阅读理解-领会作者的观点和态度.doc

阅读理解-领会作者的观点和态度考研英语每日一课（阅读理解-领会作者的观点和态度） 阅读理解-领会作者的观点和态度 一篇文章不可避免地反映了作者的观点、态度和情绪。能否正确地把握作者的观点和态度是体现考生阅读理解能力的一个重要方面。这类题目主要是考查考生能否正确理解作者的写作意图、所持的观点及阐述文章主题时的语气或对他所论述的对象的态度。 第一节 命 题 方 式 在阅读理解测试中，要求确定作者观点、态度的问题，通常有以下几种方式： 1.According to the author, . 2.In the authors opinion, . 3.The author thinks (believes, suggests, deems) that . 4.The author gives impression that . 5.How does the author feel about . 6.What is the authors opinion (idea) about ? 7.Which of the following will the author agree (disagree) with? 8.The authors attitude towards might be summarized an one of . 9.The tone of the passage can best be described as (is) . 10.What is the tone (mood) of the passage? 11.Which of the following can best describe the attitude of the author towards ? 回答这类问题，考生务必细心地注意作者在描述事实和表达观点时所使用的词汇。作者往往要用一些带有个人感情色彩或褒贬之分的词汇来表明自己的态度。本章将具体从如何正确判断作者的观点及如何判断作者所持的态度两方面加以阐述。 第二节 正确理解作者真正的观点 在一篇文章里，作者在陈述自己的观点时，有时直接了当，有时先介绍某一观点，而接着在后面却提出了相反的观点，表明自己的态度。因此，要正确判断作者的观点时，必须把上下文联系起来看，文章中所陈述的内容并非都代表了作者的观点。只有认真细心的阅读，才能从一句话、一个段落或一篇文章中找到已提到过的或暗示的各种观点。在论证作者的观点时要弄清作者说了些什么，写这篇文章有什么目的，文章中的事实是否支持作者的论点等。 常见的命题形式请见前文中所列举的17。 例1(1995年考题第1篇53、54题) Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices, thereby establish a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labor, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the cost of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would lost four times as much, the price of your television license would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more. And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twentyseven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value. Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of. There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a wellknown television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade. If its message were confined merely to informationand that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasiveadvertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the wellknown television personality wants. 53. The author deems that the wellknown TV personality is . A very precise in passing his judgment on advertising B interested in nothing but the buyers advertising C correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information D obviously partial in his views on advertising 54.In the authors opinion, . A advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information B advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over C there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer D the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement 这两题都是询问作者的观点和看法。53题询问作者认为那位著名的电视工作者怎样?该题可以从第四、第五段中找到答案。那位著名的电视工作者反对广告，理由是广告“persuades rather than informs”，而作者则认为这位著名的电视工作者“was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade”，由此来看，作者不同意那位电视工作者对广告的看法，在作者来看，广告这两方面很难严格地区别开来。仅从“excessively”一词中就能看出作者认为那位电视工作者对广告的看法具有片面性，故正确答案为D。 54题是询问作者对于广告的看法，解题思路基本同上。作者认为广告会劝诱消费者，这是毫无疑问的，“If its message were confined merely to informationand that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve,”。因此，选项C：“广告劝诱购买者无可厚非”就是作者的观点。而A项与“Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of”不符；B项与作者的观点“Of course, advertising seeks to persuade”恰好相反；D项所述内容也与原文意思不符。 例2(1992年考题第1篇35题) It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. It is all very well, again to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the drivers seat is another matter altogether. You might tolerate the odd roadhog, the rule and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the wellmannered motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a Be Kind to Other Drivers campaign, otherwise it may get completely out of hand. Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most coolheaded and goodtempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions of motoring. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgment in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions. But such acknowledgments of politeness are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays dont even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it. However, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to. It always amazes me that the highways are not covered with the dead bodies of these grannies. A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper. Unfortunately, modern motorists cant even learn to drive, let alone master the subtler aspects of roadsmanship. Years ago the experts warned us that the carownership explosion would demand a lot more giveandtake from all road users. It is high time for all of us to make this message to heart. In the writers opinion, . A strict traffic regulations are badly needed B drivers should apply road politeness properly C rude drivers should be punished D drivers should avoid traffic jams 判断作者的观点必须把上下文联系起来，特别是理解作者的写作意图。作者的观点可以从本文的主旨句“Perhaps the situation calls for a Be Kind to Other Drivers campaign, otherwise it may get completely out of hand”及第三段的主题句“However, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous”中看出来。作者认为司机们应该理解并回敬同行们向自己表示的礼貌，并且要适中。因而，正确选择是B项：司机们应恰当地表示行路礼貌。 第三节 正确推断作者的语气态度 作者在写一篇文章时，经常持有某种态度或倾向。在表露自己感情态度时，作者往往非常注意表达思想的不同方法。作者的语气和态度往往不是直接在文章中写出来，而是通过对词汇的选择或其他修辞手段(如：嘲讽、讽刺等)体现出来。