同济大学2008年博士研究生入学英语考试大纲√.doc

同济大学2008年博士研究生入学英语考试大纲本考试对教材不作统一规定，凡符合下列评价目标的课程及教材都适合考生应考复习。一、评价目标考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：(一)语言知识1语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识。本大纲没有专门列出对语法知识的具体要求，其目的是鼓励考生用听、说、读、写的实践代替单纯的语法知识学习，以求考生在交际中能更准确、自如地运用语法知识。2词汇考生应能掌握8000-10000左右的词汇以及相关词组。(二)语言技能1阅读考生应能读懂不同类型的文字材料(生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3)，包括信函、书报杂志上的文章等。根据所读材料，考生应能：1)理解主旨要义；2)理解文中的具体信息；3)理解文中的概念性含义；4)进行有关的判断、推理和引申；5)根据上下文推测生词的词义；6)理解文章的总体结构以及单句之间、段落之间的关系；7)理解作者的意图、观点或态度；8)区分论点和论据。2. 翻译(英译中)考生应能将所给的文字材料译成汉语,理解正确,译文达意。3. 写作考生应能正确使用45千英语词汇，熟练掌握相关英语习惯用法；应能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等，还应能写一般描述性、叙述性和说明或议论性的文章。短文写作时，考生应能：1)做到语法、拼写、标点正确，用词恰当；2)遵循文章的特定文体格式，做到行文流畅，词汇丰富，句式变化；3)合理组织文章结构，使其中心突出，内容统一、上下文连贯；4)根据写作目的和特定读者，恰当选用语言。二、考试形式、考试内容与试卷结构(一)考试形式考试形式为笔试。笔试考试时间为180分钟。满分为100分。(二) 笔试考试内容与试卷结构笔试试题分四部分，包括词汇, 阅读理解, 翻译(英译中)和写作。第一部分 词汇该部分共20小题，每小题0.5分，共10分。主要测试考生的词汇量。要求考生根据所给的题目，从每题所给的4个选项中选出最佳答案，或填空。第二部分 阅读理解该部分共25小题，每小题2分，共50分。主要考查考生理解具体信息、掌握文章大意、猜测生词词义并进行推断等能力。要求考生根据所提供的五-六篇文章的内容，从每题所给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案。第三部分 翻译(英译中)该部分考查考生的理解和翻译(英译中)能力。要求考生把所提供的一或两篇短文译成中文. 共20分。第四部分 写作该部分考查考生的书面表达能力。共1题，20分。本部分要求考生掌握、应用一定的英语写作技巧，能即兴写作各种所学体裁的短文；提示信息的形式有主题句、写作提纲、规定情景、图、表等。要求完成250-300个词以上的英文短文。同济大学博士研究生入学英语考试样题I Vocabulary （10%）For each of the following sentences there are four choices. Choose the best one to complete the sentence.1. The directions were so _ that it was impossible to complete the assignment.A) ingenious B) ambitious C) notorious D) ambiguous 2. Our _ host always enjoys having friends to share his Lucullan suppers. A) cursive B)martial C) fractious D) convivial 3. Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children _a violent act previously seen on television. A) modifying B) stimulating C) accelerating D) duplicating 4. This kind of material can _heat and moisture. A) delete B) compel C) repel D) constrain 5. The damage to his car was _; therefore, he could repair it himself. A) considerable B) appreciable C) negligible D) invisible 6. The _of a cultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some physical aspect in the life style of the people. A) implementation B) expedition C) demonstration D) manifestation 7. One of the responsibilities of the Coast guard is to make sure that all ships _ follow traffic rules in busy harbors.A) cautiously B) dutifully C) faithfully D) skillfully 8. The Eskimo is perhaps one of the most trusting and considerate of all Indians but seems to be _ the welfare of his animals.A) critical about B) indignant at C) indifferent to D) subject to 9. The chairman of the board _ on me the unpleasant job of dismissing good workers the firm can no longer afford to employ.A) compelled B) posed C) pressed D) tempted10. Using extremely different decorating schemes in adjoining rooms may result in _ and lack of unity in style.A) conflict B) confrontation C) disturbance D) disharmony 11. Corrupt politicians who condone the activities of the gamblers are equally _.A) cryptic B)esoteric C)culpable D)occult12. I dont know the details for I just gave your manuscript only a(n) _ glance.A) cursory B)cumbrous C)onerous D)obscure13.the Red Cross society helped _ families to survive the war in the Persian Gulf.A) demure B)destitute C)assiduous D)sedate14. the man felt _ when the girl turned down his proposal of marriage.A) despondent B) fabulous C)dilapidated D)fortuitous 15. the boy gave a _ look at his classmates test paper when the teacher turned.A) frivolous B)furtive C)frenetic D)frigid 16. Rubber boots are _ to water.A) imperious B)impetuous C)impervious D)impeccable 17. Missiles were mounted at various points to _ the enemy aircrafts.A) integrate B)jeopardize C)intercept D)interrogate18. Being careless, she had her arm _ by the barbed wire.A) lacerated B)lamented C)juggled D)bemoaned 19. The wrestlers _ maneuvers made it difficult for his opponent to obtain a hold.A) hermetic B)protean C)titanic D)procrustean20. Psychoanalysis can help a patient recall long-forgotten experiences lost in the _ recess of his mind.A) labyrinthine B)chimerical C)iridescent D)mercurial II Reading Comprehension (50%)Passage 1There is widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been accomplished by an equivalent surge in industrial research. A recent study of important inventions made since the turn of the century reveals that more than half were the product of individual invent-ors working alone, independent of organized industrial research. While industrial laboratories contributed such important products as nylon and transistors, independent inventors developed air conditioning, the automatic transmission, the jet engine, the helicopterminsulin, and streptomycin. Still other inventions, such as stainless steel, television, silicons, and plexiglass were developed through the combined efforts of individuals and laboratory teams. Despite these findings, we are urged to support monopoly power on the grounds that such power creates an environment supportive of