第二学期笔译课件.doc

一 Process of TranslationProcess: Preparation Working Checking Preparation: Read the original text several times master the general meaning in the original text pay attention to its detailed description or statement.Working: Including understanding and expression (first understanding then expression)Checking: Translators should concentrate themselves on the versions including every used words, complement the lost contents and correct the wrong or unproper versions and check whether the version is smooth and correct or not 二 Syntactic handling in Chinese English translation The dominent content in Chinese sentences is the main idea, not subject, - emphasis on “parataxis”.1. Determine the subjectThere are five following principles:1) Necessarily Accord with English Language Usage and Cultural Custom Nations of Using English热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此进一步加强合作，建立发展贸易关系。 - Customers from various regions are warmly welcome to establish and develop business contacts.2) Necessarily Accord with the Westerners Thinking Mode她从来没有想到他是个不诚实的人。 - It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man.3) Subject Should Be a Prominent Part in a Sentence到去年年底，我们已同有关国家签订了100多项目建设合同和协议。 - By the end of last year, contracts and agreements were signed with countries conceming for the construction of more than 100 projects.4) Subject Must Accord with the Logical Retion in a Sentence我们浙江还在吸引外资企业进行老企业改造、房地产开发等方面制定了一系列优惠政策。 - Our zhejiang Province has also formulated a series of preferential policies to absorb foreign capitals in such fields as technical renovation of old enterprises, and real estate development. 我们的事业从胜利走向胜利。 - We have won one victory after another for our cacuse.5) Subject Must Accord with the Need of the Context中国的妇女今天社会地位和平等权利来之不易。 - Women did not gain their social status and their rights easily.2Choice of Predicate 1) State of Predicate Doesnt Change without Person 快点过来吧！ Come here quickly! 安静下来！ Quiet down! 2) Chinese Predicate Verbs Dont Show the Time Sequence, They Can Show the Time Sequence Only the Added Words Showing Different Time Conception本公司全体同仁竭诚为世界服务。 - This corporation will whole-heartedly serve various circles. 该机（录放机）是市场紧俏商品，既是音响又是精美的高档家具。 - This product has sold well since it entered the market, not only as an exquisite sounder, but also as a piece of high-grade furniture. 3) In Chinese, Nouns, Adjectives, Numerals and Preposition-phrases May Be Directly Used as Predicates他今年23岁。 - He is twenty-three this year. 鲁迅，浙江绍兴市。 - Lu Xun was from Shaoxing, Zhejiang. 北京的秋天最美。 - Autumn is the most beautiful season in Beijing. 总经理今天不在公司。 - The chief manager is not in company today. 4) In Chinese, an Expression May Be a Predicate 他们正在谈论的那位女教师品格正直。 - The woman teacher they are now talking about is upright. 南京这个地方，我认为比西安好。 - I think Nanjing is better than Xian. 5) Chinese and English Have Five Patterns(1) Subject Predicate Precticative(2) Subject Predicate (3) Subject Predicate Object(4) Subject Predicate Object Object Complement(5) Subject Predicate Indirect Object Direct Object 6) Chinese Predicate Verbs Are Most Used as Active Way 那项工作已经完成了。 - The task has already been finished. 在记者招待会上，人们问了他许多问题。 - He was asked a lot of questions at the press conference. 7) The Chosen Predicate Must Be in Keeping with its Subject in Persons and numerals 乡镇企业的繁荣是我国农村改革的必然产物。 - The prosperity of township enterpribes is the inevitable outcome of the economic reform in the rural areas. 当前，我国的职业教育和成人教育正在加快发展。 - Vocational education and adult education are being pushed on energetically in our country.Chapter 1C-E Lexical Comparison and TranslationTranslation includes “understanding and conveyance”. It is very difficult to well master “the hard nut to crack” - polysemant, which brings about a certain difficulty to translation and conveyance.Section 1一、 Choice of the Meaning of a Word in the Light of the Explanation in the Dictionary.Generally speaking, a dictionary would spread out many explanations of a word. A translator should quickly choose an exaxt, appropriate explanation from all explanations if being able to apply a dictionary flexibly. When looking up a word from a dictionary, a translator should judge by the main idea of a sentence and by narration around a sentence and then determine whether the explanation stand to reason or not.E. G.1. 