高考英语 教学新观点新方法 系动词探秘自我测评新题型(1).doc

2014高考英语 教学新观点新方法 系动词探秘自我测评新题型英语系动词探秘（一）问题的提出我们常说的“系表结构”，实际就是“系动词+表语”。系动词也叫“连系动词”，凡是在系动词之后的成分一概称作表语。它主要表示主语的类别，身份，性质，特征，状态，位置等。在英语中，表语跟谓语不同，谓语是指主语的动作或行为；表语和宾语也不一样，宾语是及物动词动作的接受者。那么，除了be以外，系动词还有哪些？使用系动词应注意什么？这是大家所关心的问题。在第一单元中，出现了多个系表结构的句子，这个问题可能被师生们忽略了。例如：1. while walking the dog, you were careless and it got loose and was hit by a car. 2. i wonder if its because i havent been able to be outdoors for so long that ive grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. 3. for example, one evening when it was so warm, i stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven 4. she felt very lonely because she couldnt meet her friends. 5. at first she thought she would go crazy but later she realized that it was better to go through this together. 6. to become quiet after nervous activity 7. so i feel quite lonely sometimes. 鉴于系动词是非常重要的一类动词，也是高考英语试题的一个侧重考点，本文重点论述所以，我们有必要对此做一系统的归纳和总结。silk feels soft and smooth. 丝绸摸起来很柔软平滑。everybody feels contented. 每个人都感到很满足。i am feeling a bit cold. 我感到有点冷。the soup smells delicious. 这汤闻起来好鲜啊。it smells terrible in here. 这儿味道很可怕。the music sounded very beautiful. 这音乐听起来悦耳动听。it sounds a good idea. 这听起来是个好主意。your dishes taste quite different from mine.你烧的菜与我的味道不同。this fish tastes really good. 这鱼真好吃。2. 表示“变化意义”的系动词：说明主语的变化以及变成什么样。主要有get, become, turn, grow, go, come, run, fall等。例如：we get wiser as we get older. 随着年岁的增长，我们也变得聪明些了。he got very angry when he heard tom had failed in the exam. 听说汤姆考试不及格他变得很生气。he became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。at midnight the sky became clearer and the stars grew brighter. 午夜的时候，天空变得更加晴朗，星星变得更加明亮。she had grown thinner and thinner. 她越来越瘦了。his cold was growing worse. 他的感冒越来越严重了。hes grown used to smoking. 他已经习惯了吸烟。when she saw this, she turned red. 她看到这，脸红了。his hair turned grey in a few weeks. 在几个星期中他头发就变灰白了。the milk will soon turn sour. 牛奶很快就会变酸。several people fell ill after eating this food. 吃了这种食物后，有几个人生病了。your hair has gone quite white! 你的头发全白了!she went pale at the news. 听到这消息，她脸色变得苍白。when i mentioned it to him he went red. 我对他提及此事时他脸红了。the children must not go hungry. 孩子们不能挨饿。leaves turn brown in autumn. 叶子一到秋天就黄了。her hair is going grey. 她的头发日见花白。 her dream came true at last. 她的梦想终于实现了。the well ran dry. 井干涸了。3. 表示“持续意义”的系动词：说明主语继续处于或保持一种状况。主要有keep, remain, would you please keep silent a minute? 可以请你安静一下吗?we hope the weather will continue fine. 我们希望天气继续好下去。he continued silent. 他继续沉默着this matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。the man lay (sat, stood) still, just like a log. 那人躺着（坐着，站着）不动，就像块木头一样。注意，lie, sit, stand都是由实意动词“躺着，坐着，站着”变来，仍然保持原有的含义，所以一般与表示“静止不动”的形容词连用。4. 表示“结果意义”的系动词：说明主语被证实或最后出现的结果。主要有prove, turn out等。如：his story proved false. 