铣床等的主轴组件。主轴在套筒内作旋转运动,并可根据需要随主轴套筒一起作轴向调整运动。主轴组件工作时,用其中的夹紧装置将主轴套筒夹紧在主轴箱内,以提高主轴部件的刚度。(4)既有旋转运动又有径向进给运动的主轴部件。如卧式镗床的平旋盘主轴组件、组合机床的镗孔车端面头主轴组件。主轴作旋转运动时,装在主轴前端面平旋盘上的径向滑块可带动刀具作径向进给运动。(5)主轴作旋转运动又作行星运动的主轴部件。1.2.2主轴设计主轴是主轴组件的重要组成部分,它的结构尺寸和形状、制造精度、材料及其热处理等。对主轴组件的工作性能都有很大的影响,其主要尺寸参数包括如下四个部分:(1)主轴直径(2)内孔直径(3)悬件长度(4)支承跨距根据原有结构,本人采用原有主轴,改变主轴支承方案来增强主轴的强度与刚性。1.2.3主轴支承根据各段轴的直径,确定主轴支承。前支承用3182132型双短圆柱滚子轴承与8218推力球轴承,后支承采用3182124型双短圆柱滚子轴承,中间辅助支承为128型单列滚珠轴承。这样不仅保证主轴的回转精度,也提高了主轴刚度和抗振性。由于运转中会发热,主轴必然会膨胀,为了吸收这个热膨胀量,希望后支承能沿轴向移动,容易使轴承受损。因此从提高后支承刚性和适应主轴热膨胀的要求来说,前支承采用3182132型双短圆柱滚子轴承为好,右端用端盖顶住,左面用调整螺母来预紧。 1.2.4主轴停止功能为使停车时克服旋件的惯性,采用液压摩擦制动器使主轴迅速停止,此装置结构简单,性能较好,主轴通过齿轮啮合传至主轴脉冲器。主轴原理床头箱中的双向内齿离合器和,由操纵油缸中的活塞带动拨叉和来控制它接通或放松,使主轴实现四级变速。停车时为克服旋转件的惯性,采用液压摩擦制动器使主轴迅速停止。主轴运动通过齿轮传至主轴脉冲发生器,其传动比为。主轴转一转,主轴脉冲发生器发出个脉冲。改变主电机正、反转。主轴具有三个支承:前支承为双列短圆柱滚子轴承;后支承为双列短圆柱滚子轴承;中间辅助支承为型单列滚珠轴承。这样不仅保证主轴的回转精度,也提高了主轴刚度和抗振性。. 1.3中间轴的设计 根据传动方式,中间轴与主轴通过一对斜齿轮来传动,中间轴由两段轴、共同组成,两段都装有与内齿离合器55相啮合的齿轮48、57,从而实现变速,用来使主轴迅速停止的液压摩擦制动器23就装在前一段轴22上,中间轴后端用制动器23固定,前端则用调整螺栓结构62顶住,中间轴用滚动轴承与单列圆锥滚子球轴承来支承,可用来支承较大的径向力。其中,前一个单列圆锥滚子球轴承用轴肩与调整螺栓62来固定调整,后一个则用箱壁与斜齿轮61固定,深沟球轴承58用挡圈、套筒、轴肩来固定。 1.4输入轴的设计 根据传动比与功率确定输入轴的各段结构。输入轴也又两段,分别为轴和轴,其后端与带轮28通过键31来连接并用调整螺母30来预紧,前端用端盖56顶住轴承。轴用深沟球轴承支承,两段轴也分别装有与离合器42相啮合的齿轮39和47。通过离合器42与55一起实现四级变速。齿轮53用挡圈固定。同样,深沟球轴承也用套筒与弹性挡圈固定。输入轴后端为1:15的锥度,以便拆装。1.5主轴箱装配主轴箱装配不作说明,详见装配图。 第二章 电器电器部分,数控车床的电器有两部分组成,强电部分与弱电部分。介与本人的专业水平有限,因此本人所改装的车床主要采用简易数控车床CKJ6256B的电器结构。弱电部分,由于本人能力有限,便不作详细说明,强电部分则参考上述车床的电器图讲一下电器结构,此部分由十一个部分构成:1.空气开关2.主轴变频器3.刀台电机正反转4.冷泵电机5.驱动电源6.工作灯7.VC电源8.控制电源9.主轴电机风扇10.稳压源11.润滑泵电机以上结构在图中表达的很清楚。另外电器图中的各个元件代号的名称如下:QF 空气开关FR 热继电器M1 主电机M2 刀台电机 M3 冷却电泵 M4、M5 轴流风扇FU 熔断器1RC3RC 三相灭弧器4RC8RC 单相灭弧器 KM 交流接触器R 电阻TC1 驱动电源变压器TC2 照明控制电源变压器VC 24V直流稳压源EL 工作灯KA 中间继电器SQ2SQ7 霍尔元件SQ8 安全开关SQ9、SQ11、SQ13 X、Z轴软限位SQ10、SQ12、SQ14 回零开关SB1 急停开关SQ15、SQ16 接近开关根据本人的设计任务,主要绘制了主轴电机与刀台电机的电器原理,这一部分详见原理图。第三章 自动刀架数控机床为了能在工作一次装夹中完成多种甚至所有加工工序,以减少辅助时间和减少多次安装工件所引起的误差,必须具备自动装置。一般数控机床常采用转塔头式换刀装置,如数控车床的转塔刀架、数控钻镗床的多主轴转塔头等,这种换刀装置能装6-8个刀具,由于受液压刀架使用广泛,性能比较稳定,电机带动的刀架没有液压管路,结构简单。在这里本人采用四方自动刀架,设计原则参考CK6136刀架,此刀架就是采用液压来控制,下面就根据其装配图来说明一下其工作原理。刀架的松开、转位和夹紧采用液压驱动,运动循环位:刀架抬起转位定位与夹紧活塞空程退回。活塞4上移,刀架松开,活塞齿条29移动使刀架转位,调整螺钉22和33可控制活塞齿条29的行程,实现初定位。当活塞齿条29行程结束时,触头25压开关发出讯号,液压油换向,活塞4落下,多齿盘20和21结合实现精确定位。此时齿轮7和活塞齿条29脱开,而且多齿盘20上的触头9和多齿盘上21的四个触点8中的一个接通,发出讯号判别刀架位置。接着活塞齿条29空程退回,触头25压合开关27发出讯号表示转位结束。调整顺序阀30和34的弹簧力以保证每个动作按顺序进行。刀架上装有四个快换刀夹,用刀夹上的销11和刀架上的圆柱销12定位。 刀架原理刀架的松开、转位和夹紧采用液压驱动,运动循环位:刀架抬起转位定位与夹紧活塞空程退回。活塞上移,刀架松开,活塞齿条移动使刀架转位,调整螺钉和可控制活塞齿条的行程,实现初定位。当活塞齿条行程结束时,触头压开关发出讯号,液压油换向,活塞落下,多齿盘和结合实现精确定位。此时齿轮和活塞齿条脱开,而且多齿盘上的触头和多齿轮上的四个触点中的一个接通,发出讯号判别刀架位置。接着活塞齿条空程退回,触头压合开关发出讯号表示转位结束。调整顺序阀和的弹簧力以保证每个动作按顺序进行。刀架上装有四个快换刀夹,用刀夹上的销和刀架上的圆柱销定位。结论本人通过此次毕业设计,对数控车床的结构、原理有了更伸层次的了解,特别是它的主轴箱、电器和自动刀架部分,其优点与改造前的普通车床有着明显的区别。它能更精确的进行内外圆柱面、圆锥面、圆弧面、圆柱螺纹和圆锥螺纹等加工。机床主轴的起动、停止和变速,纵向和横向进给运动的行程和速度,刀具的变换和冷却,都可以自动控制。并具有直线、锥度、直螺纹和锥螺纹等自动循环机能。在该机床中采用液压卡盘、液压尾座、快换刀夹和机床外对刀装置。该机床适合用于加工形状复杂的中小批量的零件。祢补了普通机床加工精度不高与不能较好的加工复杂零件的缺点。此次毕业设计的课题,就本人个人而言,对于我们数控专业的学生来讲有着很重要的意义,它能够让我们清楚的搞懂普通机床与数控机床之间的区别,能让我们对三年所学的专业知识有一个系统的、全面的、清楚的综合与回顾。对我们的读图能力、实践能力都有着较高的要求。不过,介于当今社会的发展水平,现代企业的日新月异,新型的产业结构对机械加工的要求是越来越高,它已不在停留在相对简单的加工上,它需要的是加工形状复杂、精度高的零件,这就需要对机床有更高的要求,它要求有很高的自动化程度,于是,市场上有了很先进的各类数控机床,但是其经济成本也令一些企业望而却步,因此许多企业都采取了把普通机床改装成数控机床。因此我们这一课题很有用,但是,随之又产生了一系列问题,改装的数控机床虽然在经济上比较合适,但其加工精度、自动化程度还是不近人意,所以本人认为此课题最好能够有所改进,本人希望从现在的普通机床的改装改进为老式数控机床的改进,把老式的数控机床的步进电机改为伺服电机,这样便能够更精确的来加工较为复杂的零件,从而达到要求。还有,本人认为在电器方面也需要有更深程度的了解,因为现代企业对机械已有了更高的要求,它需要机械与电器相结合,形成机电一体化。从而提高自动化程度,来适应现代社会的需要。总之,通过此次设计,本人对车床的认识有了很大的提高,这将对我在今后的工作过程中有着很大的帮助,这将对我的一生起很大的作用。致谢感谢江阴职业技术学院机电工程系各位老师的付出!在老师的悉心教导下,我完成了三年的大专学业,使我成为一名数控机床维修专业的毕业生。学院为我们定位为企业“班组长”。作为一名生产一线的职工必须具有一定质量的专业知识。三年中老师们所教授的基础知识为我将来进修提供了条件,老师们教授的专业知识使我在一线工作中有了很大的帮助。与此同时,本文在写作过程中,承我的指导老师徐卫国先生的悉心指教,并得到其他几位老师的关心和帮助,在此一并谨致谢忱。毕业在即,衷心祝愿各位老师身体健康、万事如意!参考文献华东纺织工学院、哈尔滨工业大学、天津大学主编 机床设计图册 上海科技技术出版社 1979范云涨、陈兆年主编 金属切削机床设计简明手册机械工业出版社 1993许高燕主编 机械设计手册及课程设计中国地质大学出版社 2001吕慧瑛主编 机械设计基础 上海交通大学出版社 2001 成大宪主编 机械设计手册 化学工业出版社 1998 王炳实主编 机床电器控制 机械工业出版社 1999 彭晓南主编 数控技术 机械工业出版社 2001 李宏胜主编 机床数控技术及应用附录主要技术参数设计部分:工件最大回转直径630毫米工件最大长度 1500毫米主轴孔径 80毫米主轴前端孔锥度 公制100号主轴转速范围(16级)32-1600转/分刀架纵进给量和螺纹的螺距范围0.01-20.47毫米刀架横向进给量范围(在直径上)0.01-20.47毫米刀架纵向与横向进给的脉冲当量0.01毫米刀架快速移动速度:纵向3.6米/分横向1.8米/分付:外文翻译 Numerical control technology development Numerical control system develop biref history and trend the first electronic computer in the world borned in 1946, this indicates the mankind has created the tool that can strengthen and replace the mental labour partly . It, and mankind those that create to strengthen tool of manual labor compare among agriculture, industrial society, the qualitative leap has arisen , has established the foundation that the mankind enters the information-intensive society . 