道路护栏杆清洗机设计【含creo三维及6张CAD图带开题报告-独家】.zip
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目录1 英文文献翻译11.1 Design of Road Guardrail Cleaner11.2中文翻译102 专业阅读书目152.1 机电一体化系统设计152.2 机械设计152.3 Creo2.0机械设计教程内容摘要：162.4 机械原理162.5 理论力学172.6 机械设计课程设计172.7 机械零部件选用与设计182.8 现代工程制图192.9 材料力学192.10单片机原理及接口技术20I1 英文文献翻译1.1 Design of Road Guardrail CleanerAs a difficulty of mechanical cleaning, stubborn stain cleaning has not been solved well in theory and technology.The author hopes to provide references for further research in the industry through relevant analysis and research.2 mechanical cleaning object analysis of the structure of urban road a guardrail guardrail 2.1 mainly has two kinds: one kind is composed of circular cross section of steel or steel pipe welding, each paragraph by bolt connection;The other is made by welding square - section steel pipes.Road guardrails are often made of wire.The shape of standard guardrail is formed by round iron rod welding of square pipe frame. The unit size is 3 m long, 0.07 m wide and 1.4 m high.2.2 common guardrail stains include loose particle dust, stubborn dust scab and oil-based stains.Loose particles of dust float in the air or stay on the surface of all objects. The contact surface with guardrail unit is small, and the internal connection of dust is loose, so it is easier to be washed by water.Scab is stubborn dirt particles and environmental chemical pollutants on the guardrail, hydrate through a tight structure, formed in the drying process of dust mixture by a variety of ingredients, mud, organic matter and bacteria stains, binding force between particles is large, low pressure flush.With the improvement of peoples living standard and the rapid development of industry, more and more types of stains, more and more complex components.The besmirch is mainly divided into oil base and water base.Fence oil stain is much by automobile exhaust or other life form that rely on oil droplet surface adsorption capacity, high Angle surface tension infiltration, binding force in the middle and both high pressure and low pressure cleaning work very hard, need chemical modification or add cleaning fluid can be removed.The stubborn dirt formed by crusts and oil - based stains is often characterized by large thickness.The actual investigation found that the degree of contamination of guardrails with stubborn stains was often more than 8.3mg /cm2 times that of standard guardrails.The actual test also shows that it is very difficult to achieve the ideal cleanliness after one cleaning, and it often takes multiple cleaning processes to achieve the ideal state.3. Technical scheme for stubborn stain cleaning 3.1 four-roll brush rolling brush with clamping brush can be cleaned by shock and friction on guardrail stains with the help of water cleaning.Study found that roller group, such as using vertical spread out, parallel to each others way, to the clamp can be folded double guard rail, column in the four corners, its neighboring roller in the opposite direction, can