【步步高】（四川专用）高考英语二轮复习 专题知识与增分策略 第二部分 阅读理解 主旨大意题(1).DOC

【步步高】（四川专用）2014高考英语二轮复习 第二部分 阅读理解 主旨大意题考纲解读高中英语教学大纲明确规定“侧重提高阅读能力”，这为我们的备考指明了方向。分析近几年的高考英语试题，我们不难看出，阅读理解是高考试题中难度最大，区分度最高的题型，自始至终占据着主导地位。阅读理解能力属于语言的领会技能，它不仅考查对语篇的整体把握能力，而且考查快速捕捉信息、准确理解特定细节以及复杂句子的能力。不仅要准确理解文章表层的意思，还要通过表层去推理、判断。除此之外，还涉及非语言因素，如：对所学语言国家的社会和文化背景知识的掌握、生活常识、逻辑知识和语言修养等。考情分析纵观近几年各地英语试卷，阅读理解题有如下特点：1突出语用，体裁多样，题材丰富阅读理解题体裁分布包括记叙文、说明文、应用文和议论文等，涉及的话题新颖广泛，体现了其多样化、现代化和生活化的特点，综合反映了政治、经济、文化和生活的各个方面，具有鲜明的英语语言文化特点，体现了“语言是文化的载体”这一重要理念。2信息密集，句子优美，结构复杂阅读理解题每篇都是以简约的语言负载高含量的信息，要求准确迅速地从特定的语篇中有目的地获取信息。阅读理解文章的句子原汁原味、语言地道、纯正优美，而且篇章结构和句子结构都有一定的难度。各篇或在时间顺序上，或在空间顺序上，或在逻辑推理上，均使用了较高级的组篇手段。结构复杂的长句、倒装句、省略句以及插入语等也随处可见。3细节为主，推理随后，主旨突出阅读理解题型分布合理，以细节理解题和推理判断题为主，主旨大意题几乎每年都考。各个题型的分布已逐步成熟且趋于平稳。阅读理解分为五大题型：主旨大意题、细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题和篇章结构题。考点1主旨大意之精确归纳标题【真题解密】in business，theres a speed difference：its the difference between how important a firms leaders say speed is to their competitive (竞争的) strategy(策略) and how fast the company actually moves.the difference is important regardless of industry and company size.companies fearful of losing their competitive advantage spend much time and money looking for ways to pick up the speed.in our study of 343 businesses，the companies that chose to go，go，go to try to gain_an_edge ended up with lower sales and operating incomes than those that paused at key moments to make sure they were on the right track.whats more，the firms that “slowed down to speed up” improved their top and bottom lines，averaging 40% higher sales and 52% higher operating incomes over a threeyear period.how did they disobey the_laws_of_business_physics，taking more time than competitors yet performing better？they thought differently about what “slower” and “faster” mean.firms sometimes fail to understand the difference between operational speed (moving quickly) and strategic speed (reducing the time it takes to deliver value)simply increasing the speed of production，for example，may be one way to try to reduce the speed difference.but that often leads to reduced value over time，in the form of lowerquality products and services.in our study，higherperforming companies with strategic speed always made changes when necessary.they became more open to ideas and discussion.they encouraged new ways of thinking.and they allowed time to look back and learn.by contrast (相比而言)，performance suffered at firms that moved fast all the time，paid too much attention to improving efficiency，stuck to tested methods，didnt develop team spirit among their employees，and had little time thinking about changes.strategic speed serves as a kind of leadership.teams that regularly take time to get things right，rather than plough ahead full bore，are more successful in meeting their business goals.that kind of strategy must come from the top.(2011四川，e)57what does the underlined part “gain an edge” in paragraph 2 mean?aincrease the speed. bget an advantage.creach the limit. dset a goal.答案b解析词义猜测题。根据该短语所在的语境，结合下文可以看出，第二段对两类公司的做法进行了对比，即一味追求速度最终导致低销售、低收入的公司和“慢下来是为了加速”(slowed down to speed up)的公司。而一味追求速度的公司之所以这样做，目的是为了在竞争中取得优势。结合语境反推可知gain an edge的含义。58the underlined part “the laws of business physics” in paragraph 3 means _.aspending more time and performing worsebspending more time and performing bettercspending less time and performing worsedspending less time and performing better答案d解析推理判断题。根据第三段第一句how did they.taking more time than competitors yet performing better？可知，有的公司违背规律，花了比竞争对手多的时间却表现良好。反之，正常规律是花的时间少而表现良好。据此可推断出答案。59what can we learn from the text?ahow fast a firm moves depends on how big it is.bhow competitive a firm is depends on what it produces.cfirms guided by strategic speed take time to make necessary changes.dfirms guided by operational speed take time to develop necessary team spirit.答案c解析推理判断题。根据文章第四段第一句话“.higherperforming companies with strategic speed always made changes when necessary.”可知，注重战略速度的高绩效的公司在必要时会做出一些调整，故c项正确。60which could be the best title for the text?aimprove quality？serve better.bdeliver value？plough ahead.creduce time？move faster.dneed speed？slow down.答案d解析标题归纳题。通过对文章的综合考虑可以看出，文章主要围绕战略速度展开论述，最终得出结论：战略速度决定了公司的成败。因此，必要时一定要慢下来做些适当调整。技巧归纳(1)利用主题段来概括标题主题段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般来说第一段经常提出文章的主题或最后一段总结文章的主题，知道了文章的主题也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句话或一个短语文章的标题。