6 years later, namely in 1952, the technology of the computer was applied to the lathe , the first numerical control lathe has emerged in U.S.A. From then on, the traditional lathe had produced the change of the quality. In nearly half a century, numerical control system go through two stage and six development of generation. The stage of numerical control (NC ) (1952-1970 years) The operation of the early computer is low in speed, influence not also big scientific caculation and data processing at that time, but cant meet the needs of real-time control of the lathe . People have to adopt the digital logical circuit to put up and become the special-purpose computer of a lathe as the numerical control system, known as the hardware and connect numerical control (HARD-WIRED NC ) , abbreviate as the numerical control (NC ). With the development of components and parts, does this stage go through y? of the sixth of the twelve Earthly Branches? First generation in 952 -Electron tube ; Second generation in 1959 -Transistor; The third generation in 1965 -Small-scale integrated circuit. The stage of numerical control of the computer (CNC ) (1970 - now) By 1970, the small-scale computer industry in common use has already appeared and produced by batch. Then transplant it over as the key part of system of numerical control, enter computer numerical control stage from now on (whether due in common use two words omit computer). By 1971, in the world for the first time two central part most of computer Company , INTEL of U.S.A. , -arithmetic unit and controller , adopt the technology intergration of the large scale integrated circuit on a chip, call it microprocessor (MICROPROCESSOR ) , can call central authorities punish Entrance (abbreviate as CPU). The microprocessor is applied the numerical control system by 1974. This because being function too strong, minicom control one lathe ability have rich (use for controlling many lathes at that time, call it team control ), have more rational economy than the adoption microprocessor. And the minicomputer dependability at that time was unsatisfactory. Early microprocessor speed and function although enough high, can solve through many processor structure. Because the microprocessor is a key part of the all-purpose computer , so still called the numerical control of the computer. By 1990, the performance of the PC (personal computer , is used to calling the computer at home ) has already developed into very high stage, can meet the demand which is regarded as the key part of the numerical control system . The numerical control system entered the stage based on PC from then on. In a word, the computer went through three generations too at numerical control stage. Namely the fourth generation in 1970 -Minicom ; The fifth generation in 1974 -The microprocessor and the sixth generation of 1990 -Because of PC (call PC-BASED abroad). The ones that were also wanted and is pointed out are, though has already renamed as the numerical control of the computer (namely CNC ) abroad, and our country is still used to being called the numerical control (NC ). So our daily numerical control that speak, has already referred to the numerical control of the computer in fact. Future development trend of numerical control 1. 3. 