maximize brooming to fence the impact of the output and the friction.Each brush is driven by an independent hydraulic motor to rotate, and each rotating shaft is set up with a superposition brush disk arranged in sequence and interval.The previous practice shows that the diameter, speed, material and speed of the brush are the four factors that influence the cleaning effect of road guardrail.The larger the diameter, the greater the overlapping range of the brush and clip, the greater the cleaning effect.The higher the speed, the better the force of the brush head to hit the stain and the better the effect of the scratch.Due to the irregular shape of road guardrail, it is necessary to have enough flexibility to cover the contour of the guardrail.And the faster the car wash, the worse the cleaning effect.Guardrail cleaning cars to strengthen the model technical sketch test results show that the speed of 1.9 7.5 km/h, to maintain cleanliness by more than 90%, the roller should be 500 600 mm in diameter, rotating speed is 350 500 r/min, brushing material appropriate USES hard brush nylon yarn and nylon fabric compounded article soft brush.3.2 the combination of high and low pressure water will take a certain time to clean any dirt with water.Stains from water, the first experience is wetting, consumption after a short time, stain between particles and guardrail thickening of bound water on the surface of membrane, reduce the surface tension, binding force attenuation, followed by external hydraulic impact, brush friction effect, start off the fence surface besmirch, stain forming foam, stains, finally complete a cleaning process.It is found that the time taken for various kinds of stains to be soaked into impact-friction-stripping has a great influence on the cleaning effect and cleaning efficiency of the first cleaning process.According to this rule, we introduced high pressure atomized water in advance to realize the wetting of guardrail, and achieved good results in improving the cleaning ability of guardrail.The specific cleaning sequence is: before rolling brush, the high pressure nozzle is used to form a atomized atmosphere to conduct three-dimensional infiltration of guardrail stains.After a certain amount of infiltration time, re-intervention brush washing, low pressure water spray brush.After washing by rolling brush, some stains will remain on the surface of guardrail in the form of traces, although the original surface position is stripped off by the brush.At the same time, under the guardrail, some of the besmirch flow is still in the process of running down the guardrail.If the cleaning process is finished at this time, the surface of guardrail is often left with brush marks and stagnant sewage flow marks, and the apparent cleanliness is obviously insufficient.Therefore, an additional high pressure nozzle should be placed in relay after rolling brush, which is specially responsible for cleaning brush marks, and at the same time to drive and accelerate the dirt flow out of the