三级语法讲解.doc

三级语法讲解重点语法：1. 主谓一致 2. 时态(现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、完成时进行时) 3.情态动词的完成时 4. 虚拟语气 5. 定语从句 6. 强调句 7.倒装句 8. 非谓语动词(动词不定式、动名词、分词-独立主格结构) 9. 状语从句 10、名词性从句（同位语从句）11. the morethe more 12. 倍数表示法 13. as 的转折用法主谓一致1. There be 结构中，be动词与最邻近的名词一致-就近原则e.g. There _(be) a teacher and 50 students in the classroom.There _(be) 50 students and a teacher in the classroom. 2.eitheror; neithernor; not onlybut also 连接主语,谓语动词与离它最近的名词保持一致-就近原则Either you or he is right.Neither he nor you are right. Not only you but also I am a vocational school teacher. 3. with, together with, along with, as well as(和), but, except（除以外）, besides, in addition to（除以外，还有）, rather than(而不是) ，谓语动词和最前面的主语一致-就远原则, 这些词语连接的结构是插入语，谓语动词与它无关。e.g. His parents as well as his wife _(invite) to the party yesterday. (05.12) Dr. Richard, together with his wife and three children, _(be) to arrive in Beijing this afternoon. 4. many a , more than one (不止一个) 做主语，谓语动词用单三形式Many a college student wishes (wish) to get a good result in the exam. 5两个单数名词前都有定冠词时，谓动用复数，如The A and the B; 只有一个定冠词时， 谓动用单三形式，如The A and B， 表示A and B 是同一个人，具有两个身份。e.g. The headmaster and the teacher are here.The headmaster and teacher is here. (02年6月四级真题) The owner and editor of the newspaper _ the conference.A. were attending B. were to attend C. is to attend D. are to attend 6. a number of(许多) 接名词-谓语动词用复数 the number of（的数量）接名词 -谓语动词用单数e.g. A number of students are watching TV. The number of students in our class is 54. 7. 集体名词做主语，谓语动词的数取决于它的含义，强调整体时用单数，当强调集体中的各个成员时，用复数。e.g. The family is the basic unit of our society.The family have agreed to lend Tom some money.8. 动名词，动词不定式，句子做主语，谓语动词用单数e.g. Studying English is important. 9. the+adj. 指人用复数，如the poor, the unemployed， 指物用单数e.g.The young are the hope of the world. The beautiful is loved by everyone.10. 中心词为表示时间，金钱，距离等名词时，谓语动词用单数e. g. Ten dollars is enough. Three kilometers is a long distance. 常考题型：1. Reading many books_ like talking with your best friends. A. are B. were C. is D. does2. Not only Tom but also his parents _ to attend our party. A) has invited B) have been invited C) have invited D) has been invited3. Neither Jack nor I _ how to do the thing. A) knows B) know C) known D) knowing4. In addition to John and Mary, their father _ visit you next week.A. is going to B. are going to C. shall D. are to 5. Many a boy (learn)_ to swim before he can read and write.6.The manager, as well as his advisers, _ to attend the world fair. A. are agreed B. were agreed C. have agreed D. has agreed 7. The girl, together with her parents, _ Peking twice.A) has been to B) have been to C) has gone to D) have gone to the morethe more 越就越1.（06.6）The harder I tried, _ it seemed to solve that math problem.A. the impossible B. most impossible C. the most impossible D. the more impossible2.（06.6）The more challenging the journey is, the _(happy) the young people will feel.3. There is a well-known proverb: “The more haste(急速，匆忙), the _(little) speed.”名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句(重点)1.名词性从句应用主谓格式，注意人称和时态的变化，时态和主句一致，客观真理除外e.g. Where is the bank? He asked where the bank was. He said the earth turns round the sun.2. 同位语从句一般跟在名词fact, idea, plan, suggestion, news, evidence 等后面，说明名词的具体内容，由that引导, that不可省略 (06.6) What do you think of his suggestion_ we all attend the meeting?A. which B. whether C. that D. what(05.12) We were all excited at the news _ our annual sales had more than doubled.A. which B. that C. it D. what 倍数的表示法 倍数+ as形/副 as刚好几倍倍数+ 形/副比较级than-超过几倍e.g. 1. My luggage is three times as heavy as yours.2. Last year Mike earned _ _ his brother, though his brother has a higher position. A. twice as many B. twice as many as C. twice more than D. twice as more as as 的转折用法Young as he is e.g. Young _ he is, he has proved to be an able salesman.A. that B. who C. as D. which强调句结构：it is/was+ 被强调部分(主、宾、状) + that (who/whom) +其它部分e.g. I read the newspaper in the classroom last night.(1)It was I who read the newspaper in the classroom last night.