他讲的情况原来是假的。the article has proved most useful. 这篇文章证明很有用。the examination turned out quite easy. 结果，考试相当容易。the man turned out (to be) a thief. 那人结果是个小偷。（三）“感官意义”系动词的用法特征“感官意义”系动词包括：look/seem/appear, sound, smell, taste, feel等，其用法特点如下：1. 这类动词通常是被感觉的事物作主语，虽有被动意味，但不用被动语态。如：这种布摸起来很软。 this cloth is felt very soft. （误）this cloth feels very soft. （正）这汤味道不错。the soup is tasted delicious. （误）the soup tastes delicious. （正）2. 这类系动词几乎都可以后跟like介词短语，或者as if/as though 从句。例如：it looks like rain. 天看起来像下雨的样子。the cloth feels like silk. 这布匹摸起来像是丝绸。this looks (tastes, smells, feels) like an orange. 这东西看起来(尝起来，闻起来，摸起来)像个桔子。it seemed as if she was seriously ill. 她看起来好像是病的厉害。it sounds as though someone is weeping nearby. 听起来好像有人在附近哭。3. 这类系动词几乎不用于进行时态。如不能说：the whether is appearing very cold. （误）what you say is sounding reasonable. （误）look偶见用于进行时态：you are looking tired this evening. 今晚你好像很累。look, appear, seem的用法1. look给人的是“视觉印象”，appear给人的是“外表印象”，这两者可能是真相也可能假象，appear的不确定性更大一些。seem侧重“迹象推断”，但也不一定是事实。2. 三者之后均可接不定式，但look之后一般只限于接to be (且较少见)：he seems (appears, looks) to be very tired. 他好像很累了。he seems (appears) to have traveled a lot. 他似乎去过不少地方。但不说：he looks to have traveled a lot.3. seem, appear如果后接以a- 开头的表语形容词时，则需要加上to be。例如：he seemed (appeared) to be alone. 他似乎是一个人。the little girl seems (appears) to be very afraid. 这个小女孩看起来很害怕。the children seem (appear) to be asleep. 孩子们似乎睡着了。 the children seemed (appeared) to be awake when i went into their room. 在我进屋时，孩子们似乎醒了。4. 三者均可用于it开头的句子，都可以接 as if或as though引导的从句。另外appear和seem之后还可接that引导的从句，而look则不能。例如：it looks (seems, appears) as if he has lost interest in his job. 看来他对自己的工作已失去了兴趣。it seems (appears) that he is very tired. 他似乎很累了。但不说：it looks that he is very tired.为避免重复，appear和seem后接的that 从句有时可用so, not 代之：“is he reliable?” “it seems (appears) so (not).” （四）“变化意义”系动词的用法特征become和get的用法become和get主要指一个人暂时性的身心变化或永久性的自然变化。如：angry, excited, famous, mad, fat, ill, old, well, deaf等。这是最常用的表示“变化意义”的两个系动词，而且用法十分接近：we use “get” with adjectives to mean “become”. for example, if someone gets cold, they become cold, and if they get angry, they become angry. 例如：she has become familiar with the house. 她对这房子已变得很熟悉。the man got crazy when he heard the news. 那人听到这个消息时变得发疯了。he was beginning to get very annoyed with me about my carelessness. 因为我粗心大意，他已开始恼火了。另外，become和get还可用于指天气的变化和事物发展的趋势。如：fine, cold, dark, cloudy, common, good, bad, terrible等。in a world that had suddenly become alien and dangerous, he was her only security. 在一个突然变得陌生而危险的世界里，他是她唯一的守护神。divorce is becoming (getting) more and more common. 离婚现象越来越常见了。during the 1980s the worlds financial systems became more open. 在20世纪80年代，世界金融体系变得更加开放。go和come的用法go和come表示变化时，前者主要指一种由强到弱或由好到坏的变化，后者则主要指向好的方面变化。如：he has gone mad (crazy) at the bad news.