经济问题在主席讲话中占了很大的部分。The economy featured very largely in the President speech.2. 海南岛的主要特色就是它的气候和风景。The main features of Hainan Island is its climate and scenery.featre (n. v. ) 特色，特性，特征，事物的特点，自然景色，面部器官，相貌，专题报道，占突出地位；3. 今天我非常高兴地宣布，我们的准备工作已经完成，协议开始生效。Today I am delighted to announce that our joint preparations are complete and the agreement comes into effect.announce 把公诸于世，宣布，宣告，通报的到达（出席），预示，预兆，当播音员，当报幕员，二、 Choice of the Appropriate Meaning of a Word According to the Context The meaning to a word is closely related with the context. The same word, when used in different contexts or fields of discourse (business, law, medicine, education, politics, industry, agriculture, etc. ) has different meanings. So a British Linguist, Firth said “Each word is a new word in a new context.”“加强”的译法：E. G.1加强了政治互信，扩大了共同利益，为亚洲经济发展增加了新的动力。 All countries have enhanced political mutual trust and expanded common interests, adding a new boost to Asias economic development.enhance v. 增强，增大，使更好，加强，提供（质量）2我们加强在交通、能源、电信、贸易、投资、旅游、环境、人力资源、农业等领域合作。 We have conducted cooperation in such areas as transportation, energy, telecommunications, trade, investment, tourism, environment, haman resources and agriculture, etc.conduct v. 管理（方式），处理（方式），经营（方式），实施（方式）3我们应该加强基础设施建设。 We should set up infrastructure building.set up 设立，竖立，架起，升起，装配，开业，加强4我们应该加强医疗卫生体系建设，提高人民群众健康水平是各成员面临的共同任务。 We should face the task of improving the medical system and peoples health.improve v.加强 改善，改进，提高，（耕种，盖房，修路等）提高（地产价）5我们应该加强禽流感、艾滋病等重大传染病的防控合作。 We need to intensify cooperation on the prevention and control of avian flu HIV / AIDS and other major communicable ensify v. 加强，增强，强化，加强对防护力量6中国的发展主要依靠自己的努力，同时，也需要加强对外合作，特别是同邻居的合作。 China will mainly count on itself, but it also needs better cooperation with the outside, particularly with its neighbors.better adj. 更好的，更令人满意的，更有效的，更有益的7我们应该致力于加强与周边国家的伙伴关系。 We should further commit ourselves to cementing partnership with our neighbors.cement v. 巩固，加强，团结，粘合，胶合 “建设”的译法E. G.1.国家建设 national reconstruction 2国防建设 the building of national defensebuild:创立，创建，创业，建设发展，营造3城乡建设 urban and rural development4社会主义现代化建设 socialist modernization driveDrive:冲击，运动5加强文化建设 strengthen cultural development efforts6加强廉政建设 strengthen efforts to ensure clean government7加强制度建设 improve the regulatory system8 加强军队思想政治建设 strengthen ideological and political work among servicemen9加强青少年思想道德建设 cultivate ideals and ethics among young people10加强国防和军队建设 strengthen (modernize) national defense and build up the armed services (forces)build up:逐步建设，逐步建立，增强11基础设施建设成就显著 the infrastructure improved remarkablyimprove:改进，改善，12交通建设空前发展 transport developed on an unprecedented scale13民主政治建设不断加强 Democracy has been improved steadily.Improve:改善，改进14国家创新体系建设积极推进 Significant progress was made in establishing Chinas innovation system.establish:建立，建造，创立，确立 “意见”的译法1. 两位领导就双边关系及共同关心的问题交换了意见。The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern.2他们对这项计划提出了修改意见。 They offered some suggestions for the revision of the plan.3党员应该虚心听取群众的意见。 Party members should listen carefully to the opinions of the general public.Opinions:见解，观点，舆论，评价4. 大家对这一做法很有意见。 Everyone complaint against such a practice.5他们在会上闹起了意见。 They had a dispute at the meeting.6你应该听从医生的意见。 You should follow the doctors advice.7. 他们就此问题取得了一致的意见。 They reached a consensus on the issue. t三、 Choice of the Appropriate Meaning of a Word According to CollocationsSome words have the same basic meaning, but differ in collocation. That is, they have different collocative meanings.One problem with collocation in translation is: what is a good collocation in English may not be so when the collocation is translated into Chinese, or vice versa, for example, it is perfectly all right in English to say “a handsome car”, but “英俊的车子”would be totally unacceptable to the Chinese readers. Thus in C E translation a translator must ensure that the version is idiomatic or collocatively acceptable in Chinese.