毕业论文07英本5郄晓曦423.doc

北京城市学院2011届毕业论文浅析影视字幕的翻译方法学生姓名： 郄晓曦 学 号： 07110323011 班 级： 07英本5 专 业： 英 语 学 部： 国际语言文化学部 指导教师： 滕 飞 2011年4月Analysis on Translation of Subtitlesof Movies and TV SeriesA Thesis Submittedto School of International Studies of Beijing City Universityin Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree of Bachelor of ArtsByQie Xiaoxi Supervisor：Teng FeiApril 24, 2011浅析影视字幕的翻译方法Analysis on Translation of Subtitlesof Movies and TV Series学生： 郄晓曦 班级： 07英本5 学号： 07110323011 学部： 国际语言文化学部 专业： 英 语 指导教师： 滕 飞 职称： 讲师 工作单位： 北京城市学院 毕业论文完成时间： 自 2010 年 9 月 至 2011 年 4 月Acknowledgements I would like to thank all those who have given me their generous helps, commitment and enthusiasm, which have been the major driving force to complete the current paper.My sincere gratitude goes first and foremost to Ms. Teng Fei, my supervisor, for her constant encouragement and guidance. She has helped me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form. Many thanks to my classmates in Beijing City University. It is the unforgetable impact of their effort that make me learns fast in my English process and help me with solving many tough problems in my campus life.Last, my thanks would go to my beloved family. Their never-ending love severs as the impetus for my learning and living over the past four years. IV摘 要 本文旨在研究影视字幕翻译，主要目的是讨论怎样能以在翻译过程中不破坏原作品文化内涵为前提，让观众最大程度地了解并欣赏到影片意义及艺术内涵，以达到文化的充分传播。本文将以德国语言功能学为基础，说明是语言功能是以达到信息传播为目的，文化是其核心，在文化传播的过程中我们应在归化和异化中怎样平衡运用这两种方法使字幕信息能够都得到最大化地传播。论文作者更倾向于异化法，保留原字幕的文化内涵并让观众一目了然，帮助观众学习外国文化，而怎样把握观众心理则是最难的一点，也是本论文的难点。通过研究观众心理作者发现心理学在翻译学中有着至关重要的作用，本文举例论述怎样通过换位思考了解观众在观赏电影时的心理，并结合异化法处理字幕。关键词：目的论；归化；异化；心理；内涵AbstractThis paper aims to study subtitle translation. The principal purpose is to discuss how to make the audience fully understand and appreciate the significance of art and the culture connotation of the film, at the premise of not destroying the original meaning to achieve full spread of the culture. Based on German language function, this paper explains that information dissemination is the purpose of language function, culture is its core and how can we balance domestication and foreignization to get subtitle information efficiently spread in the process of cultural transmission. The author tends to adopt foreignization method which can preserve the original cultural connotation and let audience understand in a short glance, help the audience learn foreign cultures. The hardest is how to grasp the audience psychology.Key Words: skopos, domestication, foreignization, translation, connotation. Table of ContentsAcknowledgements4摘 要1Abstract2I. Introduction41.1 Research Background41.2 Motivations and objectives6II. Cultural domestication and foreignization process62.1 Introduction62.2 Build efficient subtitles102.2.1 Time and space constraint102.2.2 Link up the cohesion of culture122.2.3 Partial to domestication13III. Translation psychology163.1 Psychology in subtitle translation163.2 Perspective-taking16IV. Conclusion17Notes:19Bibliography201I. Introduction1.1 Research BackgroundAs the various exchange of culture among countries grow to maturity, media translation is being paid more and more attention. Although peoples mental performance of interest in caption translation process is as long as media interpret itself, due to limited and insufficient research methods, backward technical conditions and the complexity of translation psychological activities, translation of caption has not improved so much. Occasionally, when many interpreters and interpretation theory research jobholders ever mention caption translation, they only speak tangentially and concretely, and are not willing to do a deep study.Television has become an indispensable way in international cultural communication and is also a kind of media communication and understanding between different cultural channels. Currently the worlds subtitle translators also mainly attach importance to the research of language functions and different cultural cohesion transformation. Many research paper records that film is the product of culture, it is worthy of cultural carrier.Authors research theory is based on function skopos, which is founded in Germany. That is to achieve the purpose of language function. So if we want to transmit information effectively we have to dopt this theory. Functionalist theories of translation suggest that the general translation strategies may vary for different purposes of audio-visual texts. It is evident that, although formulated as a general theory of translation, functional approaches have to be regarded as a product of genuinely Western thought, developed and applied in Western countries to Western languages by Western scholars who did not know or care much about Asia in general and China in particular, with its long and rich tradition in theoretical reflections about translation.Maybe it is just that functional approaches to translation appeal to common sense? We know that in our daily lives, all our actions are determined by the purpose we want to achieve, and why should translation be an exception? Maybe it is because translation theorists have finally started to pay more attention to the profession, where equivalence-based or source-oriented translations very often do not succeed in achieving the effects or purposes desired by the translators client. Maybe it is the attraction of something new and different from the traditional way of looking at translation that rouses the interest of scholars in this fast-developing part of the world? This last aspect would explain why many Chinese scholars seem to overemphasize the adaptive tendencies in functional approaches.To prove language function we have an important and sophiscated problem to solve. It is