guardrail.The cleaning sequence is an ideal and efficient cleaning process.Before and after the author in the study also found that the roller set low pressure and high pressure nozzle in the 2 groups, the before and after low pressure nozzle to the four roller, the rolling brush brush with water, and before and after high pressure nozzle is mainly to the guardrail, prewatering barrier not only before the scrub, and also can get effective flushing after scrubbing, to complete the pre wetting the scrub flushing mode of strengthening, is helpful to improve the cleaning effect.Experimental results also show that the mode is very suitable for cleaning adhesive stubborn stains, severe pollution of the guardrail, standard guardrail cleaning cleanliness can be increased from 90% of the national standard requirements to more than 95%, even 97%。With the development of national economy, the highway mileage is more and more long, and the highway guardrail cleaning is relatively lag, dirty barrier affects the road of beautiful, affect the overall image of the city, but also the status quo for the development of cleaning device for road fence is a good opportunity, without such equipment domestic molding products, the high price of imports from abroad, my unit decision in original by the small gasoline engine by belt transmission to drive the cantilever for guardrail cleaning brush miao simple equipment is developed on the basis of a new generation of automatic barrier wash the car.According to the actual situation of highway guardrail cleaning, the following research requirements are put forward: good cleaning effect (after cleaning guardrail can achieve clean and tidy);Without changing the driving direction, the left and right side guardrails can be cleaned, that is, two-way cleaning can be realized.Environmental protection, low noise, water saving, no more than twice a working day, high efficiency (the actual working distance per working day is no less than 30 km);Fully automatic operation, all processes can be set up for automation, which can be completed independently by the operator in the drivers cab to achieve man-machine dialogue.Safety facilities complete, overall beautiful, generous.1 scheme selection:(1) the overall control structure of the new generation guardrail cleaning vehicle is composed of an electric control cylinder (which makes the brush rod expand back and forth)(2) the choice of control mode there are two basic control modes in the current industrial system, one is the wiring program control and the other is the storage program control.The biggest drawback of the thread-connect control system is that the modifications to the control program must be made by changing the wiring.Memory program control refers to the dominant control system work program stored in memory, the system to complete the control task is done by the program memory, such a system called the stored program control system.The program is expressed by the program language, so called software program, programmable controller and microcontroller belong to the storage program controller.According to the research and development requirement of the new generation guardrail cleaning car, it is decided to adopt the storage program control system.