听到这个坏消息，他变疯了。milk can easily go sour in hot weather. 牛奶在热天容易变酸。the meats gone bad. 肉变坏了。the radios gone wrong. 收音机出毛病了。the poor old man went blind (deaf). 那位可怜的老人眼睛瞎了（耳朵聋了）。her wish came true. 她的愿望实现了。everything came smooth. 一切顺利。her dream finally came true. 她的梦想终于成为现实。the solution came right at last. 解决方案最后是正确的。另外，go还可用于颜色的变化，与turn用法相同：she went blue with cold. 她冻得脸色发青了。she went pale at the news. 她听到这个消息脸色变得苍白。the rotten meat went green. 这块腐烂的肉变绿了。【特别说明】1. go尽管表示向不好的方向发展变化，但一般不与old, tired, ill 等连用，遇此情况要用其他系动词：grow old 变老，fall ill (sick) 生病，feel tired 感到疲劳2. go后接形容词通常表示结果或现状：go hungry 挨饿，go naked 光着身子3. come 除表示向好的方面变化外，还有以下常见搭配：come untied 解开，come loose 变松，come undone 松开grow和turn的用法grow主要表示逐渐变化，强调变化的过程。如：it began to grow dark. 天色渐渐黑了。all men will grow old. 所有的人都会变老。the pollution problem is growing serious. 污染问题日见严峻。turn 主要用于天气以及颜色的变化。如：the weather had turned warm and thundery overnight. 天气一夜之间就转暖，而且雷声阵阵。the sea would turn pale pink and the sky blood red. 大海会变成浅粉色，天空则变成血红色。run和fall的用法our supplies are running low. 我们的供应品不多了。the gas has run short. 汽油不够了。i have run short of money. 我缺钱。these shirts run small. 这些衬衫小了。the tide was running strong. 潮水上涨了。the violets are running wild in the flower bed. 紫罗兰在花圃里乱长。those boys have been allowed to run wild. 那些男孩子无人管教肆无忌惮。fall用作系动词只限于和少数形容词或名词搭配。如：asleep, ill, silent等。he fell asleep while listening to the music. 他听音乐时睡着了。tom suddenly fell ill yesterday. 汤姆昨天突然病了。the child soon fell asleep. 孩子很快睡着了。he fell asleep with the light still burning. 灯还开着他睡着了。he was to have been the new ambassador, but he fell ill. 他本来要出任新大使，但是病倒了。he fell silent. 他静了下来。at the presidents entry everyone fell silent. 总统进来时大家都安静下来。he fell a victim to her charms. 他成了她魅力的受害者。lots of people fell victims to fascism. 许多人成了法西斯的受害人。当seem后接形容词作表语时，如果谈的是客观事实，即看上去肯定是真实的东西，通常用seem to be；如果谈的是主观印象，则通常只用seem。但由于这种区别在没有上下文的情况下并不总是很清楚，所以在许多情况下两个结构均可以用。如：he seems (to be) ill. 他似乎生病了。he seems (to be) quite happy. 他似乎很高兴。 he seems (to be) quite rich 他似乎相当富有。she seems (to be) very sleepy today. 今天她看上去很困倦。在名词前通常要用seem to be (尤其是当名词前带有定冠词或物主代词修饰时)，以下各句中的to be均不能省略。如：he seemed to be the owner of the car. 他好像就是车主。i spoke to a man who seemed to be the boss. 我跟一个人说话，他看上去像是老板。 washing the car seems to be your main hobby. 洗车似乎是你的主要爱好。但是，在着重表现主观感受的名词短语前，有时可以省去to be。此时名词前通常会有一个描绘性形容词修饰。如：it seems (to be) a good idea. 那似乎是个好主意。 it seems (to be) a real bargain. 这东西似乎很便宜。下面一句中的fool前虽然没有形容词修饰，但a fool本身相当于形容词foolish： he seems (to be) a fool. 他似乎是个笨蛋。如果seem后的不定式是进行时态，那么be不可省略。history seems to be repeating itself. 历史似乎在重演。he seems to be saying something. 他似乎在说什么。his health seems to be improving little by little. 他健康状况看来正在好转。如果doing不是现在分词，而是形容词，则可省略其中to be。如：his idea seems (to be) exciting. 他的主意看