1 continue to open , based on PC six generation cubic meter to develop Characteristic of enriching on the basis of opening , low cost , high dependability , software and hardware resource that PC has etc., more systematic manufacturers of numerical control will go on this road . Adopt PC as front machine of it , is it deal with man-machine interface , programming , network communication ,etc. problem to come at least, undertaken the task of numerical control by the already existing system. The friendly man-machine interface that the PC has, will run through all numerical control systems. Telecommunication , will diagnose long-rangly and maintain more general. Develop to high speed and high accuracy This is meeting the need that the lathe is developed in the high-speed and high-accuracy direction. Develop toward intellectuality With the constant infiltration and development in the field of computer of artificial intelligence, the intelligent degree of the numerical control system will be improved constantly. 1)Use the adaptive control technology Numerical control system can of the detection procedure some important information, and adjust the relevant parameters of the system automatically, achieve the goal of improving systematic operation state. 2)Introduced to the expert system and guided and processedExperienced operator and experience of expert, universal law and special law of processing deposit system, regard parameter database of the craft as support, set up the expert system with artificial intelligence. 3)Introduce the trouble and diagnose the expert system (4)Intelligent digital servo drive Can through discern load automatically , adjust parameter automatically, is it urge system win the best operation to make. Second, necessity 2 of lathe numerical control transformation. 1, Watch the necessity transformed a little Looking from microcosmic, the numerical control lathe has the following and outstanding superiority more than the traditional lathe , and superiority the come from numerical control might of computer system include. 2. 1. 1 can process such complicated parts as the curve coming out in traditional machine tooling , curved surface ,etc. Because computer have superb operation ability, can instantaneous to calculate out each coordinate axis instantaneous amount of exercise that should move accurate, so can compound into the complicated curve or curved surface . 2. 1. 2 can realize automation that process, and flexible automation, thus efficiency raise than the traditional lathe by 3-7 times. Because the computer has memory and stores ability, can remember and store the procedure input , then carry out automatically according to the order that the procedure stipulates , thus realize automation. So long as numerical control lathe changes a procedure , can realize the automation that another work piece is processed , thus make single piece and produce automation of must using in small batches, so known as realizing flexible automation . 2. 1. 3 The precision of 3 processing parts is high, the size is dispersed degree small, it is easy to enable assembling, no longer need to repair the damaged parts of a machine and supply replacements . 2. 1. 4 concentration that can realize many processes , reduce the frequently carrying among the lathes of part. 2. 1. 5 has such many kinds of self-containment functions as autoalarm , controlling , automatic compensation automatically ,etc., therefore can realize nobody guards and processes for a long time 2. 1. 6 is by the above five spin-off advantages. For instance: Have reduce workers labour intensity, has saved the workforce (a person can guard many lathes ), reduce frocks, shorten trial production of new products cycle and production cycle , can make fast reaction ,etc. to market demand . The above superiority could not be imagined by forefathers , was an extremely great break-through. In addition, the numerical control of the lathe pursues FMC Foundation in such enterprises information-based transformations as (flexible manufacturing unit ) , FMS (flexible manufacturing system ) and CIMS (CIMS ) ,etc. Numerical control technology has already become key technology of automation of manufacturing industry and basic technology. 2. 