(3) the choice of controller in current industrial production, MCU or programmable controller are often used for complex control systems.MCU wiring is multifarious, programming the demand is higher, when debugging is quite intricate, not convenient for the upgrading of production technology, PLC programmable controller MCU can make up for these deficiencies.Because the guardrail cleaning equipment as control object has the following characteristics: the control of the object itself is composed of several interconnected parts, both several control child objects, all kinds of control quantity is given priority to with switch quantity, dont need complicated mathematical model and calculation, therefore, choose the programmable controller PLC + HMI (text control display) to set the automatic control of guardrail cleaning.(4) the structure of the components (product) or type (purchased parts) the choice of the guardrail cleaning car normal cleaning speed for 5-10 km/hour, homework brush seedlings best speed to 200 R/min, brush to work the most R g diameter 900 mm or more, effective working length L 620 mm or less brush, brush shaft speed n p 200 RPM, tank one-off filling water Q 3 tons or more.2. Control program design of guardrail cleaning vehicleWas press the drive motor of electric work, start working air compressor, air pressure increases, when the pressure rises to a certain pressure, press the starting switch, electromagnetic valve electricity, cleaning arm driven by cylinder reaches outward, when extending to the limit, met the limit switch, stop the overhanging the cleaning arm, delay for a few seconds later, cleaning brush, we started running when sprinkling water press the switch, the pump start sprinkler, when after the completion of the cleaning, cleaning the car had been ordered to stop, first is to stop water, then wash brushes stalling, after the cleaning brush completely halt, cylinder, electromagnetic valve, power cylinder cleaning (arm) began to recovery,When the recovery reaches the limit, it encounters the internal limit switch. At this point, the recovery of the cleaning arm stops completely.At this point, the cleaning car has completed a cleaning cycle through a total of eight processes.The operation mode of the new generation of automatic guardrail cleaning vehicle is split operation mode and automatic operation mode, among which the automatic operation mode is divided into left cleaning automatic operation and right cleaning automatic operation.Manual operation: manual operation is to use the button operation, to clean the car each movement mode independently control.Air compressor starter button, for example, air compressor, when need to wash arm outrigger or recycling, press the cylinder solenoid valve (hereinafter referred to as the