innovation. We are told that the independent inventor, along with the small firm, cannot afford to undertake the important research needed to improve our standard of living while protecting our diminishing resources; that only the prodigious assets of the giant corporation or conglomerate can afford the kind of expenditures that can produce the technological advances vital to economic progress. But when we examine expenditures for research, we find that of the more than $ 35 billion spent each year in this country, almost two-thirds is spent by the federal government. More than half of this government expenditure is funneled into military research and product development, accounting for the enormous increase in spending in such industries as nuclear energy, aircraft, missiles, and electronics. There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will account for an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, do much to protect our diminishing resources. Recent history has demonstrated that we may have to alter our longstanding conception of the process actuated by competition. The price variable, once perceived as the dominant aspect of the competitive process is now subordinate to the competition of the new product, the new business structure, and the new technology. While it can be assumed that in a highly competitive industry not dominated by a single corporation, investment in innovation-a risky and expensive budget item-might meet resistance from management and stockholders who might be more concerned with cost-cutting, efficient organization, and large advertising budgets, it would be an egregious error to assume that the monopolistic producer should be equated with bountiful expenditures for research. Large-scale enterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status quo and resist the threat implicit in change. Furthermore, the firm with a small share of the market will aggressively pursue new techniques and different products, since with little vested interest in capital equipment or plant it is not deterred from in-vestment in innovation. In some cases, where inter-industry competition is reduced or even entirely eliminated, the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress. The conglomerates are not, however, completely exempt from strong competitive pressures; there are instances in which they, too, must compete, as against another industrial Goliath, and then their weapons may include large expenditures for innovation.16. According to the passage, important inventions of the twentieth century _.A. are not necessarily produced as a result of governmental support for military weapons research and development.B. came primarily from the huge laboratories of monopoly industries.C. were produced at least as frequently by independent inventors as by research teams.D. have greater impact on smaller firms than on conglomerates.17. It is the authors belief, as expressed or implied in the passage, that_.A. monopoly power creates an environment supportive of innovation.B. governmental protection for military research will do much to protect our dwindling resources.C. industrial giants, with their managerial bureaucracies, respond more quickly to technological change. D. firms with a small share of the market will aggressively pursue innovations because they are not locked into old capital equipment.18. Management and stockholders might be deeply concerned with cost cutting rather than innovation if _.A. their company is faced with strong competition in a field not dominated by one of the industrial giants. B. they are very stable and secure and hold a monopoly position in their industry. C. they are part of the military-industrial complex and are the recipients of federal funds for product development. D. they have produced some of the important inventions of this century.19. Which of the following statements is neither expressed nor implied in the passage? A. Important inventions have been produced, in he past, by individuals as well as by corporate teams. B. The federal governments research funds are funneled into pure research as well as military research. C. The development of the automatic transmission is not credited to organized industrial research.D. Industrial giants may deliberately suppress innovations to avoid capital loss resulting from obsolescence.20. The authors purpose in this passage is to_.A. advocate an increase in governmental support of organized industrial research.B. point out a common misconception about the relationship between the extent of industrial research and the growth of monopolistic power in industry.C. describe the inadequacies of small firms in dealing with the important matter of research and innovation. D. show that Americas strength depends upon individual ingenuity and resourcefulness.III Translation from English into Chinese (20%)Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the verge of despair.I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy-ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness l