2011年高三暑期英语复习讲座.doc

2011年高三暑期英语复习讲座2011年高三暑期英语复习讲座江苏省丹阳高级中学 刘连涛 一、非谓语动词教案【考纲要求】非谓语动词包括不定式、动词-ing形式和过去分词三种形式。动词的非谓语形式是中学英语语法的重点和难点,也是每年高考热点中的热点, 考纲要求掌握：非谓语动词的时态和语态；他们在英语句子中的作用；非谓语动词的基本用法和含义，非谓语动词在句子中可以充当多种句子成分，比如主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语等；掌握非谓语动词充当相同句子成分时的辨析；掌握非谓语动词在不同的语境、语义下的运用。对于独立主格结构考纲要求掌握独立主格结构的构成方式；在句子中的作用以及with复合结构。学生复习备考中要注意重点突出、训练得当，尤其是对以下要点的复习： 1.不定式、现在分词与过去分词的用法区别；2.非谓语动词的主动式与被动式；3.非谓语动词完成式的用法；4.非谓语动词用作伴随状语；5.非谓语动词用作目的状语；6.非谓语动词用作结果状语；7.非谓语动词用作宾语补足语；8.非谓语动词的逻辑主语问题；9.非谓语动词用作主语的问题；10.“(be+)过去分词+介词”结构；11.动名词的复合结构和there be结构的非谓语动词形式。1、非谓语动词的句法功能名称语 法 功 能 主语宾语宾语补足语表语定语状语不定式动名词现在分词过去分词2、动词不定式复心中应注意的几个问题（1）不定式作表语与“be + to do sth.”的异同。不定式作表语说明主语的内容或性质。His job is to guard.(说明内容)be + to do sth.(表示按计划要做的事)（2）带不定式作宾语的词语。下列词语常不定式作宾语：afford、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want、fail、plan、agree、forget、like、prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、determine、desire等。下列动词后可接疑问词+不定式：teach、decide、wonder、show、learn、forget、ask、find、out、advise、discuss等。（3）如何理解和使用不定式作宾补。动词see、watch、notice、hear、listen to、observe、feel、taste、smell、make、let、have等的宾补用动词原形，变被动时要加to,此时的不定式就是主语补足语。常用带不定式作宾补的几种情况：主语 + ask / require / tell / order / force / get / want / like + sb.to do sth.主语 + think / judge / suppose / believe / consider /imagine/consider / feel + sb. + to be/ to have done主语 + call on / upon / depend on / wait for / ask for + sb.+ to do sth.（4）不定式作定语的特殊用法。下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance、wish、right、courage、need、promise、time、opportunity、way、the first、the second、the last、the only等。不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。There is no one to look after her.不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。She is now looking for a room to live in.（5）不定式作状语的用法。不定式作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示行为目的、结果、原因。only to do表示出人意料的结果。We hurried to the classroom only to find none there .in order(not)to,so as(not)to用来引导目的状语,enough,too, so as to do, such + 名词 as to do作结果状语，如:The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus.Im not such a fool as to believe that.（6）不定式的完成时的特殊用法。表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。The novel was said to have been published.I regret to have been with you for so many years.seem、appear、be said、be supposed、be believed、be thought、be known、be reported等动词常用于上面句型。此外，glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed后也接完成时，但要注意与一般时的区别。Im sorry to keep you waiting for a minute.对不起，请稍等。（说话时还未等）Im sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。（说话时已等了很久）不定式的完成时还可表示“过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气。（A）should like to / would like to / would love to + 不定式的完成时。（B）was / were to + 不定式的完成时，表示该做某事或想做但未实现。（C）expect / hope / mean / promise / suppose / think / want/ wish + 不定式完成时，表示过去未曾实现的愿望。（7）不定式的省略。 同一结构并列由and或or连接。I want to finish my homework and go home.Im really puzzled what to think or say.特例：To be or not to be,this is a question.He is better to laugh than to cry.(表示对比)不定式作表语，其前面的主语从句中含有do时，后面的to省略。What he did was lose the game.句中含有动词do时，but、except、besides、such as等后面to可省略。即“前有do,后省to”。Dont do anything silly, such as marry him.主句含有不定式，后面有rather than, rather than后省to。Why not、had better、would rather、cant but等词后省to。