valve) start button, the cleaning arm outrigger, press the stop button, recycling, cleaning arm when sprinkling water sprinkling water need to choose the pump or not, press start button, the water valve pump began to water;Press again to stop the water spraying.When it is necessary to select cleaning brush to start cleaning or stop cleaning, press the motor start button, relay connection, waterproof motor to start running, cleaning brush to start working;Press again, waterproof motor stop, cleaning brush stop working.The left side is automatically cleaned. When the left side guardrail is automatically cleaned on the main menu, the cleaning car starts from the origin and the left side guardrail is automatically cleaned according to the fixed procedure.The starting order is: the left side of the brush sticks out, after 6 seconds, the brush rotates, and the water spraying begins.When the return button is pressed, the cleaning car will stop cleaning and reset automatically.Similarly, when automatic cleaning of the right guardrail is selected on the main menu, the cleaning car starts from the origin, and the right guardrail is automatically cleaned according to the fixed procedure.The starting order is: the right brush extends out, after 6 seconds the brush rotates, and the water spraying begins.When the return button is pressed, the cleaning car will stop cleaning and reset automatically.3. Selection of PLCDue to the I/O points for the 9/20 point, considering the car cleaning operation process is fixed, the PLC I/O points can leave no margin on this, in combination with the relevant information presented models, finally chose the mitsubishi FX series PLC, host selection FXON - 24 Mr,FXON-16EYR was selected for the expansion unit and FXON-3AD was selected for the expansion unit. This system has 15 input points and 28 output points, which can fully meet the needs of the new generation of guardrail cleaning vehicles.4. Selection of HMI and setting of man-machine dialogue interfaceDue to the relatively poor working environment of guardrail cleaning vehicle, mitsubishi was chosen to update the control system technology in the futureThe gp370-wl touch screen is produced as the required HMI.Setup of the man-machine dialogue interfaceThe main menu1. Automatically clean the left side guardrail2. Automatically clean the right guardrail3. Manual operation5 PLC programmingWhen the PLC is energized, the host is connected and the state is reset.Then the air compressor began to operate and the pressure went up.At the same time the body rear speed limit display open.When selecting manual operation on the touch screen, enter the manual program. If the selection is not manual operation, do not execute the manual program.When the left side guardrail is automatically cleaned on the touch screen, the system will enter the left side guardrail cleaning program automatically. When this button is not selected, the system will not execute this program.When the right guardrail is automatically cleaned on the touch