【志鸿优化设计】高考英语一轮复习 语法专题 名词和冠词 外研版.doc

语法专题十一名词和冠词一、名词高考对名词的考查主要是名词的辨析，特别是同义词和近义词的辨析。高考试题的选项从汉语翻译上看可能是同义词或近义词，但其英语含义不同，而且可能有不同的习惯搭配。因此要结合英语的真正含义和这个名词的用法考虑答案，不能看其汉语字面意义就随意做出选择。高考有时也把名词与冠词和主谓一致放在一起考查。考点一名词的数1常见的不可数名词有advice，news，progress，money，furniture，fun，weather，luck，homework，housework，information，bread，medicine，clothing，wealth，soap，rice等，这些词在英文里一般都用作不可数名词，在使用中不可乱套汉语而使用复数或加不定冠词。what fine weather!we have got a lot of information on the internet.2有些名词通常只用作复数。如：glasses眼镜，clothes衣服，goods货物，trousers裤子，belongings所有物，wages工资，riches财富，surroundings环境，ashes灰尘，compasses圆规，cattle家畜，congratulations祝贺，have words with sb.同某人吵架，in high spirits以很高热情地，give ones regards to sb.向某人问候，in rags衣衫破烂，it is good manners to do sth.做某事有礼貌。3有些名词既可以作可数名词，也可以作不可数名词，但意义不同。work当表示“工作”时为不可数名词，但当表示“作品，著作”时则为可数名词。room“空间”（不可数），“房间”（可数）；experience “经验”（不可数），“经历”（可数）；paper“纸”（不可数），“论文、文件、试卷”（可数）。working with tom who has a lot of work experience is a pleasant experience.与汤姆这个有着丰富经验的人在一起工作是次愉快的经历。考点二物质名词、抽象名词的具体化、量化1一般抽象名词表示某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪、思维、动作时为不可数名词。若与定冠词连用表特指内容，如the science of sound（声学），the time of the play（剧中时间）。若泛指一般概念、意义，则不与任何冠词连用。如果表示具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人或事，这一类抽象名词已具体化。常以“a/an（形容词）抽象名词”形式出现。knowledge begins with practice.a knowledge of english is a must in international trade.2有些物质名词可以具体为有形或有数量的相应物体，作单数、复数都可以。如：some coffee“一些咖啡”/a coffee“一杯咖啡”；drink“饮料”/two drinks“两杯饮料”；ice“冰”/two ices“两份冰淇淋”等。考点三名词所有格1“s”所有格：1）用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后。如：todays newspaper，five minutes walk（drive），five pounds weight。2）用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。如：the earths planet，the worlds population，chinas industry，new yorks parks。2“of”所有格：1）表示“部分”时，一般在所修饰的名词前有一个表示数量的词（a，two，several，some，no，many等）。some students of mister zhangs have gone to college.张老师的一些学生已经上大学了。2）表示“其中之一，其中一部分”的意思时，如：a friend of toms汤姆的一个朋友（许多朋友中的一位）。3）表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色彩时，如：that/this/these/those名词（单、复数）of marys/yours/his/hers。that invention of hers belongs to the world.她的那项发明是属于全世界的。（表赞赏）二、冠词冠词包括不定冠词a，an 和定冠词the。冠词是虚词，不能单独使用，必须依附于名词才有存在的意义。而名词的可数与不可数、单数与复数等特点反过来也会影响冠词的使用。泛指即不明确具体所指，是不定冠词a（an）和零冠词（即不使用冠词）的基本用法。而特指是指说话者和听话者都明确无误地知道所指，是定冠词the的基本用法。考点一常用不定冠词的几种情况1表示“一”，相当于“one”。ill return in a day or two.2表示“每”，相当于“per”。we have eight classes a day.3表示“同一性”，相当于“the same”。the children are of an age.4表示类指，表示“某类”。he wants to be a doctor.5表示泛指，相当于“any”。a horse is a useful animal.6表示某一个，相当于“a certain”。a mr smith is asking to see you.7与抽象名词连用，可以表示“一场、一次、一件”，如：a success一件成功的事或是一个成功的人，a surprise一件令人惊讶的事，a pity一件遗憾的事，an honour一个（件）引以为荣的人（事）。8与物质名词连用，表示“一种，一阵、一份”。what a heavy rain!考点二常用定冠词的几种情况1表示某一类人或物：the bike is a useful means of transportation.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前：the universe，the moon，the pacific ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事：please pass me the salt! 4用于演奏乐器：play the violin，play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人：the rich，the living，the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”：could you tell me the way to the johnsons，please？