the processing of cultural differences. In translation research we often use cultural domestication and alienation to deal with cultural gaps and crashes. Cultural domestication and alienation are two important conceptions in cultural research. These two opposite translation methods were founded in Germany, too. One is to let the author to close to the readers view. The other is let the reader to close to the authors view. And this article will introduce the way how to balance the two way and which way will prefer to be chosen in todays translation evironment.Whether in culture communication or in thoughts communication, thought and language are the key elements. Thoughts are the most important functions of human brain and they are not only the reflection of the objective reality made by human brain, but also the cognitive competence that human possesses to get to know the objective world, while language is the instrument of which is used to express, externalize and record thoughts. So finally when we undertaking thought translation author thought psychology. And after a simple realize in translation psychology. Author find the improtance of this theory. Translation psychology research shows that in final analysis translation strategies and techniques is “when the translator put a discourse from one language into another language, and solving all the problems, the psychological thinking process he has”. So obvious, translation strategy is a psychological thinking process. And it can form different content from other technology, method concept. How to use domestication and consider the audiences view is authors main point conversion of view angle.1.2 Motivations and objectivesFirst the author wants to describe the characteristics of movie captions. Movie subtitles has their own characteristics, nowadays people conclude movie characteristics into five parts. They are listening, synthesis, popularity and no annotations. These are the fundamental elements in movie caption translation. So subtitles should compliment the tonal nature of languagethe sounds, pauses and stresses of an actors on-screen performance. Viewers can hear and see the original. They need subtitles that capture the nuances of repetition, sound combinations and the emotional impact of the original dialogue. This tonal quality is as much a part of the aural experience of a film as its visual impact. Indeed, with many actors, it is the primary concern. Subtitles must be equally concerned. So writer think translation should pay attention to how to build an effective subtitle. To asure the expression of the original meaning can be properly accepted.Translators do everything possible to replicate the original film. The actors delivery, the source language, the screenplayall must find their way into the subtitles. Viewers rely on subtitles to clarify which sounds play a role in the dialogues intent. In this way, a subtitle translates the whole meaning of an auditory expressionits literal phrasing, tonal quality and emotive relevance to the original audience. So this article are objectied to analysis the psychology angle of audience.Subtitling is an interpretive act essential to the enjoyment of the film for non-native audiences. It is a worthy endeavor that helps bridge cultural and linguistic gaps by sharing as much as possible of the original with viewers. II. Cultural domestication and foreignization process2.1 IntroductionCulture makes us human beings. It differs from one society to another, and varies in different development stages in a society. With the development of globalization, cultural studies become a new focus in the field of translation. The term “culture” can be understood in broad and narrow senses. In dictionaries, culture is defined as “customs, arts, social institutions, etc. of a particular group or people”; “innumerable items at different levels of generality: ideas, sentiments, values, objects, actions, tendencies and accumulations.”; “consists of language, ideas, beliefs, customs, taboos, codes, institutions, tools, techniques, works of art, rituals, ceremonies and other related components.”, etc. Culture is a complex concept, and language is an integral part of culture, which is a very important medium to convey culture. English scholar Susan Bassnett gives a vivid description to the relationship between language and culture. “Language, then, is the heart within the body of culture, and it is the interaction between the two that results in the continuation of life-energy”. The indivisible relationship between language and culture determines the close relationship between culture and translation. That is, translation is not just for cross-linguistic communication, but for cross-cultural communication. With the development of international communication today, translating from a cultural perspective is becoming a new trend. An ideal translation should convey both the linguistic meaning and the cultural meaning of SL into TL, so that both the SL reader and the TL reader can have the same experience. Therefore, the significance of translation is to promote cultural communication and social development. As New Mark points out, “By understanding the development of every kind of culture in other civilizations, we have also enriched the understanding of our own.” It can help the reader towards a greater awareness of the world in which we live.Language is a part of culture. Its expresion of any text directly or indirectly reflect a corresponding culture. Semantic meaning can also only be found in its corresponding culture. Culture image is a culture symbol. It has a relatively fixed unique cultural meaning, some still contain an abundant meaning and profound imagination. Once mentioning