screen, the system will automatically enter the right guardrail cleaning program. When this button is not selected, the system will not execute this program.Guardrail cleaning car automatic cleaning is a sequential action step control, sequence of operation in the automatic cleaning should be: (1) cylinder drives the cleaning brush overhang (2) extending to the limit, cleaning brush to rotate (3) the water valve begins to turn water (4) the roof lights and cleaning instructions.Design of automatic closing program for automatic cleaning of left guardrail: the automatic closing (reset) program is relatively simple.(2) stop operation of left front cleaning brush and left rear cleaning brush;(3) the left front air valve is closed, the left rear air valve is closed, and the cylinder drives cleaning brush to recover;(4) the water pump is stopped.6. Analysis of installation and debugging resultsFrom the perspective of the installation and debugging results of the last, the development of a new generation of guardrail cleaning car cleaning effect is very good, text display control, programmable controller performance matching, man-machine dialogue interface conform to the requirements of the production operation, back speed monitor and its roof lights installed better protect the safety of operating personnel.All kinds of operations of the application software can be through text control display calls, switching.Automatic cleaning, automatic reset, fault detection, emergency stop, etc. can all operate accurately.The cleaning effect is also very satisfying.At least 30 km (4 hours) of guardrail cleaning can be completed every working day, which fully meets the development requirements.7 conclusionThe retrofit is developed on the original cleaning car structure and control method of the full update, after the retrofit of a new generation of automatic car guardrail cleaning completely realized high speed highway guardrail automatic cleaning, all process can be performed by operators in the driving room, operation is convenient, safe, and the overall design is beautiful, generous, rational, cleaning effect is very good, can completely replace the manual cleaning in practical work.1.2中文翻译顽固污渍的清洗作为机械清洗的一个难点,在理论与技术上始终都没有得到很好地解决。笔者希望通过相关的分析研究,为业内今后进一步的研究提供借鉴。2机械清洗作业对象分析 2.1道路护栏城市道路护栏的结构形式主要有2种:一种是由圆形截面的钢筋或钢管焊接而成,每段通过螺栓连接;另一种是由方形截面的钢管焊接而成。道路护栏材料常常为线材。标配护栏外形构造为方管框架圆形铁棍组焊而成,单元尺寸为长3 m、宽0.07 m、高1.4 m。2.2护栏污渍常见的护栏污渍包括散粒灰尘、顽固灰土痂和油基污渍等3种。散粒灰尘浮沉在空气中或停留在所有物体表面,与护栏单位接触面小,灰尘内部连接也松散,因而比较容易被水力清洗。顽固灰土痂是颗粒和环境化学污染物水合在护栏上,经过一个干燥过程中形成的紧密结构,由多种成分的尘土混和物、泥浆、有机质以及菌类等污渍组成,粒间结合力很大,低压冲洗难以奏效。随着人们生活水平的提高,工业迅速发展,污渍的种类越来越多,成分越来越复杂。污渍主要分油基和水基2种。护栏油基污渍多由汽车尾气或其它生活排污形成,依靠油粒表面吸附力、大浸润角表面张力结合,结合力居中,无论高压、低压清洗都很难奏效,需要化学改性或添加清洗液才可以清除掉。顽固灰土痂和油基污渍构成的顽固污渍,还常常具有厚度大的特点。实际调查发现,护栏受顽固污渍污染的程度常常超过标配护栏污染度8.3 mg/cm2几倍以上。而实际试验也表明:1次清洗即达到理想清洁度的难度很大,常常需要多个清洗过程叠加才能达到理想状态。3顽固污渍清洗技术方案 3.1四滚刷对夹旋刷滚刷在水清洗的辅助下,可通过对护栏污渍的冲击、摩擦实现洗扫清洁。研究发现,滚刷组如采用立式摆开、相互平行的对夹方式,可四角合拢包夹护栏杆、柱,其相邻滚刷以相反的方向旋转,能最大限度地提高扫毛对护栏输出的冲击力和摩擦力。其中各滚刷由独立液压马达驱动旋转,每根转轴上设有叠加式呈依次间隔排列的大刷盘组建,大刷盘上承栽扫毛。