2, See the necessity transformed in macroscopic Look from macroscopic, the army of the industrially developed country, the peoples mechanical industry, by the end of the 70 s, already begin to use the numerical control lathe on a large scale at the beginning of the eighties. Its essence is, adopt the information technology to carry on technological transformation to the traditional industry (including the army , the peoples mechanical industry ). Except that adopt the numerical control lathe in the course of making, FMC, outside the FMS , pursue CAD , CAE , CAM , fictitious to make and pursue MIS (the management information system ) , CIMS ,etc. in production management in product development also. And increase the information technology , including the content in artificial intelligence ,etc. in the products that its produce. Adopt information technology carry on the deep transformation to foreign countries army , the people mechanical industry (call it the informationization), make products of them competitiveness strengthen very at international military products and market of civilian goods finally. And we are 20 years for about backwardness than developed country in traditional industry of technological transformation of information. In the owning amount of lathe of our country, there is only 1 by 1995 in the proportion (numerical control rate ) of the numerical control lathe . 9%, and Japan had already been up to 20 in 1994. 8%, so a large number of electronic products are imported every year. This states the necessity of numerical control transformation of the lathe from macroscopic too. Third, the markets of the lathe and production line numerical control transformation 3. 1, Market of numerical control transformation of the lathe The total amount of the lathe at present of our country is more than 3,800,000, and the total amount of numerical control lathes is 11 among them. 340,000, namely the numerical control rate of lathe of our country is less than 3%. In the past 10 years, the annual production of numerical control lathe of our country is about 0. 6-0. 80,000, annual output is about 1,800 million yuan. The annual production numerical control of the lathe turns rate into 6%. To account for more than 60% of our country more than 10 years such as enlistment age such as lathe; In the lathe under 10 years, automatic / semi-automatic lathe is less than 20%, there are very fewer such automatic production lines as FMC/FMS ,etc. (the automatic and semi-automatic lathe of U.S.A. and Japan accounts for more than 60%). It is obvious most manufacturing and production of enterprise of us , is it equip hopeless great number traditional lathe to process, and more than half is the old lathe in above 10 years of enlistment age. Have quality to be poor with the equipment products come out to process variety little of low grade with high costs, thus uncompetitive on world, domestic market, influence products , market , benefit of an enterprise directly, influence the existence and development of enterprises. So must improve the numerical control rate of the lathe in a more cost-effective manner . 3. 2, The numerical control of import equipment and production line transforms the market Our country has introduced the technology , equipment and production line to carry on technological transformation from foreign countries in a lot of enterprises since reform and opening-up. According to incomplete statistics, from 10 year past 1979-1988, the whole country introduce technological transformation project have 18446 items, about 165. 800 million dollars. In these projects, most projects have played a due role for the economic construction of our country. But some introduce projects for various reasons, equipment or the production line cant run well , even paralysed, make the benefits of enterprises influenced , the serious one makes enterprises get into a difficult position . After some equipment , production line introduce from foreign countries, it is kind for some to digest and assimilate, the spare part is not complete, it is improper to safeguard, the result operates badly ; Some only pay attention to introducing the equipment , instrument , production line while introducing , ignoring software , craft , management ,etc., causing the project to be incomplete, the potentiality of the equipment cant be given play to; Some cant even start and run , have not given play to the role of should have ing ; Some products of production line sell quickly, but because equipment fault can is it produce up to standard to reach; Some cause loss because energy consumption is high , the product percent of pass is low; Some have already introduced longer time, have needed to carry on technology innovation. All sorts of reasons make some equipment not create the wealth , is consuming the wealth instead Equipment , production line that cant use these pieces of burden, one heavy stock assets very too, it is the wealth to repair. So long as find out main technological difficult point, solve key technology problem, can minimum investment vitalize the heaviest stock assets, strive for to the greatest economic benefits and social benefit. This is a great transforming the market too. Content and excellent and scarce of fourth , numerical control transformation 4. 1, Rise of the transforming industry abroad In such developed countries as U.S.A. , Japan and Germany ,etc., their lathe transformation is regarded as the new economic growth trade, full of life, the straight place is at gold age. Because the constant progress of the lathe and technology, the transformation of the lathe is an eternal subject . The industry that transforms lathe of our country, enter into the new trade relying mainly on numerical control technology from old trade too. In U.S.A. , Japan , Germany , transform with numerical control technology the lathe and production line have wide markets, have already formed the new trade transformed in the lathe and production line numerical control. In U.S.A., lathe transformation industry call lathe regeneration family property. The famous company which is engaged in the recycled family property is as follows, Bertsche project. U.S.A. get treasure Company already open and run the company in China. In Japan, lathe transformation industry call lathe refit (Retrofitting ) the family property. The famous company of the repacking industry is as follows, that engaged in Big Wei project group , hillock three mechanical company , a thousand generation Tian worker machine Company , wild rugged engineering company , Hamada engineering company , mountain this engineering company ,etc. 4. 2, Content of the numerical control transformation There are the following several points in the numerical control of the lathe and production line main content of transformation: First resume the original function , diagnose and resume to the trouble part existing in the lathe , production line ; Second NC, addend show the device at ordinary lathe, or add the numerical control system, transform into NC lathe , CNC lathe Third renovate , in order to improve the precision , efficiency and automatic degree , renovate to machinery , electric part, reassemble and process the mechanical part, resume original precision; Go on newer to his CNC system which is unsatisfied with the production demand with the newest CNC; Fourth technology innovation or technological innovation, in order to improve performance or grade, or in order to use the new craft , new technology, carry on more extensive technology innovation or technological innovation on the original foundation, the ones that improved the standard with grade were renovated by a relatively large margin. , Numerical control transformation excellent and scarce. The capital cost , delivery date are short that 1 reduces Compared with the situation that purchase the new lathe , can generally save 60%-80% of the expenses , it is low to transform the expenses. Especially the large-scale , special lathe is especially obvious. General large-scale lathe transformation, spend new lathe 1/3 to purchase expenses only, delivery date is short. But there are special circumstances, if the making and installation of high-speed main shaft , automatic switch of tray overly takes a lot of work , costly, transform cost raise 2-3 , compared with the situation that purchase the new lathe , can only save 50% investment to be about often. It is reliable that 2 mechanical performance is steady, the structure is limited Such basic parts as the lathe bed , post utilized ,etc. are all heavy and firm casting components, but not the welding component, transform lathe after performance high of high quality, can continue to use for many years as the new equipment . But receive mechanical restriction of structure