(2) It was the newspaper that I read in the classroom last night.(3) It was in the classroom that I read the newspaper last night.(4) It was last night that I read the newspaper in the classroom. 常考题型：1. It was not until yesterday evening _ the manager made his decision. A. when B. as C. that D. so2. It was because he was ill _ he didnt come to the party. A. why B. that C. so D. as 3. It was in the street _ I met him yesterday. A) which B) that C) where D) who时态、语态一. 回顾八种基本时态二. 常考时态：现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成时进行时三. 现在完成时标志性词语：ever, never, already, yet, before（以前）, recently, since, for, so far（到目前为止）, up to now（到现在为止）等四. 常考时态试题1. 主将从现在条件句和时间状语从句中，如if, unless, as soon as, when , after, until 引导的句子。e.g. I will come to see you tomorrow if I _(be) free.2. since 前面的主句用现在完成时，since引导的从句用过去时e.g. We have learned English for 8 years since we went to school. We have known each other since we were boys. 3. it is the first time -后面句子用现在完成时 It was the first time-后面用过去完成时e.g. It is the first time Ive seen you.4. it is + 形容词最高级，后面用现在完成时e.g. It is the best film Ive ever seen.5.in the past /last few years,后面用现在完成时e.g. In the past 50 years there has been a great increase in the amount of research on the brain.6. no sooner than; hardly when(刚一就) 前面用过去完成时， 后面用过去式e.g. No sooner had we come into the classroom than the bell rang.7. by到为止， 接现在时间用现在完成时，接过去时间用过去完成时，接将来时间用将来完成时，接一般现在时的句子也用将来完成时e.g.（20002.6） 1.The students will have finished their papers by the end of this month. 2. We hoped that by the end of the year we _ the job.A. had finished B. finished C. would have finished D. will finish 3. By the time he arrives in Beijing, we _ (stay) here for two days. 4. By the end of last term we had studied 4000 English words.8. 现在完成时的进行时， have/has been doing 一直在做某事I have been waiting for you all the morning. 时态练习：1. They will not start the project until the board chairman _ back from South America.A. will come B. is coming C. came D. comes2. In our country great changes _ since the new manager came.A. took place B. take place C. will have taken place D. have taken place3. For years, doctors _ millions of patients lives with the help of microscopes.A. have saved B. are saving C. will save D. were saving4. No one can deny that we (make) tremendous progress in the past twenty years.5.By the end of next month, we _(find) a good solution to the technical problem.6. Ever since I arrived here, I _ in the dormitory because it is cheaper.A. lived B. was living C. had been living D. have been living7. He _ in the company since he graduated from Andong Technical College ten years ago.A. worked B. has been working C. had worked D. was working8. By the end of this year the factory_ (produce) 20,000 cell phones. 9. Though he _ well prepared before the job interview, he failed to answer some important questions.A. will be B. would be C. has been D. had been 10. By the end of last year, nearly a million cars _(produce) in that auto factory. 11. By the time you get to Shanghai, I _ for Chongqing.A. am leaving B. will leave C. shall have left D. had left定语从句 用来修饰某个名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，连接词叫关系代词或关系副词。e.g. The girl who sits by the window is Lily. The book which I am reading is an English book. 关系代词：that ,which, who, whom, whose 关系副词：when, where, why关系代词的用法： 人、物 主语、宾语、定语that 人、物 主语、宾语which 物 主语、宾语who 人 主语whom 人 宾语whose 人、物 定语不能用that的情况：1.非限制性定语从句（用逗号与主句隔开）不能用thate.g. I have a brother, who is an engineer. Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a very beautiful city.2.关系代词前有介词，不能用that，指人只能用whom，指物只能用whichThis is the house which（that） I lived in. This is the house in which I lived . 只能用that的情况：1. 先行词是不定代词，如all, something、anything、nothing, little 、few等时，只能用thate.g. You should hand in all that you have.2. 先行词由形容词最高级或序数词修饰时，只能用thate.g. He is the first person that I love. 3. 先行词里既有人又有物时，只能用thate.g. Do you know the things and the persons that they are talking about?whose的用法:既能指人又能指物，在定语从句中做定语,表示”的”e.g. The boy whose parents are teachers is Li Ming.The building whose roof is red is our teaching building. as, which的用法：as, which指代整个句子，as放在句首，“正如，就像”， which常放句中e.g. As you know, he is a good student. They won the game, which surprised us a lot.注意固定搭配：the same as, suchas when ,where, why 的用法：when ,where, why在定语从句中分别作时间状语、地点状语或原因状语 e.g. Ill never forget the day when I joined the Party. This is the place where I once lived.比较以下句子：1. This is the place _ I once lived in.2. This is the place in _ I once lived.3. This is the place_ I once lived. He didnt know the reason why she was absent.常考题型：(1) China has thousands of islands, _ is Taiwan.A. the largest of that B. largest of whichC. the largest which D. the largest of which(2) Our department has a large collection of books, _ are in English.A. many of which B. many of them C. many ones D. their many(3) I have many friends, some of _ are from Guangdong. (4) Mr. Green, _ life was once very hard, is now successful in his business.A. of him, B. whose C. his D. by whom(08.6) I tried to get out of the business _ I found impossible to carry on. (07.6) Once more I have to leave Beijing, _ I have been living for eight years.A. that B. where C. which D. as(05.6) This book is designed for the learners_ native languages are not English.A. whose B. which C. who D. what(04.6) The hotel _ during the vacation was rather poorly managed.A. as I stayed B. where I stayed C. which I stayed D. what I stayed 情态动词的完成时： 表示对过去的判断和推测can/ could have done “过去本来能”； 否定表示“过去不可能”e.g. He cant have studied Japanese because he cant say a word. may/ might have done “过去可能”；否定表示“过去可能没”e.g. She may/might have lost her way. You know, it was her first time to get there. must have done 表示“过去一定”,用于肯定句中。e.g. The old soldier must have suffered a lot during the Second World War. neednt have done ， 只用于否定句，表示“过去没有必要”should/ ought to have done表示“ 过去本该”; 否定结构表示“过去不该做”，表责备语气.e.g. 1. Tom _ the party as no one saw him there yesterday evening.A. cant attend B. mustnt attend C. wont have attended D. couldnt have attended2. Johns score on the test is the highest in the class; he_ last night.A. should study B should have studied C. must have studied D. must have to study3. The room is in a terrible mess; it _ cleaned.A. cant have been B. shouldnt have been C. mustnt have beenD. wouldnt have been4. Nobody knows how people first came to these islands. They _ from South America on rafts.A. must have sailed B. can sail C. might have sailed D. should have sailed5. This ATM has been out of service for a few days. It should_ last week.A. fix B. be fixed C. have fixed D. have been fixed6. You _ to town to see the film yesterday. It will be on TV tonight.A. neednt go B. had better not go C. should not go D. neednt have gone7. We _ the letter yesterday, but it didnt arrive.A. must receive B. ought to receive C. must have received D. ought to have received The Subjunctive Mood (虚拟语气)1. Its (about /high) time + 句子， 表示“是的时候了”， 谓语动词用过去式.e.g.(1) Its about time we left (leave). (2) Its time you _ (tell ) me the truth. （3） Its time you _(get) up.2. would rather/ sooner 接句子 谓语动词用过去式e.g. I would rather you went home now.I would rather you painted (paint) it blue 区分would rather do than do和would rather+句子I would rather stay at home than go out.I would rather I stayed at home.3. I wish/ if only 说明现在用过去式，说明现在正在进行用过去进行时；说明过去用过去完成时或情态动词+完成时；说明将来用过去将来时。 虚拟语气be 动词过去式是weree.g. I wish I were as young as you.I wish I had passed the last exam.I wish that you would come tomorrow. I wish I were watching TV. If only I had taken your advice at that time.4. as if/ as though 似乎，好像，表虚拟时， 时态推理类似I wish/ if onlye.g. This American expert speaks Chinese very well as if he _ a Chinese. A. is B. was C. were D. has been5. if 引导的三种情况 条件句 主句与现在事实相反 过去式 （be动词用were） would/ should / could/might + 动词原形与过去事实相反 过去完成时 would/ should / could/might +have+过去分词与将来事实相反 should(were to )+动词原形 would/ should / could/might + 动词原形e.g. (1) If he were (be) here now, he would help (help) you. (2) If you had studied hard, you would/ could have passed the last exam. (3) If it should (were to) rain tomorrow, we would stay at home. 