(2)利用主题句来概括标题解题的关键是要抓住每一段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句进行概括和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。做此类题时，要避免以下三种错误：(1)概括不够(多表现为部分替代整体，从而缩小了范围)； (2)过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)；(3)以事实、细节替代文章大意。趁热打铁argentina in the late nineteenth century was an exciting place.around 1870，it was experiencing an economic(经济的)boom，and the capital，buenos aires，attracted many people.farmers，as well as a flood of foreigners from spain and italy，came to buenos aires seeking jobs.these jobs didnt pay well，and the people felt lonely and disappointed with their new life in the city.as the unhappy newcomers mixed together in the poor parts of the city，the dance known as the tango(探戈舞)came into being.at the beginning the tango was a dance of the lower classes.it was danced in the bars and streets.at that time there were many fewer women than men，so if a man didnt want to be left out，his only choice was to dance with another man so that he could attract the attention of the few available women.gradually，the dance spread into the upper classes of argentinean society and became more respectable.in europe at this time，strong interest in dance from around the world was beginning.this interest in international dance was especially evident in paris.every kind of dance from ballet(芭蕾舞) to belly dancing could be found on the stages of the paris theaters.after tango dancers from argentina arrived in europe，they began to draw the interest of the public as they performed their exciting dance in cafes.though not everyone approved of the new dance，saying it was a little too shocking，the dance did find enough supporters to make it popular.the popularity(流行) of the tango continued to grow in many other parts of the world.soldiers who returned to the united states from world war brought the tango to north america.it reached japan in 1926，and in 2003 the argentinean embassy in seoul hired a local tango dancer to act as a kind of dance ambassador，and promote tango dancing throughout south korea.(2013安徽，e)72the origin of the tango is associated with_.abelly dancersbamerican soldiersca spanish citydthe capital of argentina答案d解析细节理解题。由第一段可知，阿根廷首都布宜诺斯艾利斯是探戈舞的发源地。73which of the following is true about the tango?ait was created by foreigners from spain and italy.bpeople of the upper classes loved the tango most.cit was often danced by two males in the beginning.da dancer in seoul became the argentinean ambassador.答案c解析细节理解题。由第二段中的“.so if a man didnt want to be left out，his only choice was to dance with another man.”可知。74before world war，the tango spread to_.aamerica bjapancfrance dsouth korea答案c解析细节理解题。由第三段中的“this interest in international dance was especially evident in paris.”可知。75what can be the best title for the text?ahow to dance the tangobthe history of the tangochow to promote the tangodthe modern tango boom答案b解析标题归纳题。本文主要讲述了探戈舞的发展史。活页练(二十).单项填空1with the development of science and technology，peoples life_in the past few years.aimproved bhas improvedcis improving dhad improved答案b解析根据句子后面的时间状语in the past few years可以知道句子应该使用现在完成时。 2wang wei is one of many chinese students_“on the go”awho lives life bwho live lifecthat lives living dthat live living答案b解析 “one of 名词/代词”接定语从句时，先行词是前面的名词或代词，而不是one，因此可以排除a和c；再根据live用作及物动词时一般要接同源宾语(a happy/sad/poor，etc.) life，因此选b。其中on the go相当于形容词短语作定语。 3the tv set he_works well now.ahas repairing bhaving repairedchas been repaired dhas had repaired答案d解析本题考查学生综合能力。首先要知道he_是定语从句，对先行词the tv set进行修饰。由于the tv set在定语从句中作宾语，所以可以省略关系代词that或which。而定语从句中有have sth. done结构，即完整的句子为：the tv set that/ which he has had repaired works well now.主句为the tv set works well now.。4good evening.i_to see miss mary.oh，good evening.im sorry，but she is not in.acame bcomechave come dhad come答案c解析考查动词时态的用法。选项a表示过去所发生的事情；b项表示经常性或习惯性的动作；c项表示目前的情况和影响；d项时态不符合对话的时间和语境。 5the manager decided to give the job to_he believed had a strong sense of duty.awhoever bwhomevercwho dthose答案a解析whoever作宾语从句的主语；he believed可看作插入语。 6tod hadnt passed the exam and was afraid of being scolded._.aso it was with jimbso was jim，his classmatecit is the same with jimdneither had jim，his classmate答案a解析so it was with jim是指上一句的内容也适合另一个人。选项c中的is改为was也对。