sorry，we dont have a johnson here in the village.7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前： he is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前： the united states，the communist party of china，the french9用于表示发明物的单数名词前： the compass was invented in china.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代： in the 1990s（20世纪90年代）11用于表示度量单位的名词前：i hired the car by the hour.（对比i hired the car by time.）12用于方位名词，身体部位名词前：he hit me on the head.13用于普通名词转化而来的专有名词前：the great wall，the west lake14与比较级和最高级连用1）比较级and比较级表示“越来越”。the harder he works，the happier he feels.2）表示两者间“较的一个”比较级前加the。who is the taller of the two boys?3）三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用“the最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。mary is the tallest child in her family.考点三使用零冠词的情况1名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时。i like this picture.2季节、月份、星期等名词表示泛指时，前面一般不用冠词。she likes spring most，but she didnt like the spring of 2012.（第一个spring为泛指，第二个为特指）3三餐、学科、球类和棋类运动的名称前表示泛指时不用冠词。he has lunch at home，and today he had a good lunch.she is fond of playing basketball.4表示头衔、职位的名词前。he was elected chairman.5turn作系动词时，后面的单数名词前不用冠词。 he was a medical student before he turned writer.考点四序数词前使用冠词的情况“the序数词”表示排序；“a/an序数词”不表示排序，而表示“又一；再一”；序数词修饰动词时，不必与冠词连用。mr.li has decided to buy a second car.he was a pupil when i first met him.考点五冠词位置1不定冠词副词形容词名词this is a very interesting story.2such，what，both，all，quite或rather不定冠词形容词名词ive never seen such a film!what a good idea it is!3as，so，too，how，however形容词不定冠词名词it is as pleasant a day as i have ever spent.i cant finish the task in so short a time.4half，twice或three timesthe名词their house is three times the size of yours.考点六有无冠词的区别by day在白天by the day按天计算in case of以防in the case of就来说in charge of负责，管理in the charge of由负责in office执政in the office在办公室in sight（of）看见in the sight（of）在看来go to sea去当水手go to the sea到海边去out of question毫无疑问out of the question不可能take advice征求意见take the advice听从劝告at table在吃饭at the table 在桌旁go to church去做礼拜go to the church去教堂in prison坐牢in the prison在监狱in place of 代替in the place of在的地方1（2012课标全国高考）sarah looked at _ finished painting with _ satisfaction.a不填；a ba；thecthe；不填 dthe；a2（2012全国高考）he missed _ gold in the high jump，but will get _ second chance in the long jump.athe；the b不填；acthe；a da；不填3（2012重庆高考）sam has been appointed _ manager of the engineering department to take _ place of george.a/；/ bthe；/cthe；the d/；the4（2012安徽高考）carl is studying _ food science at college and hopes to open up _meat processing factory of his own one day.a/；a b/；thecthe；a dthe；the5（2012江西高考）the smiths dont usually like staying at _ hotels，but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by _ sea.a/；a bthe；thec/；the dthe；a6（2012辽宁高考）i woke up with _ bad headache，yet by _ evening the pain had gone.athe；the bthe；anca；the da；an7（2012山东高考）being able to afford _ drink would be _ comfort in those tough times.a the；the ba；aca；不填 d不填；a8（2012四川高考）we are said to be living in_information age，_time of new discoveries and great changes.aan；the b不填；thec不填；a dthe；a9（2012浙江高考）the development of industry has been _ gradual process throughout _human existence，from stone tools to modern technology.a不填；the bthe；aca；不填 da；a10（2012全国高考）the harry potter books are quite popular；they are in great _ in this city.aquantity bprogresscproduction ddemand11（2012天津高考）you are working too hard.youd better keep a _ between work and relaxation.apromise bleadcbalance ddiary12（2012福建高考）why do you choose to work in an international travel agency?well，you know，english is my _.so it is my best choice.astrength btalentcability dskill13（2012湖北高考）it is important to have your eyes examined regularly to check for any sign of eye disease that may not have any _.asymptom bsimilaritycsample dshadow14（2012湖北高考）the officer insisted that michael did not follow the correct _in applying for a visa.apattern bprocedurecprogram dperspective15（2012江苏高考）can i help you with it?i appreciate your _，but i can manage it myself.aadvice bquestioncoffer didea16（2012江西高考）youd better write down the phone number of that restaurant for future _.apurpose breferencecprogress dmemory17（2012山东高考）my first _ of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.aexpression battentioncsatisfaction dimpression18（2012四川高考）he will come to understand your efforts sooner or later.its just a matter of_.aluck bvaluectime dfact19（2012浙江高考）your _ as a student will be excellent if you develop a habit of reflecting on how you learn.aoperation bgrowthcperformance dcharacter20（2011四川高考）dr peter spence，_ headmaster of the school，told us，“_ fifth of pupils here go on to study at oxford and cambridge.”a不填；a b不填；thecthe；the da；a21（2011课标全国高考）it is generally accepted that _ boy must learn to stand up and fight like _ man.aa；a ba；thecthe；the da；不填22（2011山东高考）take your timeits just _ short distance from here to _ restaurant.a不填；the ba；thecthe；a d不填；a23（2011江西高考）its said john will be in a job paying over $60,000 _year.right，he will also get paid by _ week.athe；the ba；thecthe；a da；a24（2013东北三省第一次大联考）new iphone goes on sale on friday with_bigger screen and 4g wireless technology，as_company seeks to keep its competitiveness.aa；a ba；thecthe；the dthe；a25（2013河北普通高中教学质监）according to _ agreement，the electric car will be built at great wall motors plant，with _ first model to be made in 2014.aan；the ban；acthe；a dthe；the26（2013浙江名校联盟第一次联考）yale university is _ home to one of _ worlds greatest libraries and three famous public museums and galleries.athe；the bthe；不填c不填；the d不填；不填27（2013福建四地六校联考）they were lost at _ sea，at _ mercy of the wind and the rain.athe；不填 b不填；thec不填；不填 dthe；the28（2013福建三明期中）yao ming has a busy _，going back to school in shanghai for a business management degree while hoping manage a local basketball teamthe shanghai sharks.aroutine bschedulecwork dbusiness29（2013山东淄博阶段检测）it is said that the people in many western areas still have difficulty in _ to safe drinking water.aaccess bmethodcentrance dcondition30（2013山东省级规范化学校期中测试）no one except the police was allowed to enter the _of the traffic accident.ascene bscenerycsense dshelter31（2011浙江高考）anyway，i cant cheat himits against all my _.aemotions bprinciplescregulations dopinions32（2011江苏高考）teachers have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional _.aconsequence bindependenceccompetence dintelligence33（2011湖北高考）“tommy，run！be quick！the house is on fire！”the mother shouted，with _ clearly in her voice.aanger brudenesscregret dpanic34（2011湖北高考）giving up my job to go back to fulltime education was a big _，but now i know it was the best decision i ever made.aproject bcommitmentccompetition dambition35（2011福建高考）the lack of ecofriendly habits among the public is thought to be a major _ of global climate change.aresult bcausecwarning dreflection36（2013山西二次诊断考试）bringing housing prices down to _reasonable level is the shortterm target，but our longterm goal is to build _effective and healthy housing market.aa；an ba；thecthe；an dthe；the37（2013银川一中二次月考）there existed an obvious_ between the accounts of the witnesses，so a judgment was not announced in court.aconception bconflictcauthority drestriction38（2013江西师大附中月考）let us suppose that you are in _position of _parent.would you allow your child to do such a thing?aa；a ba；thecthe；a dthe；the参考答案 1c第一个空应用定冠词，特指“完成的那幅画”；第二个空不用冠词，with satisfaction为固定短语，意为“满意地”。2c第一个空是特指跳高的金牌，因此要用the gold；第二个空表示“又一次机会”，不表示特指，应用a。故选c项。3d“manager of the engineering department”在句中作主语补足语。表示独一无二的头衔作同位语、主语补足语和宾语补足语时前面不加冠词；take the place of “代替”，为固定短语。句意：萨姆已经被委任为工程部的经理来代替乔治。故选d项。4a句意：卡尔正在大学学习食品科学，他希望有一天能开办一个属于他自己的肉食加工厂。学科类名词前不用冠词，故第一个空不填冠词；第二个空表示泛指，强调数量“一”，所以用不定冠词。5chotels在此处是泛指，所以第一个空不用任何冠词；by the sea意为“在海边”。故本题选c项。6c句意：我起床时剧烈头痛，不过到了晚上疼痛消失了。第一个空用不定冠词构成a bad headache，第二个空要用定冠词为习惯用法。7b句意：在那艰苦的岁月里能够买得起一杯饮料将会是一种安慰。drink在此句中表泛指，指“一杯或一种饮料”；comfort作“安慰，舒适”讲时，为不可数名词，但在此用a comfort表示“一个令人安慰的人或事”，comfort为可数名词。故选b项。8d第一个空指的是信息时代，是对information age的特指，应使用the。第二个空a time of.作了前面information age的同位语，意为“一个的时代”，是泛指概念。句意：据说我们生活在信息时代，一个拥有新的发现和巨大变化的时代。故选d项。9cprocess是一个可数名词，此处用不定冠词修饰，表示“一个逐步的过程”；第二个空后面的human existence是抽象名词，前面不需要加任何冠词。10dquantity“数量”；progress“进步，进展”；production “生产”；demand“需求”，词组in great demand 表示“需求量很大”。句意：哈利波特系列小说非常流行；它们在这个城市需求量很大。故选d项。11c句意：你工作太努力了。你最好能在工作和休息之间保持一种平衡。keep a promise“信守诺言”；keep a lead“保持领先”；keep a balance“保持一种平衡”；keep a diary“记日记”。12astrength意为“长处，强项，力气”；talent 意为“天赋”；ability意为“能力”；skill意为“技能”。句意：你为什么选择在一家国际旅行社工作？哦，你知道，英语是我的强项。因此这是我的最佳选择。13a句意：定期检查眼睛非常重要，这样可以发现一些可能没有症状的眼部疾病的迹象。symptom“症状”；similarity“相似，相似性”；sample“标本，样品”；shadow“阴影，阴暗”。14b句意：这位官员坚持说迈克尔在申请签证过程中没有遵循正确的程序。pattern“花样，图案”；procedure“程序，步骤”；program“节目，计划”；perspective“态度，观点”。15cadvice意为“建议”；question意为“问题”；offer意为“提供，提议”；idea意为“想法，主意”。根据语境看出“我可以帮忙吗？”是对方主动的提议，所以选c项。16b句意：你最好写下那个餐馆的电话号码，以供日后参考。for future reference是一个常用词组，意为“以供日后参考”。17dexpression“表达，表情”；attention“注意力，关心”；satisfaction“满意，满足”；impression “印象，感想”。句意：他给我的第一印象是他是一个善良体贴的年轻人。故d项正确。18c句意：他迟早会明白你的努力的，这只是时间问题。a matter of time“时间问题”，符合句意。19c句意：如果你养成思考如何学习的习惯，作为学生，你的表现将会是优秀的。operation “操作，运转，经营”；growth“成长”；performance“表现，行为，成就”；character“性格，特征”。20a表示头衔的名词作同位语，宾语补足语或主语补足语时，不用冠词，故第一空不用冠词。a fifth 此处意为“五分之一”，故第二个空用a。21a句意：人们普遍认为，男孩子就该学会站起来像男人一样去奋斗。根据句意判断，该题的两个空都是泛指，表类别。a boy指“男孩子”，a man指“男人”。22ba 表示泛指，the 表示特指。句意：不用急从这里到那家餐馆仅有很短的一段路。由此可知，第一空表示泛指“一段路程”故用a，第二空表示特指距离的另一端“那家餐馆”，故用the。23b第一空考查不定冠词表示泛指的用法，这里要表达“每年”之意，所以用不定冠词a；第二空考查固定结构：bythe具体计量单位，意思是“按照，依照”，by the week“按周计算”。24b第一个空填a，表示“一个更大的屏幕”；第二个空填the，特指这家公司，故b项正确。25d第一个空填the，特指那份协议；第二个空填the，用在序数词first前，特指第一辆电动汽车。26c第一个空be