如：He could not but walk home.（8）不定式的替代。多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语或主补，宾补的不定式再次出现时，to后的内容常承前省略（只保留to即可）。但如果承前省略的不定式有助动用的have或be任何形式，后应该保留原形be或have。如：Susan is not what she used to be.You came late last night. You ought to have finished yourhomework.I know I ought to have.常见的有：Id like / love / be happy to.3、动名词复习中应注意的几个问题（1）动名词作宾语。下列动词后只能接动名词：suggest, finish, avoid, stop, cant help, mind, enjoy, require, practise, miss, escape, pardon, advise, consider, imagine, keep, appreciate, eacape, permit。下列动词短语接动名词：leave off, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, have trouble / difficulty(in) doing sth. devote to, get used to, pay attention to, be fond of, be worth。介词后要接动名词。what about、how about、without、be fond of、be good at等介词后接动名词。注意on / upon doing sth. = as soon as 引导的从中。作此意讲时on / upon后也可以接名词。如on his arrival。动名词作宾语和动词不定式作宾语的区别：begin, start, continue, like, love, dislike, hate, prefer, cant stand例 句解 析1. It began to rain. It began raining.2. It was beginning to snow.3. I love lying (to lie)on my back.4. I like listening to music, but today I dont like to.5. I don t prefer to swim in the river now.1. 意思无差别，但谓语动词用进行时，后面只跟不定式。2. 表示一种倾向多接动名词作宾语，如果表示某一特定的或具体的行动，多接不定式。remember, forget, regret, try例 句解 析1. I remember to meet her at the station.I remember seeing her once somewhere.2. I forgot giving it to you yesterday. I forgot to tell you about it. Now here it is.3. I regret not having working hard. I regret to hear of your sisters death. 4. Try knocking at the back door. We must try to get everything ready.5. That will mean flooding some land. I had meant to go on Monday.1. remember to do sth.记住要做的事 remember doing sth.回顾过去发生的事2. forget to do sth.忘记要做的事 forget doing sth.忘记做过的事3. regret to do sth.对将要做的事抱歉 regret doing sth.对发生过的事后悔4. try to do sth.设法，试图 try doing sth.试试看，试一试5. mean to do sth.打算做，想要 mean doing sth.意味着，就是 want, require, need例 句解 析These desks need repairing.These desks need to be repaired.The patient required examinedThe patient required to be examined.1. need doing 需要被做 need to be done需要被做2. want doing want to be done3. require doing require to be done4、分词复习应注意的几个问题（1）现在分词在句中作时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果等状语。时间状语（分词作状语前面可加when, while等）Hearing the good news, he jumped with greatjoy.Not having finished her work in time, the boss fired her.原因状语Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave them a note伴随状语The girls came in, following their parents.结果状语The poor old man died, leaving nothing to his children.注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。时间性。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式having done。语态性。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关系或动宾关系。遵循的规则“主动进行，被动完成”。人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。（2）分词作表语。S. + be + 动词-ed表示被动，主语是人；S. + be + 动词-ing表示主动，主语是物。分词作宾补不定式作宾补的区别： 感官动词 动词原形做了某事S+ + 宾语 + 现在分词正在做某事 使役动词 过去分词做了或被做5、复习过去分词应注意的几个问题过去分词作状语，相当于一个状语从句，有来说明原因、时间、条件等。（1）过去分词作原因状语Tired by the trip, he soon feel asleep.= Because he was tired by the trip, he soon fell asleep.Lost in thought , he almost ran into a car.=As he was lost in thought, he almost ran into a car.（2）作时间状语Seen from the hill, the city looks like a garden.