“水平”的译法1生活水平 living standard2文化水平 cultural level3领导水平 ones art of leadership4水平贸易 horizontal trade5水平仪 spirit level “正式”的译法1正式列入记录 be officially placed on record2. 正式成员 a regular (full) member3. 正式开幕 formality opened4正式党员 full member of the Party5正式访问 official (or formal) visit6. 正式会谈 formal talks7. 正式声明 official statement四、Choice of the Meaning of a Word Conforming to the Logic Without Considering of Literal Meaning.1坚持以人为本 always be people-oriented / Human factors come first2. 绿色通道 landscaped roadways(landscaped:美化好的环境，景观)3. 偷税漏税 tax evasion4优先安置 hiring preference(hiring:借，租用,preference:偏爱，优先选择)5. 人才市场 human resources pool6. 招商 trade and investment promotion7. 奖励工资制度 a bonus wages system8标准汇率 DefinitiveConversionRate （Standard Rate） 9. 开始谈正题 get down to business10马马虎虎 after a fashion11擅自使用 make free with12崭露头角 come to the front13充分发挥自己的才能 to fulfill oneself(fulfill:使满意，使完整，使完备，完成)14博得全场喝彩 bring down the gallery15近水楼台 a favourable position16举足轻重 hold the balanceSection 2Diction in TranslationWe should try to help Chinese students recognize the difference between Chinese and English by means of the comparative study and know the knows but the whys.一、 Chioce of the Meaning of a Word According to Semantic ScopeE. G.1. 根据你的建议，我们应该办大厂了。We should go in for (run) industry in a big way in accordance with your suggestion.2. 他们在教室打扫卫生。They are giving the classroom a good (general / spring / through) clean(ing).3. 如果你那样做，就大错特错了。If you do it like that, youll be completely (gravely / seriously) mistaken ( be absolutely wrong / make a big mistake / make a major blunder / commit a very gross error / all wet.)Section 3Diversity in TranslationSome sentences, expressions, idioms and words which appear repeatedly without changing their meanings are vividly translated by using language with rich and varied and appropriate form. That is diversity in translation.一、 Diversity in translating Chinese words“积极”的译法E. G.1. 积极利用国外资源 make effective use of overseas resources2积极推进大型煤矿建设 vigorously carry forward the renovation of large coal mines3. 积极推进社会公益类科研院所改革 push forward the reform of non-profit research institutes4积极推进改革，扩大对外开放 press ahead with reforms and open wider to the outside world5积极探索管理国有资产的有效形式 energetically explore effective ways to manage state assets6积极的财政政策 proactive fiscal policy7积极支持他的事业 unfailing support of his cause“化”的译法E. G.1广泛使用农业信息化 to apply IT extensively to agricultural development2. 促进政府管理信息化 to promote IT for gevernment administration3. 推动社会信息化 to promote IT for social development4科研成果市场化,产业化 gear scientific and technological achievement to the market and apply them in production(gear:使适应，调适，使处在良好的运转状态)5中国经济逐步市场化 continue the gradual marketization of the Chinese economy二、Diversity in Translating Chinese Idioms“全神贯注”的译法E. G.1他全神贯注地阅读英文小说。 He has concentrated his attention on reading English novel.2. 约翰正在全神贯注地研究市场经济。 John has been absorbed in the market economy.3. 我们小组正在全神贯注地讨论这道数学难题。 Our group members have been engrossed in discussing this mathematical question.4. 我们正在全神贯注地听校长报告。We are preoccupied with listening to the presidents report.5她在全神贯注地思考问题。 She is thinking of a problem with rapt attention.6他全神贯注地听着。 He was all ears.7下棋需要全神贯注。 Chess requires great concentration.“无动于衷”的译法E. G.1. 玛丽对任何事情都是无动于衷。 Mary has been aloof and indifferent in any matters.2他听了这消息无动于衷。 He heard the news quite unmoved.3他表面上显得无动于衷。 In appearance, he looks untouched.4杰克在需要帮助的人面前总是显得无动于衷。 Jack is always unconcerned about the people who need to help.5他对我的忠告无动于衷。 He turned a deaf ear to my advice.“大惊小怪”的译法E. G.1. 谁告诉你们了？你们这样大惊小怪的。 Who told you to make such a fuss over nothing?2. 还是随便一点吧，不必大惊小怪的。 Anything will do, dont fuss.3奶奶病着呢，别大惊小怪的。 