以往的实践表明:滚刷直径、转速、扫毛材料及清洗车行进速度为影响道路护栏清洗效果的四大因素。直径越大,对夹刷洗可重叠范围越大,越能增加清洗效果;转速越大,刷头击打污渍的力量和划离污渍的效果越好;由于道路护栏的形体不规则,需要扫毛材料具备足够的柔韧度来包夹护栏轮廓;而清洗车行进速度越快,其清洗效果越差。护栏清洗车加强清洗模式技术示意图试验结果显示:行进速度为1.97.5 km/h的条件下,要保持清洁度90%以上,其滚刷直径应为500600 mm,转速为350500 r/min,扫毛材料宜采用尼龙丝硬毛刷和尼龙布软条刷复合而成。3.2高低压水组合清洗任何污渍用水清洁都要经历一定的时间。污渍从受水开始,首先经历的是润湿,消耗一个短暂的时间后,污渍颗粒间与护栏表面结合水膜增厚、表面张力减小、结合力衰减,其后受外来水力冲击、刷具摩擦效应,污渍开始脱开护栏表面,形成污渍沫、污渍流,最后完成一个清洗过程。研究发现,各种污渍被浸润至可冲击摩擦剥离所消耗的时间对第1个清洗过程的清洗效果、清洗效率的影响很大。根据这一规律,我们提前引入高压雾化水来实现护栏浸润,取得了提高护栏清洗能力的良好效果。具体的清洗序配是:在滚刷之前采用高压喷嘴形成雾化氛围对护栏污渍进行三维浸润。一定的浸润时间后,再介入毛刷刷洗,低压水喷刷。滚刷刷洗后,一些污渍虽然被刷毛剥离原表面位置,却由于毛刷本身粘持有污渍,依然会有部分污渍以痕迹形式残留在护栏表面;同时,在护栏下部,一些污渍流还正处于沿护栏下流的过程中。如果此时结束清洗过程,护栏的表面往往残留有刷痕和滞留下污流痕迹,表观清洁度显然不足。因此,在滚刷后还应另外接力性安置1个高压喷嘴,专门负责清理刷痕,同时驱赶和加速污渍流脱离护栏。该清洗序配是一个比较理想的高效清洗过程。笔者在研究中还发现,滚刷前后设置低压、高压2组喷嘴,其前、后低压喷嘴向4个滚刷喷水,使滚刷毛刷带水作业,而前、后高压喷嘴则主要向护栏喷水,使护栏不仅在刷洗前得到预先湿润,刷洗后也可得到有效冲洗,从而完成“预湿润+刷洗+冲洗”的加强模式,有利于提高清洗效果。试验结果也表明,这种清洗模式非常适合粘附顽固污渍、重度污染的护栏,能将标配护栏清洗清洁度从国标要求的90%提高到95%以上,甚至97%。随着国民经济的发展，高等级公路里程越来越长，而公路护栏的清洗却相对滞后，脏乱的护栏影响了公路的美观，影响了城市的整体形象，但这种现状也给公路护栏清洗设备的发展壮大提供了良好的契机,目前此类设备国内无成型产品,从国外进口则价格高昂,我单位决定在原有由小型汽油发动机通过皮带传动驱动悬臂式刷苗进行护栏清洗的简易设备的基础上研制开发新一代全自动护栏清洗车。结合当前公路护栏清洗的实际情况，提出了以下研制要求：清洗效果良好（清洗后的护栏能达到干净、整洁）；在不改变行车方向的情况下，左右两侧护栏都能清洗，即能实现双向清洗；环保、噪音小、节水，每个工作日加水不多于两次，效率高（每个工作日实际工作距离不少于 30 公里）；全自动操作，全部工序都能设现自动化，可以由操作人员在驾驶室独立完成，做到人机对话；安全设施齐全，整体美观、大方。1 方案的选择：(1) 新一代护栏清洗车总的控制结构组成采用电气控制方式气缸（使刷杆来回伸缩）(2) 控制方式的选择在目前的工业系统中有两种最基本的控制方式，一种是接线程序控制，一种是存贮程序控制。接线程系控制系统最大的缺点就是控制程序的修改必须通过改变接线来实现。所谓存贮器程序控制是指支配控制系统工作的程序存放在存贮器中，系统要完成的控制任务是通过存贮器中的程序来实现的，这样的系统称为存贮程序控制系统。其程序是由程序语言表达的，因此又称软件程序，可编程控制器和单片机都属于存贮程序控制器。根据新一代护栏清洗车的研制要求，决定采用存贮程序控制系统。(3) 控制器的选择在目前工业生产中，对于较复杂的控制系统，常采用单片机或可编程控制器。单片机的接线较繁杂，编程的要求较高，调试时比较繁锁，不能方便的进行生产工艺的更新改造，PLC 可编程控制器可以弥补单片机的这些不足。由于护栏清洗设备作为控制对象有如下特点：控制对象本身是由几个相互关联的部件组成，既有几个控制子对象，各种控制量以开关量为主，不需要复杂的数学模型及计算，因此，选择采用可编程控制器 PLCHMI（文本控制显示器）来设现护栏清洗的自动控制。(4) 各部件的构造（加工件）或型号（外购件）的选择护栏清洗车正常清洗作业时行驶速度为 5-10 公里/小时，作业刷苗最佳转速为 200 转/分钟，毛刷工作时的最大回转直径 R900mm，毛刷有效工作长度 L620mm，刷轴转速 n200 转/分，水箱一次性充水 Q3 吨。2护栏清洗车控制程序设计当空压机的驱动电机通电工作后，空压机开始工作，气压随之上升，当气压上升到一定的压力后，按下起动开关，电磁阀通电，清洗臂开始由气缸驱动向外伸，当外伸到极限时，碰到外限位开关，此时清洗臂停止外伸，延时几秒钟后，清洗刷开始运转，当按下水泵洒水开关时，水泵开始洒水，当清洗工作完成后，清洗车接到停止命令，首先是停止洒水，随后清洗刷停转，当清洗刷完全停转后，气缸电磁阀断电，气缸（清洗臂）开始回收，当回收到极限时，碰到内限位开关，此时，清洗臂的回收完全停止，随后，空压机断电，空压机停转。到此，清洗车经过总共八道工序完成了一个清洗周期。新一代全自动护栏清洗车的操作方式分手动操作方式和自动操作方式，其中自动操作方式又分为左侧清洗自动操作和右侧清洗自动操作。手动操作：手动操作也就是用按钮操作，对清洗车的每一种运动方式单独进行控制。例如，按下空压机起动按钮，空压机转动，当需要清洗臂外伸或回收时，按下气缸电磁阀（以下简称气阀）起动按钮，清洗臂外伸，按下停止按钮，清洗臂回收，当需要选择水泵洒水或不洒水时，按下水阀起动按钮，水泵开始洒水；再按，水阀停止洒水。当需要选择清洗刷开始清洗或停止清洗时，按下电机起动按钮，继电器接合，防水电机开始运转，清洗刷开始工作；再按，防水电机停转，清洗刷停止工作。左侧清洗自动操作，当在主菜单上选择自动清洗左侧护栏时，清洗车从原点开始，按即定工序对左侧护栏自动开始清洗。启动顺序为：左侧刷子伸出，6 秒后刷子旋转，喷水开始。当按下返回按钮时，清洗车自动按序停止清洗，复位。右侧清洗自动操作，同理，当在主菜单上选择自动清洗右侧护栏时，清洗车从原点开始，按即定工序顷对右侧护栏自动开始清洗。启动顺序为：右侧刷子伸出，6 秒后刷子旋转，喷水开始。当按下返回按钮时，清洗车自动按序停止清洗，复位。3 PLC 的选择由于所需的 IO 点数为 920 点，考虑到清洗车操作的工艺固定，PLC 的 IO 点数其本上可不留裕量，结合有关资料所介绍的机型，最后选择了三菱公司生产的 FX 系列 PLC, 主机选择ON-4MR，扩展单元选择 FXON16EYR，扩充单元选择 FXON3AD，这个配制共有 15 个输入点，28 个输出点，完全能满足新一代护栏清洗车的需要。4 HMI 的选择和人机对话界面的设置由于护栏清洗车工作环境相对恶劣，而且为了今后控制系统技术更新的需要，选择三菱公司生产的 GP370WL 触摸屏作为所需的 HMI。人机对话介面的设置主菜单1、自动清洗左侧护栏2、自动清洗右侧护栏3、手动操作5 PLC 程序设计当 PLC 通电后，主机接通，状态复位；随后空压机开始运转，气压上升。