=When the city is seen from the hill, it looks like a garden.（3）作条件状语Given more time, I would have worked out the problem.=If I have been given more time, I would have worked out the problem.（4）伴随状语The teacher came in, followed by some students.=The teacher came in and was followed by some students.分词短语作状语时，通常与主句中的主语在逻辑上一致，但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。如：Her grandfather being ill, she had to stay at home looking after him.二、非谓语动词学案【典例精析】1. _such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.(NMET 2001)A.Having suffered B.Suffering C.To suffer D.Suffered【解题】答案为A。本题考查分词短语作状语的用法。分词作状语，其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语，而本句的主语看似是it,其实它为形式主语，真正的主语为不定式，而不定式省略了逻辑主语for people，所以应用现在分词，又因already，应用完成时。2. One learns a language by making mistakes and _ them.(2001年春季高考)A.correct B.correcting C.corrects D.to correct【解题】答案为B。本题考查动名词作介词宾语的用法。介词by意为“通过，凭”，后面常接动名词，形成“by+ v. ing ”结构，表示通过做某事而得到某种结果。本题中只有correcting符合。3. The picture _ on the wall is painted by my nephew.(2000年春季高考)A.having hung B.hanging C.hangs D.being hung【解题】答案为B。本题考查现在分词作定语的用法。根据句意“墙上挂的那幅画是我侄子画的”，可知空白处所填的动词形式在句中作定语，表说话时仍在进行的动作或所处的解题关键在于分析picture与hang之间的逻辑关系。4. （08北京）_ that she was going off to sleep, I asked if shed like that little doll on her bed. A. Seeing B. To see C. See D. Seen【解题】A非谓语动词see构成的短语与句子的主语I即其逻辑主语之间是主动关系,用在句首,中间与句子用逗号分开,表示伴随情况,用作伴随状语,因此用现在分词。5.(08全国卷I)I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good _. A. to be breathed B. to breathe C. breathing D. being breathed【解题】B在主系表结构中,当表语形容词为good, light, heavy, difficult等时,其后常用不定式作状语,表示时间,原因,结果等,且常用主动形式表示被动意义,因此选B。此处为特殊情况。6.(08北京)-Did the book give the information you needed?-Yes. But _ it, I had to read the entire book. A. to find B. find C.to be finding D. finding【解题】 A 非谓语动词短语与主句之间用逗号隔开,作状语。根据句意:为了找到需要的信息,我不得不看完整本书的内容,表示目的。不定式常在句首作目的状语,且此处不表示动作正在进行,因此用一般式,选A。7.（09湖南）Nowadays people sometimes separate their waste to make it easier for it .A. reusing B. reused C. reuses D. to be reused【解析】D 考查动词不定时的用法。句意为：现在人们有时把他们的废物分开，以便很容易被重复利用。重新再利用是指将来发生的动作，而且是被动的。故选D。8.（09江西）_ the right kind of training , these teenage soccer players may one day grew the international stars. A. Giving B. Having given C. To give D. Given 【解析】D 考查非谓语动词。如果把句子补充完整就不难看出：If they are given the right kind of training , 可知主语they 即these teenager soccer players与give 之间是被动的关系，所以用过去分词。根据主、从句主语一致可省略从句主语的原则，连词if 也可省，所以得出given the right kind of training , these teenager soccer players9.（09江西）The government plans to bring in new laws _ parents to take more responsibility for the education of their children. A. forced B. forcing C. to be forced D. having forced 【解析】B 考查非谓语动词的用法。 现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰new laws ,相当于which forces .10.（09海南）The children all turned_the famous actress as she entered the classroom.A. looked at B. to look at C. to looking at D. look at【解析】B。 句意为：当那位著名的女演员走进了教室，所有的孩子都转过头去看她。turn to 表示“转向，求助”的意思。11.(09海南) Now that weve discussed out problem, are people happy with the decisions ?A. taking B. take C. takenD. to take【解析】C。 考查with +宾语+宾语补足语的用法。句意为：现在,我们已经讨论了问题,是人们最满意的决定？ take 与the decisions之间存在的关系是动宾关系，故用过去分词表示被动12.（09山东）We are invited to a party _in our club next Friday. A. to be held B. held C. being held D. holding 【解析】A 考查非谓语动词的用法，由next month可知时间是在将来，party是被举行，故选A。13.（09陕西）I still remember to the Famen Temple and what I saw there. A. to take B. to be taken C. taking D. being taken 【解析】D 考查非谓语动词。此处非谓语动词做remember的宾语，而remember后用非谓语动词做宾语时，可以用v-ing形式，v-ing表示的动作已经完成，也可用动词不定式，表示的动作还未发生，根据后文的saw可知此处非谓语动词动作已经完成，且与逻辑主语是被动关系，用v-ing的被动式，选D。14.（09福建） not to miss the flight at 15:20, the manager set out for the airport in a hurry. A. Reminding B. Reminded C. To remind D. Having reminded【解析】B 考查非谓语动词。非谓语动词做状语，逻辑主语是句子的主语the manager，非谓语动词与句子主语是被动关系，且其表示的动作在谓语动词set out之前已经发生，非谓语动词用过去分词，选B。15.（09福建）In April, 2009, President Hu inspected the warships in Qingdao, the 60th anniversary of the founding of the PLA Navy. A. marking B. marked C. having marked D. being marked 【解析】A 考查非谓语动词。非谓语动词做状语，其后有宾语，故与逻辑主语是主动关系，且表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时进行，用现在分词，选A。16.（09湖南）When he the door, he found his keys were nowhere. A. would open B. opened C. had opened D. was to open【解析】D 考查非谓语动词。动词不定时的用法。句意为：当他要打开门的时候,他发现他的钥匙不见了。动词不定时表示将要发生的动作。17.（09湖南）9At the age of 29, Dave was a worker, in a small apartment near Boston and _ what to do about his future.A. living; wondering B. lived; wondering C. lived; wondered D. living; wondered【解析】A 考查分词的用法。句意为：29岁的大卫,是一个工人,住在一间小公寓在波士顿附近,不知怎么办关于他的未来。现在分词作定语修饰a worker，and 为并列连词，连接相同的成份。18.（10 江苏）The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu ,_the students to return to their classrooms. A. enabling B. having enabled C. to enable D. to have enabled【解析】A 现在分词enabling 表示他在捐献后的结果19（10 全国）Mrs.White showed her students some old maps _ from the library.A. to borrow B. to be borrowed C. borrowed D. borrowing【解析】C 题干中空格划在名词maps后，空格后部分是对maps解释说明，因此此题考察非谓语动词做定语。非谓语动词做状语，首先判断动词与所修饰名词的主动还是被动关系，borrow和maps是被动关系，被动关系时非谓语动词形式有三种： to be done, being done, done，to be done表示动作将要发生，being done表示动作正在发生，done表示用作已经完成，根据句意borrow的动作已经完成，因此选择C。20（10 全国）With Fathers Day around the corner ,I have taken some money out of the bank _ presents for my dad.A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. to have bought【解析】B 题干中空格划在名词后，但是空格后的部分不是对bank解释说明，而是说明取钱的目的，因此此题中非谓语动词做目的状语，非谓语动词中不定式做状语用来表示目的，因此选择B。【专题突破】依据非谓语动词各个不同类型的考查方式和特点。可以采用非谓语动词和独立主格结构的“五步骤”做题法；即非谓语动词的“五步骤”做题法：1.牢记核心意义；2.分析句子成分；3.寻找逻辑主语；4.了解时间关系；5.分析特殊情况。独立主格结构的“五步骤”：1. 认识独立主格结构，建立独立主格结构概念；2. 认清独立主格结构的来源，理解独立主格结构的功能；3. 从逻辑主语的不同认识分词和独立主格结构作状语的区别；4.全面掌握独立主格结构的功能；5. 熟悉独立主格结构的不同类型，全面掌握独立主格结构。当然并非每道题都要全面考虑以上五步骤有时只需通过一两个步骤即可得到答案。我相信,只要同学们在训练中严格按照这种思路去分析,就可以练就一双火眼金睛,那么,再难的考查非谓语动词和独立主格结构的试题都是可以快速得到答案的。三、非谓语动词专项训练1.Do you notice the boy_the street now?A.crossing B.cross C.to cross D.crossed2.Have you heard someone_at the door?A.knocking B.knock C.to knock D.was knocking3.The thief was watched_a bank.A.enter B.entered C.to enter D.have entered4.We can depend on the workers_out the plan.A.carrying B.carry C.carried D.to carry5.Have you got enough room_all the people?A.to seat B.seating C.seated D.to be seated6.He is said_six foreign languages.A.to learn B.to have learned C.learned D.being learning7.Is it possible_in two months?A.the building to finish B.for the building to finishC.for the building to be finished D.the building to be finished8.The film is reported_on show at the cinema.A.being B.will be C.to being D.to be9._as the best one in the