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GeographicInformationSystemsApplicationandPrincipleARCINFO HebeiNormalUniversityCollegeofResourcesandEnvironmentScienceLiuJinsong2007 09 Chapter10DataDisplayandCartography IntroductionCartographicSymbolizationTypesofMapsTypographyMapDesignMapProductionKeyConceptsandTermsApplications Introduction MapsareaninterfacetoGIS Weview query andanalyzemaps Weplotmapstoexamineresultsofqueryandanalysis Andweproducemapsforpresentationandreports Asavisualtool mapsaremosteffectiveincommunicatinggeospatialdata whethertheemphasisisonthelocationorthedistributionpatternofthedata 1 CartographicSymbolization Cartographyisthemakingandstudyofmapsinalltheiraspects Abasicelementofcartographyissymbolization theuseofdifferentmapsymbolstorepresentspatialfeatures 1 1SpatialFeaturesandMapSymbolsSpatialfeaturesarecharacterizedbytheirlocationsandattributes 1 CartographicSymbolization 1 1SpatialFeaturesandMapSymbolsTodisplayaspatialfeatureonamap weuseamapsymboltoindicatethefeature slocationandavisualvariable orvisualvariable Choiceofmapsymbolissimpleforrasterdata choiceofmapsymbolforvectordatadependsonthefeaturetype Visualvariablesfordatadisplayincludehue value chroma size texture shape andpattern 1 CartographicSymbolization 1 1SpatialFeaturesandMapSymbolsThechoiceofvisualvariablesislimitedinthecaseofrasterdata Thevisualvariablesofshapeandsizedonotapplytorasterdatabecauseoftheuseofcells 1 CartographicSymbolization 1 2UseofColorBecausecoloraddsaspecialappealtoamap mapmakerswillchoosecolormapsoverblackandwhitemapswheneverpossible Hueisthequalitythatdistinguishesonecolorfromanother suchasredfromblue Valueisthelightnessordarknessofacolor withblackatthelowerendandwhiteatthehigherend Chromarefertotherichness orbrilliance 1 CartographicSymbolization 1 2UseofColorThefirstruleofthumbinuseofcolorissimple 1 CartographicSymbolization 1 3DataClassificationDataclassificationinvolvestheuseofaclassificationmethodandanumberofclassesforaggregatingdataandmapfeatures Thefollowingsummarizesfivecommonlyusedmethods equalinterval equalfrequency meanandstandarddeviation naturalbreaks userdefined 2 TypesofMaps Byfunction mapscanbegeneralreferenceorthematic Thegeneralreferencemapisusedforgeneralpurposes Thethematicmapisalsocalledthespecialpurposemap becauseitsmainobjectiveistoshowthedistributionpatternofatheme suchasthedistributionofpopulationdensitiesbycountryinastate 2 TypesofMaps Butmapsymbol mapscanbequalitativeorquantitative Thequalitativemapusesvisualvariablesthatareappropriateforportrayingqualitativedata whereasaquantitativemapusesvisualvariablesthatareappropriateforcommunicatingquantitativedata Thefollowingdescribesseveralcommontypesofquantitativemaps 2 TypesofMaps Thedotmapusesuniformpointsymbolstoshowspatialdata witheachsymbolrepresentingaunitvalue 2 TypesofMaps Thechoroplethmapsymbolizes withshading deriveddatabasedonadministrativeunits 2 TypesofMaps Thegraduatedsymbolmapusesdifferentsizedsymbolssuchascircles squares ortrianglestorepresentdifferentrangesofvalues 2 TypesofMaps Thechartmapuseseitherpiechartsorbarcharts 2 TypesofMaps Theflowmapdisplaysdifferentquantitiesofflowdatasuchastrafficvolumeandstreamflowbyvaryingthelinesymbolwidth 2 TypesofMaps Theisarithmicmapusesasystemofisolinestorepresentasurface 3 Typography Aampcannotbeunderstoodwithouttextonit Textisneededforalmosteverymapelement Mapmakerstreat textasamapsymbolbecause likepoint line orareasymbols textcanhavemanytypevariations 3 1TypeVariationsTypecanvaryintypefaceandform Typefacereferstothedesigncharacterofthetype Twomaingroupsoftypefacesareserifandsansserif 3 Typography Typeformvariationsincludetypeweight typewidth uprightversuslowercase 3 Typography 3 2SelectionofTypeVariationsTypevariationsfortextsymbolscanfunctioninthesamewayasvisualvariablesformapsymbols 3 Typography 3 3PlacementofTextintheMapBodyTextelementsinthemapbody alsocalledlabels aredirectlyassociatedwiththespatialfeatures 4 MapDesign Likegraphicdesign mapdesignisavisualplantoachieveagoal Thepurposeofmapdesignistoenhancemapcommunication whichisparticularlyimportantforthematicmaps Awell designedmapisbalanced coherent ordered andinterestingtolookat whereasapoorlydesignedmapisconfusinganddisoriented Mapdesignisbothanartandscience 4 MapDesign 4 1Layout 4 MapDesign 4 2VisualHierarchy 5 MapProduction GISusersdesignandmakemapsonthecomputerscreen Thesesoft copymapscanbeusedinavarietyofway Theycanbeprinted exportedforuseontheInternet usedinoverheadcomputerprojectionsystems exportedtoothersoftwarepackages orfurtherprocessedforpublishing Mapproductionisacomplextopic Weareoftensurprisedthatcolorsymbolsfromthecolorprintersdonotexactlymaththoseonthecomputerscreen 5 MapProduction DatadisplayonthecomputerscreenusedeitherCRTorLCD UsingeitheraCRToranLCDscreen acolorsymbolweseeonthescreenismadeofpixels andthecolorofeachpixelisamixtureofRGB 5 KeyConceptsandTerms 6
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