同时车身后部限速显示器开。当在触摸屏上选择手动操作时，进入手动程序，如选择的不是手动操作，则不执行手动程序。当在触摸屏上选择自动清洗左侧护栏时，系统自动进入清洗左侧护栏程序，当未选择此按钮时，系统不执行此程序。当在触摸屏上选择自动清洗右侧护栏时，系统自动进入清洗右侧护栏程序，当未选择此按钮时，系统不执行此程序。护栏清洗车的自动清洗是一个按顺序动作的步进控制，在自动清洗中操作顺序应当是：（1）气缸驱动清洗刷外伸（2）外伸到极限，清洗刷开始旋转（3）水阀开始喷水（4）车顶警灯转和清洗方向指示。自动清洗左侧护栏的自动关闭程序设计:自动关闭(复位)程序相对简单,在此程序中,复位顺序是:(1)左前水阀关闭,左后水阀关闭;(2)左前清洗刷停转,左后清洗刷停转;(3)左前气阀关闭, 左后气阀关闭,气缸驱动清洗刷回收;(4)水泵停转。6 安装调试结果分析从最后的安装调试结果来看，所研制的新一代护栏清洗车清洗效果很好，文本控制显示器、可编程控制器性能匹配，人机对话介面符合生产操作要求，退速显示器和车顶警灯的安装更好的保护了操作人员的安全。应用软件的各种操作方式都能通过文本控制显示器调用、切换。自动清洗、自动复位、故障检测、急停等都能准确运行。清洗效果也让人感到非常满意。每个工作日能完成至少 30 公里（以 4 小时计）的护栏清洗任务，完全达到了研制需求。7 结语本次改型研制是对原清洗车的结构和控制方式的全盘更新，改型后的新一代全自动护栏清洗车完全实现了高速速公路护栏的全自动清洗，所有的工序都可以由操作人员在驾驶室内完成，操作方便、安全，整体设计美观、大方、合理，清洗效果很好，在实际工作中完全可替代人工清洗。2 专业阅读书目2.1 机电一体化系统设计内容摘要：机电一体化是在微电子技术、计算机技术、信息技术向机械工业渗透过程中逐渐形成并发展起来的一门新兴的综合性技术学科。目前，机电一体化技术已受到普遍重视，并广泛应用于机械制造、仪器仪表、电气信息、医疗设备、交通运输、航空航天等行业，已成为现代技术和经济发展中不可缺少的一种高新技术；机电一体化技术应用生产的机电一体化产品已遍及人们日常生活和国民经济的各个领域。为了在当今国际范围内激烈的技术、经济竞争中占据优势，世界各国纷纷将机电一体化的研究和发展作为一项重要内容而列入本国的发展计划。21世纪我国将成为世界制造业的重要基地，因此机电一体化系统设计成为机械、自动控制等专业较重要的一门专业课程。机电一体化是一门实践性非常强的综合性技术学科，所涉及的知识领域非常广泛，现代各种先进技术构成了机电一体化的技术基础。但机电一体化并非是这些技术的简单叠加，它的灵魂是突出强调这些技术的相互渗透和有机结合，从而形成某一单项技术所无法达到的优势，并将这种优势通过性能优异的机电一体化产品而体现出来，转化成强大的生产力。（冯浩，汪建新，赵书尚，杨威.机电一体化系统设计M.华中科技大学出版社， 2016）2.2 机械设计内容摘要： 蜗杆传动是在空间交错的两轴间传递运动和动力的一种传动机构，两轴线交错的夹角可为任意值，常用的为90。这种传动由于具有结构紧凑、传动比大（在动力传动中，一般传动比i=10-80；在分度机构中，i可以达到1000）、传动平稳以及在一定的条件下具有可靠地自锁性等优点，应用较广泛。其传递的最大功率可达1000kw，最大圆周速度可以达到69m/s之多。不足之处是传动效率低，摩擦发热大，常需耗用有色金属，故不宜用于长期连续工作的传动。蜗杆传动通常用于减速装置，也有个别机器用作增速装置。 随着机器功率的不断提高，近年来陆续出现了多种新型的蜗杆传动，效率低的缺点正在逐步改善。按照蜗杆形状的不同，蜗杆传动可以分为圆柱蜗杆传动、环面蜗杆传动和锥蜗杆传动等。（王为，汪建晓.机械设计M.武汉：华中科技大学出版社，2011）2.3 Creo2.0机械设计教程内容摘要：定义拉伸特征类型 在选择命令后，绘图区上方会出现“拉伸”操控板。在操控板中，按下“实体特征类型”按钮（默认情况下，此按钮为按下状态）。 说明：利用拉伸工具，可以创建如下几种类型的特征。 实体类型：按下操控板中的“实体特征类型”按钮，可以创建实体类型的特征。在由截面草图生成实体时，实体特征的截面草图完全由材料填充，并沿草图平面的法向伸展来生成实体，如图3.1.7所示。 曲面类型：按下操控板中的“曲面特征类型”按钮，可以创建一个拉伸曲面。在Creo 2.0中，曲面是一种没有厚度和重量的片体几何，但通过相关命令操作可变成带厚度的实体，如图3.1.8所示。 薄壁类型：按下“薄壁特征类型”按钮，可以创建薄壁类型的特征。在由截面草图生成实体时，薄壁特征的截面草图则由材料填充成均厚的环，环的内侧、外侧或中心轮廓线是截面草图，如图3.1.9所示。（詹友刚.Creo2.0机械设计教程M，机械工业出版社， 2013）2.4 机械原理内容摘要： 实际机构往往是由外形和机构都很负载的构件和运动副所组成的。但从运动的观点来看，构件的运动取决于运动副的类型和机构的运动尺寸（确定个运动副的相对位置的尺寸），而与构件的外形、断面尺寸、组成构件的零件数目、固联方式及运动副的具体结构等无关。因此，为了便于研究机构的运动，可以撇开构件、运动副的外形和具体构造，而只用简单的线条和符号代表构件和运动副，并按比例定出各运动副的位置，表示机构的组成和传动情况。这种能够准确表达机构运动特性的简明图形就称为机构运动简图。机构运动简图与原机构具有完全相同的运动特性，因此，可以根据运动简图对机构进行结构分析、运动分析和力分析。有时，只为了表明机构的运动状态或各构件的相互关系，也可以不按比例来绘制运动简图，这样的简图称为机构示意图。国家标准（GB/T4460-1984）规定了机构运动简图的符号，表2-2所示的常用构件和运动副的表示方法摘自该标准。（魏兵，喻全余，孙未.机械原理M.武汉：华中科技大学出版社，2007）2.5 理论力学内容摘要：理论力学所研究的对象是运动的物体，是一种具体的客观存在，为了探索物体在机械运动中的基本规律，必须首先对物体作必要的简化，建立力学模型。 例如，在研究航天飞机的运动时，虽然航天飞机本身较大,但与它的运动轨迹相比要小得多，因此，可将航天飞机简化为一个质点模型。这样,有利于研究航天飞机的运动规律。又如，在研究汽缸内活塞的运动时，活塞在受到外力作用下而使自身产生微小变形，但为了研究活塞的运动规律,忽略它的微小变形,将活塞建立为受力不变形的刚体模型。 再如，活塞与连杆之间的机械运动是相互制约的，为了研究它们之间的相互作用力，需要将它们的连接简化为理想约束模型。这些力学模型有一个共同的特点是:抓住研究对象的主要因素，舍弃其次要因素，以建立抽象化的模型。但是，任何抽象化的模型都是相对的。当条件改变时，必须考虑影响事物的新的因素,建立新的模型。（李卓球，侯作富.理论力学M，武汉理工大学出版社，2011）2.6 机械设计课程设计内容摘要：机器通常由原动机、传动装置和工作机三部分组成。传动装置将原动机的动力和运动传递给工作机，合理拟定传动方案是保证传动装置设计质量的基础。在课程设计中，学生应根据设计任务书，拟
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