另外，without（如果没有）, but for（如果不是因为）, otherwise（否则）， 主句多用would/ should/ could/ might + have donee.g. But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier. 6. 动词suggest, advise, propose, recommend demand, desire, require, request, command, order, insist 等以及相应名词或形容词后接从句， 谓语动词用(should) +动词原形e.g. I suggest he （should） study hard. He ordered that the soldier fire. I propose a plan should be made. (make)It is desired that this rule should be obeyed by everyone working here. Our teacher required that we not watch TV except Sunday. 7. It is + 某些形容词（important, necessary, essential, strange, natural）等后接句子， 用(should) +动词原形e.g. It is necessary that you should have a rest.8. lest 或for fear that（以防） 后接句子用(should) +动词原形Take an umbrella with you for fear that it should rain. Exercises:(08.6) The young man did not have enough money; otherwise he (buy) _ a more expensive watch. (07.12) It is strongly recommended that teachers _ (use) computers to assist in their classroom teaching.(07.6) It is high time that the manager (pay)_ more attention to the services for the customers. 非谓语动词动词不定式，to do ,not to do , to be done , to be doing, to have done(1)做主语To talk with him is a pleasure. 动词不定式做主语，常用it 做形式主语It is a pleasure to talk with him. (2)做宾语能带不定式作宾语的动词有want, wish, hope, plan, attempt, decide, refuse, pretend等区分forget to do(忘记要去做某事), forget doing（忘记曾做过某事）；remember to do(记得要去做某事), remember doing（记得曾做过某事）; regret to do(感到遗憾要去做某事), regret doing（后悔曾做过某事）; mean to do (打算做), mean doing（意味着）。e.g.1. I dont regret _ her what I thought about her proposal, even if it upset her.A. tell B. to tell C. told D. telling2. I remember _ (see) you somewhere before, but I cant tell the exact place. 3. It cost her a lot of money, but she doesnt regret_ a year traveling around the world.A. to have spent B. to spend C. spent D. spending 4. In some parts of this city, missing a bus means _(wait) for another hour. (3)做宾补，能带动词不定式作宾补的动词有allow, ask, enable, persuade, expect等，但在let, make, have, feel, watch, see ,hear , notice 等后省to e.g. The doctor asked him to have a rest.He made me sit at the table.(4) 作状语so as (not) to, in order (not) to only to do结果（引出的是意想不到的或不愉快的结果）e.g. They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet. (01.6) I got to the station, only to find the train was pulling out. (5) 前面是被动语态，后面用动词不定式e.g. He is seen to come into the classroom. 2. 动名词（1）做主语Studying English is very important. (2) 作宾语词语enjoy, appreciate, imagine, finish, mind, avoid, be worth, suggest (advise) , consider，risk后接动名词作宾语；介词后动词用动名词， 如词组succeed in, feel like, how (what) about, without, look forward to, be used to（习惯于）, be accustomed to（习惯于）, object(objection) to（反对） , adjust (adapt) oneself to （使自己适应） e.g. I have no objection to going there . 3分词现在分词doing 表主动，表进行；过去分词done表被动，表完成现在分词的被动式being done （正在被 ）现在分词的完成时having done ,表示动作在谓语动词之前发生. e.g Having finished his homework, he went to bed.一个句子只有一个谓语动词，出现别的谓语动词，动词前应该有连词，比如and, but, or，没有连词一般用分词，表主动用现在分词，表被动用过去分词（1）用法 e.g. I have never heard English spoken. 类似表达have my hair cut, have the desk repaired.1. Do you see the man _(wear) a blue coat?2. I bought a TV set _(make) in China. 3. The building _ (build) now is our library. 对比：I sat under a tall tree, _(watch) the birds. I sat under a tall tree and _(watch) the birds._(see) from a hill, our school looks beautiful.(2) 独立主格结构All things _(consider), he would come tomorrow.It _(be) pretty late, we decided to leave. （3）连词加分词，表主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词，如when, as if, if, unlesse.g. He said quietly, as if _(remember) something he had tried to forget. A tiger will not be tame unless_.A. catching B. caught C. is D. is caughtIf _(keep) in the fridge, the vegetable will be fresh.表示感情的分词，现在分词表示“令人.的”,经常用来修饰物；过去分词表示“感到”，经常用来修饰人.The news is exciting. I am excited about it.Ex