7the indian ocean tsunami at the end of 2004 is believed_more than 160,000 people and made millions homeless，_it perhaps the most destroying tsunami in history.ato kill；makingbto have killed；makingchaving killed；to makedkilling；made答案b解析考查句型结构及非谓语动词。根据believe句型“believe sb./sth. to be/to have done”可知，第一空填to have killed；第二空的非谓语动词表示结果，动词的ing形式表示事情发展的自然结果，而不定式表示出乎意料的结果。 8is it true_the rain stops，it will be as hot as in the summer here?awhen bthat whencwhenever dthat答案b解析考查学生分析句子结构的能力。it is true that构成一个主语从句，而主语从句内部又有一个以when引导的时间状语从句。 9the time he has devoted in the past years_the disabled is now considered_of great value.ato help；being bto helping；to becto help；to be dhelping；being答案b解析前一部分考查devote ones time to doing sth.句式。后一部分中的consider的后面接了主语补足语，所以用不定式作补语。句意为：他在过去的十年中用在帮助残疾人身上的时间现在被认为是很有价值的。 10as i looked at the memorial，i thought about _ terrible disaster it was for the people in nanjing then and _ they were to fight the japanese invaders.ahow；how bwhat a；howcwhat；what dhow；what答案b解析句意为：当我看这座纪念碑的时候，我想，南京人民的那场灾难是多么的严重，他们又是怎么反抗日本侵略者的啊。第一空所在句是一个感叹句，若用how则变为：how terrible the disaster was；第二空根据句子结构和句意可知用how。.阅读理解aone of the greatest gifts one generation can give to other generations is the wisdom it has gained from experience.this idea has inspired the awardwinning photographer andrew zuckerman.he interviewed and took photos of fifty oversixtyfiveyearolds all over the world.his project explores various aspects of their lives.the photos and interviews are now available on our website.click on the introductions to read the complete interviews.let us now have a culture of peace.federico mayor zaragoza，spainfederico mayor zaragoza obtained a doctorate in pharmacy(药学)from the complutense university of madrid in 1958.after many years spent in politics，he became directorgeneral of unesco in 1987.in 1999，he created the foundation for a culture of peace，of which he is now the president.in addition to many scientific publications，he has published four collections of poems and several books of essays.writing is a discovery.nadine gordimer，south africadue to a weak heart，nadine gordimer attended school and university briefly.she read widely and began writing at an early age.she published her first short story at the age of fifteen，and has completed a large number of works，which have been translated into forty languages.in 1991，gordimer won the nobel prize for literature.jazz is about the only form of art today.dave brubeck，usadave brubeck studied music at the university of the pacific and graduated in 1942.after world war two he was encouraged to play jazz.in 1951，he recorded his first album(专辑)brubecks 1959 album has become a jazz standard.he received a grammy lifetime achievement award in 1996.for more figures click here. (2013重庆，b)1why did andrew zuckerman choose the fifty elders for his project?abecause their wisdom deserves to be passed on.bbecause they are physically impressive.cbecause their accomplishments inspired him.dbecause they have similar experiences.答案a解析推理判断题。从文章的第一句“一代人给予另一代人的最伟大的礼物就是从经验中获得的智慧”，只有年龄大的人经历多，经验才多，所以作者才选择老年人作为研究对象。2according to the web page，federico mayor zaragoza _.ahas won many awards for his work in politicsbhas served as the president of a universitychas devoted all his life to the field of sciencedhas made achievements in different areas答案d解析细节理解题。从对此人物的介绍中，我们看出他在pharmacy，politics，literature等方面都颇有建树，故d项符合要求。3who most probably said “my education has been the library and books” in the interview when reflecting on his/her experience?aandrew zuckerman.bfederico mayor zaragoza.cnadine gordimer.ddave brubeck.答案c解析细节理解题。从对第三个人物介绍中的“.nadine gordimer attended school and university briefly.she read widely and began writing.”可看出正确答案为c项。4what is the main purpose of this web page?ato show zuckermans awards.bto publicize zuckermans project.cto spread the wisdom of the three people.dto celebrate the achievements of the three people.答案b解析写作意图题。从第一段中的“his project explores various aspects of their lives.click on the introductions to read the complete interviews.”可知此网页的目的是公布其采访结果，故b项符合题意。bhere is an astonishing and significant fact：mental work alone cant make us tired.it sounds absurd.but a few years ago，scientists tried to find out how long the human brain could labor without reaching a stage of fatigue(疲劳)to the amazement of these scientists，they discovered that blood passing through the brain，when it is active，shows no fatigue at all！