Our grandma is ill,dont kick up such a shindy.4大家听了说：“我当是谁呢，这样大惊小怪的，没必要吧。” When others heard this they commented, “We thought it was someone who mattered, but this isnt worth making such a fuss about.”Chapter 2General Skills of Lexical TranslationSection 1 Reciprocity TranslationWe will tend to find the same words and expressions from the source-language as words, expressions or idioms in the meaning from the original language, to express the equivalent meaning in translation.1. “false friend” That is to say, “false friend” look alike, acutually it is different each other. Translators should be good at dinguishing them to avoid making mistakes in translation.Read the tables 2.1 4, P.35 36.2. Reciprocitys Expression Translators should avoid “false friend” showing in translation. However, there exist a lot of reciprocity expressions, of which words reciprocity proportion is much high, while the reciprocity proportion of idioms, proverbs and expressions is relatively rare, even if there is great difference between English and Chinese.Reciprocity Words:E. G. 桌子 （n.） desk / table 房间 (n. ) room 展览 （v.） exhibit 开放 （v.） open 改革 （n.） reform 发展 （v.） develop 创新 （v.） renovate 不断地 （adv.） successively 所以 （conj.） soIdioms and Proverbs:E. G. 逢山开路，遇水搭桥 cut paths through mountains and build bridges across rivers 有福同享，有难同当 share joys and sorrows (share weal and woe) 浑水摸鱼 fish in troubled water 破釜沉舟 burn ones boat 视而不见 turn a blind eye to 称心如意 be after ones own heart 谈虎色变 turn pale at the mention of the tiger 天翻地覆 heaven and earth turning upside down 甜言蜜语 sweet words and honeyed phrases 听天由命 submit to the will of heaven 外强中干 outwardly strong but inwardly weak 外柔内刚 soft outside but hard inside 万事大吉 everything is just fine 万般无奈 have no alternative 适者生存 survival of the fittest 骑虎难下 He who rides a tiger is a fraid to dismount 水能载舟也能覆舟 The water that bears the boat is the same that swallows it up. 光阴似箭 Time flies. 时者金也 Time is money. 树大招风 Tall trees eatch much wind. 克己恕人 Forgive others but not yourself. 仁者无敌于天下 No one in the world can challenge the benignant man. 欲速则不达 More hast, less speed. 小巫见大巫 The moon is not seen when the sun shines. 三思而后行 Look before you loap. 真金不怕火炼 Pure gold does not fear furnace. 自信是成功的第一秘诀 Self-trust is the first secret of success. 勤劳是快乐之父 Labor is often the father of pleasure. 最忙的人有最多的时间 Busiest men find the most time.Section 2 Addition TranslationAddition means supplying necessary words which are lack in the original text in translation due to different laws between English and Chinese in using diction and making sentences. Addition includes two aspects: grammatical need and semantic and rhetoric need, making the version grammatically correct, semantically clear, rhetorically sound, logically acceptabe.1. Grammatical Need There is a obvious different in morphology, syntax and grammar between English and Chinese. E. G. : There are inflections in English, while there are no inflections in Chinese. There are a lot of used connectives, prepositions and relative pronouns, etc., while in Chinese a sentence elements run through together by internal relations, not surely using connectives or prepositions and relative pronouns, or using them rarely.1) Addition of Articles (1) 我省第二季度的进出口贸易n总额有了较大幅度的增长。 There has been a big increase in the total volume of imports and exports in our province. (2) 他在越秀外语学院任教英语。 He works as an English teacher at Zhejiang Yuexiu Foreign Language College. (3) 今天作“国际互联网络系统”报告的人是位电脑软件工程师。 Today the report on “Internet System” is made by a computer software engineer. (4) 全民族的思想道德素质，科学文化素质和健康素质明显提高，形成比较完整的现代国民教育体系，科学和文化创新体系，全民健身和医疗卫生体系。 The idedogical and ethical standards, the scientific and cultural qualities, and the health of the whole people will be enhanced notably, which has formed a sound modern national educational system, scientific, technological and cultural innovation systems as well as nationwide fitness and medical and health systems.2) Addition of Prepositions (1) 我们为你们取得的每一个胜利感到欢欣鼓舞。 We rejoice at every victory you win. (2) 岁月不待人。 Time and tide wait for no man. (3) 正当聚