originally, unsuitable to make the breakthrough transformation familiarizes with the equipment, benefits and operates maintaining While buying the new equipment , do not understand whether new equipment can meet its processing demand . It is quite different to transform , can calculate out the working ability of the lathe accurately ; In addition, has used because for many years, the operator has already understood about the characteristic of the lathe , training time is short , with instant effect in view of operation and maintaining. As soon as the lathe transformed can fully utilize the existing condition Can fully utilize the existing ground , neednt need to construct the ground again like the thing that while buying the new equipment . can adopt the newest control technology But according to the development speed of technological innovation , improve the automatic level and efficiency of the production equipment in time, improve the quality of the equipment and grade, make the old lathe into the lathe of the current level. Fifth, choice of the numerical control system Numerical control system have three kind mainly , when transforming , should choose according to the concrete conditions. 5. A one that walk into the electrical machinery and pull turns on the ring system System this servo drive to walk into electrical machinery , power walk into electrical machinery , electric liquid pulse motor ,etc. mainly. The ones that are sent by the numerical control system are entered to the order pulse, after urging the circuit to control and power amplification, is it walk into electrical machinery rotate , through vice guide screw urge and carry out the part while being vice with ball gear wheel have to make. So long as control quantity , frequency , order of pulse and set up an electric circuit order , can is it carry out displacement amount , speed and sport direction , part of sport to control. The system need actual position and speed had to examine feedback the input end, so is it hold ring system to call it, system this displacement precision is it walk into precision of angle displacement of electrical machinery to decide by mainly, gear wheel guide screw ,etc. section, transmission of component from precision, so systematic displacement relatively low in precision This system is of simple structure, debug and maintain it conveniently, it is reliable to work, with low costs, easy to repack successfully. Asynchronous motor or direct current machine pull, grating measure feedback close the numerical control system of the ring This system and difference of making ring system are: Measure by grating , reaction synchronizer ,etc. position device examine actual position feedback signal that have, compare with setting value at any time, enlarge and vary the difference of the two, drive the executive body, by moving towards the direction of dispelling the deviation for the speed definitely, until giving definitely the position and real position feedbacked Difference equal zero. Close ring enter give system at structure than turn on ring is it give system to be complicated to enter , have higher costs even, require the environmental room temperature tightly. Design and debug than hold ring to be system difficult. Can obtain than make ring is it give system high precision to enter , fast speed, drive the more powerful characteristic index . But according to the specification requirement of the products , determine whether to adopt this kind of system or not. Pay / pull by direct current servo electrical machinery, half-closed ring numerical control system that encoder feedback Half-closed ring system measure component installation spread moveable piece in the middle , is it carry out position of part to measure indirectly. It can only compensate the errors of some components within the systematic cycle , so, its precision is lower than to close the precision of the ring system, but structure and debugging of it close ring to be system simple relatively. Measure angle displacement component and speed measure component and servo electrical machinery is it consider position measure installation issue of device to need at making one whole. Present