运用不同含义或具有不同感情色彩的词汇，可以表明作者对某些具体事物或问题的不同态度。因此考生要特别注意琢磨文中所使用词汇的特点，可以通过对作者使用词汇(特别是动词、形容词和副词)的分析，推断作者的思想倾向和感情，弄清作者的态度是赞成，还是反对；是肯定还是否定；是中立、冷淡还是同情、厌恶等，从而把握作者的论述基调。 例1(1996年考题第3篇62题) In the last half of the nineteenth century “capital” and “labor” were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and stateowned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers. The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the worlds movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand “shareholding” meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization. The “shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each others strength and understand the value of fair negotiation. The author is most critical of . A family firm owners B landowners C managers D shareholders 本题询问作者对哪些人抱有不满、批评的态度?这就要求考生留意作者的措词，通过分析作者使用的语言就可以推断出他的态度。第二段在描述股东阶层时将他们看做是“comfortablee”阶级，他们与别人的关系只是“drawing dividends”(抽取红利)，他们也偶尔地参加一次股东大会“to dictate their orders”。第三段又说这些股东“had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmenand his influence on the relation of capital and labor was hot good”。以上这些对股东的描述所使用的语言不难看出都是批评的语气。由此来看，答案必然是D项。 例2(1993年考题第2篇40题) In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic (官僚主义的) management in which man becomes a small, welloiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, wellventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “humanrelations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact than man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blueand the whitecollar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management. The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings. Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of selfrespect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again and againby the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than ones fellowcompetitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness. Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialitiesthose of love and of reasonare the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man. The authors attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of . A approval B dissatisfaction C suspicionD tolerance 本题询问作者对现代化工业社会所持的态度。作者的这种态度贯穿于全文。首先从文章的论点(第一段)“man has become powerless”及“workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines”可以推断出作者的意思是说人已成了傀儡，只能听任机器的摆布。第二段说工人和雇员焦虑“not only because they might find themselves out of a jobalso because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life”。第三段讲社会上层人士“are no less anxious”。最后一段，即：结论段，作者建议把我们社会制度从一个官僚式管理的工业化体系转成一个人文工业化体系。从这些描述来看，作者对现代化工业社会持有一种不满或批评的态度。因而，答案选B项。 第四节 专项阅读练习 Passage 1 Few institutions are more important to an urban community than its police, yet there are few subjects historians know so little about. Most of the early academic interest developed among political scientists and sociologists, who usually examined their own contemporary problems with only a nod toward the past. Even the public seemed concerned only during crime waves, periods of blatant corruption, or after a particularly grisly episode. Party regulars and reformers generally viewed the institution from a political perspective; newspapers and magazinethe nineteenth centurys mediaemphasized the vivid and spectacular. Yet urban society has always vested a wide, indeed awesome, responsibility in its police. Not only were they to maintain order, prevent crime, and protect life and property, but historically they were also to fight fires, suppress vice, assist in health services, supervise elections, direct traffic, inspect buildings, and locate truants and runaways. In addition, it was assumed that the police were the special guardians of the citizens liberties and the communitys tranquillity. Of course, the performance never matched expectations. The record contains some success, but mostly failure; some effective leadership, but largely official incompetence and betrayal. The notion of a professional police force in America is a creation of the twentieth century; not until our own time have cities begun to take the steps necessary to produce modern departments. 1. Which of the following states the authors opinion about public interest in the police? A It has never been very keen. B It has never been very consistent. C It grows with the growth of new media. D It is weakest when it is needed most. 2. The author associates societys widening demands upon police department with . A city growth B centralized authority C proliferating regulations D police effectiveness 3. According to the author, people interested in politics have generally regarded the police department . A from the point of view of the ordinary citizen B from a political point of view C as a political enemy D as a threat to municipal government 4. In the authors opinion, the police, in the execution of all their duties, have been . A outstandingly successfulB moderately successful C largely unsuccessfulD entirely unsuccessful Passage 2 The speaker, a teacher from a community college, addressed a sympathetic audience. Heads nodded in agreement when he said, “High school English teachers are not doing their jobs.” He described the inadequacies of his students, all high school graduates