if we took a drop of blood from a day laborer，we would find it full of fatigue toxins(毒素) and fatigue products.but if we took blood from the brain of an albert einstein，it would show no fatigue toxins at the end of the day.so far as the brain is concerned，it can work as well and swiftly at the end of eight or even twelve hours of effort as at the beginning.the brain is totally tireless.so what makes us tired?some scientists declare that most of our fatigue comes from our mental and emotional(情感的) attitudes.one of englands most outstanding scientists，j.a.hadfield，says，“the greater part of the fatigue from which we suffer is of mental origin.in fact，fatigue of purely physical origin is rare.” dr.brill，a famous american scientist，goes even further.he declares，“one hundred percent of the fatigue of a sitting worker in good health is due to emotional problems.”what kinds of emotions make sitting workers tired？joy？satisfaction？no！a feeling of being bored，anger，anxiety，tenseness，worry，a feeling of not being appreciatedthose are the emotions that tire sitting workers.hard work by itself seldom causes fatigue.we get tired because our emotions produce nervousness in the body.(2013辽宁，c)5what surprised the scientists a few years ago?afatigue toxins could hardly be found in a laborers blood.balbert einstein didnt feel worn out after a days work.cthe brain could work for many hours without fatigue.da mental workers blood was filled with fatigue toxins.答案c解析细节理解题。根据第一段第三、四句可知选c。6according to the author，which of the following can make sitting workers tired?achallenging mental work.bunpleasant emotions.cendless tasks.dphysical labor.答案b解析细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“a feeling of being bored，anger，anxiety，tenseness，worry，a feeling of not being appreciated.”可知选b。7whats the authors attitude towards the scientists ideas?ahe agrees with them.bhe doubts them.che argues against them.dhe hesitates to accept them.答案a解析细节理解题。根据文章最后一段特别是最后两句可判断作者是同意科学家的说法的。8we can infer from the passage that in order to stay energetic，sitting workers need to_.ahave some good foodbenjoy their workcexercise regularlyddiscover fatigue toxins答案b解析推理判断题。根据最后一段的叙述，可知导致工人疲劳的是一些不良情绪，由此可推断以极大的热情对待工作，也就是喜爱工作，就能保持旺盛的精力。.书面表达假设你是你校学生会主席，请给你校高三学生发一则通知。内容包括：1an english party with some students from new zealand；2show them around the city at the weekend；3a journey to the oriental greenland together.参考范文noticeto welcome the visiting students from new zealand，the students union plans to hold an english party inviting all senior 3 students.the party will be held at the weekend with complimentary snacks and drinks.after the party，we should encourage our fellow students to show the visitors around the city.most of our visitors have been here for the first time and cannot speak chinese.your companion would be highly appreciated and very helpful to them.in addition to the city touring，we will also arrange a journey to the oriental greenland.the bus will leave from the students hall at 930 am.on sunday.please bring your student id for registration purpose.again，we would like to extend our warmest welcome to the visiting students from new zealand and wish everyone a very joyous weekend with friends from new zealand.考点2主旨大意之概括文章大意真题解密“indeed，” george washington wrote in his diary in 1785，“some kind of fly，or bug，had begun to eat the leaves before i left home.” but the father of america was not the father of bug.when washington wrote that，englishmen had been referring to insects as bugs for more than a century，and americans had already created lightningbug(萤火虫)but the english were soon to stop using the bugs in their language，leaving it to the americans to call a bug a bug in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.the american bug could also be a person，referring to someone who was crazy about a particular activity.although fan became the usual term，sports fans used to be called racing bugs，baseball bugs，and the like.or the bug could be a small machine or object，for example，a bugshaped car.the bug could also be a burglar alarm，from which comes the expression to bug，that is，“to install(安装) an alarm”now it means a small piece of equipment that people use for listening secretly to others conversations.since the 1840s，to bug has long meant “to cheat”，and since the 1940s it has been annoying.we also kn