manufacturer which produce company of the numerical control system many, such as Company , Company , FANUC of Japan , , SIEMENS of Germany , foreign famous company; Such as Company , Beijing spaceflight lathe numerical control systematic group company , Central China numerical control company , Shenyang top-grade numerical control national project research center , Mount Qomolangma of China , domestic corporation. Choose numerical control lathe want various kinds of precision that up to , urge power and users demand of electrical machinery after the transformation according to numerical control mainly at the system Sixth, numerical control the main mechanical part refits the discussion of transforming A new numerical control lathe , should reach in the design: There is high quiet dynamic rigidity ; The coefficient of friction between the vice sport is small, the transmission has no interval ; The power is large; Easy to operate and maintenance. Should try ones best to reach above-mentioned demands at the time of the numerical control transformation of the lathe . Cant is it is it meet the requirement of numerical control lathe right away to link numerical control device and ordinary lathe together to think, should go on corresponding transformation make their reach certain designing requirement to main part also, purpose of transforming that could be expected. Slip the guide pair To numerical control lathe, the guide is besides should have ordinary lathes to lead the precision and craft ing, still there should the good one that is able to bear rubing , wearing and tearing characteristic , reduce the causing death area because of rubing obstruction. There should be enough rigidity at the same time, in order to reduce the impact on machining accuracy out of shape of guides, there should rational guides that are protected and lubricated. The gear wheel of the general lathe concentrates on main shaft case and gearbox mainly. In order to guarantee the precision of transmission, the precision of gear wheel used at the numerical control lathe is higher than the ordinary lathe in grade . Can is it have interval transmission to reach at structure, therefore when transforming, lathe main gear wheel must meet demand , numerical control of lathe, so as to ensure the machining accuracy of the lathe . Slip the guide screw and ball guide screw. The guide screw transmission concerns the precision of drive chain directly. Exertion of guide screw depend on precision to process piece require and pull torsion not to require mainly. Can be adopted and slipped the guide screw while expecting much by a precision of processing, but should check the wearing and tearing situation of the original guide screw , if pitch error and pitch error match the nut interval totally. General situation slip guide screw should lower than 6 , nut interval too big to change nut. Is it slip guide screw relative guide screw price relatively low ball to adopt, but difficult to meet precision high part process. Ball guide screw friction loss light , with high efficiency, transmission its efficiency above 90% very; The precision is high , longe-lived; The moment is close while starting the moment and movement, can reduce the electrical machinery and start the moment . So can meet the more high-accuracy part and process the demand . Safe protection It is necessary if safe. It cant ignore to take the corresponding measure according to the actual conditions in the transformation of the lathe. The vice ball guide screw is the accurate component , prevent the dust especially smear metal and hard sand one strictly from entering and rolling dish while working. Can add the protection cover of whole iron plate on the vertical guide screw. Heavy to tow board and slip two terminal surface that guide exposed to is it seal kind to want , prevent hard quality foreign matter , particle of form from is it slip surface damage guide to enter definitely. Make the overall development strategy which accords with the Chinas actual conditions, establish the development path in line with international standards, technology and development of industry essential to 21st century of our country numerical