them, people will understand tacitly and easily achieve thought communication. Cultural image is concrete by physical image and connotation. Physical image is the carrier of information, an objective fact that forms image. Connotation is an extension meaning of physical image in a certain language cultural environment. The function of connotation can express abstract by using concreteness, use known and easy to know to explain unknown or difficult to know in different context. The characteristic of cultural image is virtualizing. Its function is to represent abstract in a different context with specific substance. Movie interpretation is not only a translation between two languages, but also two cultures collision, fusion and exchange. Therefore, according to the subtitle translation characteristics, subtitles should preferably combine the movie frames and sounds, and express in oral type and instantly, try to convert the cultural image, compensate for cultural blank, to make the movie connotation be easily understand by audience.Since the domestication and foreignization is a cross-cultural question, we should not break the habits of the original language and cultural connotation. Under the precondition of keeping moral tradition and national values, to achieve the goal which to transmit information properly we should let the ordinary readers understand the exotic culture and exotic amorous feelings. Chinese food menu is a typical example. Since China opened its door to the outside world and especially after its accession into WTO, there has been an ever-increasing inflow of foreigners into the country. Many of them come as tourists, students, businessmen, or diplomats, but all of them are attracted by one thing: Chinese food. However, at present, many of the translations are so problematic that foreigners are often incomprehensible and puzzling at the best, and ridiculous and misleading at the worst. As a very important part of Chinese culture, Chinese cuisine is imbued with cultural implications which, when ill-rendered, can baffle foreign diners. Thus menu translation is by no means a simple and easy thing, but is, and should be, a way of cross-cultural communication. Based on the study and analysis of domestication and foreignization from the perspective of culture, the writer draws a conclusion that foreignization should be the major strategy for Chinese translation with domestication as a supplement. In the process of English globalization, the strategy of foreignizing translation is not only faithful to the original, but also a way to protect and develop Chinese language and culture.The two strategies were first proposed by Friedrich Schleiemacher, a German famous linguist, philosopher and translator, in a lecture “On the Different Methods of Translating” in 1813, in which he said “There are only two. Either the translator leaves the author in peace, as much as possible, and moves the reader towards him; or he leaves the reader in peace, as much as possible, and moves the author towards him.” In the former strategy, translators try to keep originality of authors as much as possible, and the target language readers have to follow the source language culture. This kind of translation is author-based. With the other translation strategy, translators give up the cultural elements of SL, so that the TL readers can understand SL smoothly and easily. This kind of translation is reader-based. Based on the idea of Schleiemacher, the U.S. translator Lawrence Venuti coined the terms domestication and foreignization in his book The Translators Invisibility: A History of Translation in 1995, in which he defines domestication as “an ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to target-language cultural values, bringing the author back home”, and foreignization as “an ethnodeviant pressure on those values to register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad.”Among many scholars who favor domestication, Dr. Eugene Nida is generally considered the most influential representative who emphases the communicative function of translation. He states that “translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the SL message.” Foreignization is SL-culture-oriented translation strategy which is opposite to domestication. Lawrence Venuti is commonly regarded as a representative of foreignization. Foreignization strategy keeps the value and foreignness of the source culture in TT to promote cultural communication, so that the TL readers can feel alien experience in reading. On the other hand, to Venuti, foreignization is not only a strategy for reducing linguistic and cultural differences, but also one endowed with political connotation. He argues that “Foreignizing translation in English can be a form of resistance against ethnocentrism and racism, cultural narcissism and imperialism, in the interests of democratic geopolitical relations.”2.2 Build efficient subtitles2.2.1 Time and space constraintIf the reader can not understand what the novel language wants to describe, they can read repeatedly because that is printed on paper writing. Television viewers may have not that condition. In film the characters dialogue is recorded language, only can be read in a moment, once missed the viewers have no second chance. It will not allow people to review or consider the subtitle. If they rewind the tape, it will lose a lot of fun. So with time and space constraint the movie dialogue must be fluent and smooth and let the audience understand clearly.So in order to adopt corresponding subtitle translation strategies we should chose the short term word and common words, make the sentence more easily, refuse the complex sentences, rarely insert long composition,