class,he won high praise.A.Regarded B.Regarding C.To regard D.Regard10.I couldnt help_sorry for coming late.A.felt B.feeling C.feel D.to feel11._in an accident,the passengers were taken to a nearby hospital.A.Being injured B.Injuring C.Injured D.To be injured12.The soldier did everything he could_the boy in water. A.save B.saving C.saved D.to save13.The woman_is my English teacher.A.being spoken to B.to speak to C.speaking to D.spoken14.Professor Saifer set out_ancient history two years ago. A.studying B.to study C.study D.studied15.She spoke too quickly_.A.to understand B.not to understand C.to be understood D.understanding 16.We talked while_.A.to walk B.walked C.to be walking D.walking17.There was an_look on his face when the actress appeared. A.excited B.excite C.exciting D.excitedly18.We were all_at the_news.A.surprised;surprised B.surprised;surprisingC.surprising;surprising D.surprising;surprised19.This is the very problem_this morning.A.discuss B.discussed C.to be discussed D.discussing20.It is well known that a tiger looks very_.A.frightened B.being frightenedC.to frighten D.frightening 21._the performance started.A.After we took our seats B.Having taken our seatsC.Taking our seats D.Being taken the seats.22._worried us very much.A.Tom fell in B.Toms falling illC.Tom has fallen ill D.Tom to fall ill23.This question needs_with great care.A.to study B.being studied C.studying D.studied24.I still remember_to Beijing when I was a child.A.being taken B.taking C.to take D.to be taken 25._up and down the platform,he looked anxiously at his watch all the time.A.To walk B.To have walked C.Having walked D.Walking26.What about_a walk outside?A.to take B.taking C.being taken D.having taken27.The instrument is used_machines.A.checking B.to be checked C.to check D.to checking28.-There is something wrong with your TV set.-Yes,Im going to have it_.A.repaired B.be repair C.repair D.to be repaired29.The secretary worked late into the night,_a long speech for the president.A.to repare B.prepared C.was preparing D.preparing30.Because of my poor English,I cant make myself_.A.understand B.understood C.to understand D.understanding31.The murderer was brought in with his hands_behind his back.A.being tied B.having tied C.tired D.to be tired32.Dont you remember_?A.seeing the man before B.to see the man beforeC.saw the man before D.to have seen the man before33.Do you mind_the meeting till next week?A.put forward B.putting off C.to put off D.putting down34.The bird was lucky that it just missed_.A.catching B.to be caught C.being caught D.to catch35.He forgot_the manager his business card already so he handed him another one.A.to hand B.to have handed C.being handed D.having handed36.He suggested_a film tonight.A.going and seeing B.to go and seeC.went to see D.go to see37.These children_taking care of.A.like B.require C.remember D.mind38.I can hardly imagine Peter_across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.A.sail B.to sail C.sailing D.to have sailed 39.The poor woman with her two children_in the street corner. A.was seen beg B.were seen beg C.were seen begging D.was seen begging40.There was a terrible noise_the sudden burst of light. A.following B.followed C.to be followed D.being follo