独立主格结构讲解资料与练习.doc

独立主格结构独立主格结构讲解资料一. 独立主格结构的基本概念在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语一致。如：Having finished the housework, Mary began watching TV. When she had finished the housework, Mary began watching TV.如果不一致的话，分词前面可以带有自己的逻辑主语(名词或代词)，构成分词的独立结构(或称为带逻辑主语的分词结构)。由一个名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上一个分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成,这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常被称为独立主格结构。 二. 独立主格结构的基本构成形式及功能独立主格结构主要起状语作用,相当于一个状语从句,多用来表示伴随情况、陪衬动作、附加说明以及表示时间、原因、条件等。1、名词或代词主格 + 分词The experiment done, the students went on to take notes in the experiment report. 实验做完了,同学们继续在实验报告上做记录。Time permitting, we can have a walk around the playground after supper. 如果时间允许,晚饭后我们可以到操场上散散步。2、名词或代词主格 + 形容词Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。 The clothes very dirty, youd better wash them quickly. 衣服很脏,你快点儿洗洗吧!3、名词或代词主格 + 不定式The last guest to arrive, our party was started. 最后一位客人到了,我们的晚会就开始了。4、名词或代词主格 + 介词短语 Our English teacher came into the classroom, papers in hand. 我们的英语老师走进了教室,手里拿着试卷。 There is a river in the valley, fresh flowers on the banks. 山谷中有一条河,河两岸长满了鲜花。5、名词或代词主格 + 副词 The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting-room. 散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。 The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。6. with的复合结构作独立主格 表示伴随情况时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构：with +名词（代词）+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。例如：He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raised.他举手着站在那儿。注意： 独立主格结构使用介词的问题： 当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。例如：A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.（hand前不能加his） A robber burst into the room, with a knife in his hand.三. 独立主格结构及分词短语作状语的异同1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是,独立主格结构转换为状语从句后,它有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致(例)。而分词短语转换为状语从句后,从句的主语与主句的主语一致(例)。 If time permits, wed better have a holiday at weekends. 转换为:Time permitting, wed better have a holiday at weekends. 如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.转换为:Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful. 从山顶上看,我们发现这个城市更美了。四. 独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2）名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词，不定式、介词等是主谓关系。3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与句子分开。悬垂分词分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致。Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time. 在城市里搜查小偷,花费了警察很长一段时间。 When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the roots. (人们)种这些花时必须小心,不要损坏了花根。 Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand. 总的说来,这条规则很容易懂。 Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man. 由他所说的来判断,他一定是一个诚实的人。独立主格结构练习I. Choose the correct answer: 1. A new technique _, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.A.working out C. worked outB. having worked out D.to have been worked out2.All things _, the planned trip will have to be called off. A. consideredB. be consideredC. consideringD. having considered3. All flights _ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.A. had been canceled B. have been canceledC. were canceled D. having been canceled4. So many directors _, the board meeting had to be put off. A. were absent B. been absentC. had been absent D. absent5. All the tasks _ ahead of time, they decided to go on holiday for a week.A. been fulfilled B. fulfilled C. were fulfilled D. had been fulfilled6. The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back.A. being tied B. having tiedC. to be tiedD. tied7.The speech _, a lively discussion started.A. being deliveredB. was deliveredC. be delivered D. having been delivered8. Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper _ it closely.A. followedB. followingC. to follow D. being following9. _, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.A. Other things being equal B. Were other things equalC. To be equal to other things D. Other things to be equal10. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _ on benches，chairs or boxes. A. having seatedB. seating C. seatedD. having been seated 11. _ the temperature falling so rapidly, we couldnt go on with the experiment.A. Since B. For C. As D. With 12. _ in the United States, St. Louis has now become the 24th largest city.A. Being the fourth biggest cityB. It was once the fourth biggest cityC. Once the fourth biggest city D. The fourth biggest city it wasII. Put the following into English:1. 条件变化了，你有必要制定一个新计划。2. 她冲出房间，怀里抱着婴儿。3. 他们是盲人，怎么可能看到大象呢？4. 因为无事可做，我们回家了。5. 没有下雨，植物都枯萎了。6. 他躺在那儿，牙紧咬，双手握拳，两眼直勾勾看着上面。答案I. 15 CADDB 610 DDBAC 1112 D CII. 1. Circumstances changed, it is necessary for you to make a new plan.2. She rushed out the room, the little baby carried in her arms. 3. They being