control. This text is in the analysis on numerical control technology and industrys development trend, carry on the domain existing problem of numerical control of our country on the foundation of research, have carried on the discussion to the technology of numerical control of our country and approach to development of the industry in the 21st century, propose regarding scientific and technical innovation as the guide, regard commercializing as the backbone , regard managing and marketting as the focal point, is it for backing , insist sustainable overall development strategy of development path to serve with technical support. On this basis , have studied the concrete technological way to develop new-type numerical control system , numerical control function part , numerical control lathe complete machine ,etc. We hope sincerely , scientific and technological circle , industrial circle and education circle of our country work in concert, get hold of the rare opportunity that the kownledge economy brings to us, meet the severe challenge brought in competition globalization, arranging ago in order to make technology and industry of numerical control of our country more competitive in the world in the 21st century, make the economy of our country continue keeping the powerful growth momentum making joint efforts to struggle。数控技术的发展1、数控系统发展简史及趋势 1946年诞生了世界上第一台电子计算机,这表明人类创造了可增强和部分代替脑力劳动的工具。它与人类在农业、工业社会中创造的那些只是增强体力劳动的工具相比,起了质的飞跃,为人类进入信息社会奠定了基础。 1.1、数控(NC)阶段 早期计算机的运算速度低,对当时的科学计算和数据处理影响还不大,但不能适应机床实时控制的要求。人们不得不采用数字逻辑电路“搭”成一台机床专用计算机作一、数控系统发展简史及趋势 1946年诞生了世界上第一台电子计算机,这表明人类创造了可增强和部分代替脑力劳动的工具。它与人类在农业、工业社会中创造的那些只是增强体力劳动的工具相比,起了质的飞跃,为人类进入信息社会奠定了基础1.1、数控(NC)阶段(19521970年)早期计算机的运算速度低,对当时的科学计算和数据处理影响还不大,但不能适应机床实时控制的要求。人们不得不采为数控系统,被称为硬件连接数控(HARD-WIRED NC),简称为数控(NC)。随着元器件的发展,这个阶段历经1952年的第一代电子管;1959年的第二代晶体管;1965年的第三代小规模集成电路。 1.2、计算机数控(CNC)阶段(1970年现在) 到1970年,通用小型计算机业已出现并成批生产。于是将它移植过来作为数控系统的核心部件,从此进入了计算机数控(CNC)阶段(把计算机前面应有的“通用”两个字省略了)。到1971年,美国INTEL公司在世界上第一次将计算机的两个最核心的部件运算器和控制器,采用大规模集成电路技术集成在一块芯片上,称之为微处理器(MICROPROCESSOR),又可称为中央处理单元(简称CPU)。 到1974年微处理器被应用于数控系统。这是因为小型计算机功能太强,控制一台机床能力有富裕(故当时曾用于控制多台机床,称之为群控),不如采用微处理器经济合理。而且当时的小型机可靠性也不理想。早期的微处理器速度和功能虽还不够高,但可以通过多处理器结构来解决。由于微处理器是通用计算机的核心部件,故仍称为计算机数控。 到了1990年,PC机(个人计算机,国内习惯称微机)的性能已发展到很高的阶段,可以满足作为数控系统核心部件的要求。数控系统从此进入了基于PC的阶段。 总之,计算机数控阶段也经历了三代。即1970年的第四代小型计算机;1974年的第五代微处理器和1990年的第六代基于PC(国外称为PC-BASED)。 还要指出的是,虽然国外早已改称为计算机数控(即CNC)了,而我国仍习惯称数控(NC)。所以我们日常讲的“数控”,实质上已是指“计算机数控”了。 1.3、数控未来发展的趋势 1.3.1继续向开放式、基于PC的第六代方向发展 基于PC所具有的开放性、低成本、高可靠性、软硬件资源丰富等特点,更多的数控系统生产厂家会走上这条道路。至少采用PC机作为它的前端机,来处理人机界面、编程、联网通信等问题,由原有的系统承担数控的任务。PC机所具有的友好的人机界面,将普及到所有的数控系统。远程通讯,远程诊断和维修将更加普遍。 1.3.2向高速化和高精度化发展 这是适应机床向高速和高精度方向发展的需要。 1.3.3向智能化方向发展 随着人工智能在计算机领域的不断渗透和发展,数控系统的智能化程度将不断提高。 (1)应用自适应控制技术 数控系统能检测过程中一些重要信息,并自动调整系统的有关参数,达到改进系统运行状态的目的。 (2)引入专家系统指导加工 将熟练工人和专家的经验,加工的一般规律和特殊规律存入系统中,以工艺参数数据库为支撑,建立具有人工智能的专家系统。 (3)引入故障诊断专家系统 (4)智能化数字伺服驱动装置 可以通过自动识别负载,而自动调整参数,使驱动系统获得最佳的运行。2、机床数控化改造的必要性 2.1、微观看改造的必要性 从微观上看,数控机床比传统机床有以下突出的优越性,而且这些优越性均来自数控系统所包含的计算机的威力。 2.1.1 可以加工出传统机床加工不出来的曲线、曲面等复杂的零件。 由于计算机有高超的运算能力,可以瞬时准确地计算出每个坐标轴瞬时应该运动的运动量,因此可以复合成复杂的曲线或曲面。 2.1.2 可以实现加工的自动化,而且是柔性自动化,从而效率可比传统机床提高37倍。 由于计算机有记忆和存储能力,可以将输入的程序记住和存储下来,然后按程序规定的顺序自动去执行,从而实现自动化。数控机床只要更换一个程序,就可实现另一工件加工的自动化,从而使单件和小批生产得以自动化,故被称为实现了“柔性自动化”。 2.1.3 加工零件的精度高,尺寸分散度小,使装配容易,不再需要“修配”。 2.1.4 可实现多工序的集中,减少零件 在机床间的频繁搬运。 2.1.5 拥有自动报警、自动监控、自动补偿等多种自律功能,因而可实现长时间无人看管加工。 2.1.6 由以上五条派生的好处。 如:降低了工人的劳动强度,节省了劳动力(一个人可以看管多台机床),减少了工装,缩短了新产品试制周期和生产周期,可对市场需求作出快速反应等等。以上这些优越性是前人想象不到的,是一个极为重大的突破。此外,机床数控化还是推行FMC(柔性制造单元)、FMS(柔性制造系统)以及CIMS(计算机集成制造系统)等企业信息化改造的基础。数控技术已经成为制造业自动化的核心技术和基础技术。 2.2、宏观看改造的必要性 从宏观上看,工业发达国家的军、民机械工业,在70年代末、80年代初已开始大规模应用数控机床。其本质是,采用信息技术对传统产业(包括军、民机械工业)进行技术改造。除在制造过程中采用数控机床、FMC、FMS外,还包括在产品开发中推行CAD、CAE、CAM、虚拟制造以及在生产管理中推行MIS(管理信息系统)、CIMS等等。以及在其生产的产品中增加信息技术,包括人工智能等的含量。由于采用信息技术对国外军、民机械工业进行深入改造(称之为信息化),最终使得他们的产品在国际军品和民品的市场上竞争力大为增强。而我们在信息技术改造传统产业方面比发达国家约落后20年。如我国机床拥有量中,数控机床的比重(数控化率)到1995年只有1.9%,而日本在1994年已达20.8%,因此每年都有大量机电产品进口。这也就从宏观上说明了机床数控化改造的必要性。 3、机床与生产线数控化改造的市场 3.1、机床数控化改造的市场 我国目前机床总量380余万台,而其中数控机床总数只有11.34万台,即我国机床数控化率不到3%。近10年来,我国数控机床年产量约为0.60.8万台,年产值约为18亿元。机床的年产量数控化率为6%。我国机床役龄10年以上的占60%以上;10年以下的机床中,自动/半自动机床不到20%,FMC/FMS等自动化生产线更屈指可数(美国和日本自动和半自动机床占60%以上)。可见我们的大多数制造行业和企
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