高考英语二轮专题复习 阅读理解 政治经济类提分训练（真题集锦含解析）新人教版(1).doc

政治经济类passage 1 （2011四川卷 e）in business, there is a speed difference: its the difference between how important a firms leaders say speed is to their competitive (竞争的) strategy(策略)and how fast the company actually moves. the difference is important regardless of industry and company size. companies fearful of losing their competitive advantage spend much time and money looking for ways to pick up the speed.in our study of 343 businesses, the companies that chose to go, go, go to try to gain an edge ended up with lower sales and operating incomes than those that paused at key moments to make sure they were on the right track. whats more ,the firms that “slowed down to speed up ”improved their top and bottom lines, averaging 40% higher sales and 52% higher operating income over a three-year period.how did they disobey the laws of business physics, taking more time than competitors yet performing better? they thought differently about what “slower”and “faster” mean. firms sometimes fail to understand the difference between operational speed (moving quickly)and strategic speed (reducing the time it takes to deliver value).simply increasing the speed of production, for example, may be one way to try to reduce the speed difference. but that often leads to reduced value over time, in the form of lower-quality products and services.in our study, higher-performing companies with strategic speed always made changes when necessary. they became more open to ideas and discussion. they encouraged new ways of thinking. and they allowed time to look back and learn. by contrast (相比而言)，performance suffered at firms that moved fast all the time, paid too much attention to improving efficiency, stuck to tested methods, didnt develop team spirit among their employees, and had little time thinking about changes.strategic speed serves as a kind of leadership. teams that regularly take time to get things right, rather than plough ahead full bore, are more successful in meeting their business goals . that kind of strategy must come from the top.57. what does the underlined part “gain an edge ”in paragraph 2 mean ?a. increase the speed. b. get an advantage.c. reach the limit. d. set a goal.58.the underlined part “the laws of business physics“ in paragraph 3 means _.a. spending more time and performing worseb. spending more time and performing betterc. spending less time and performing worse d. spending less time and performing better 59. what can we learn from the text?a. how fast a firm moves depends on how big it is.b. how competitive a firm is depends on what it produces.c. firms guided by strategic speed take time to make necessary changes.d. firms guided by operational speed take time to develop necessary team spirit.60. which could be the best title for the text?a. improve quality? serve better.b. deliver value? plough ahead.c. reduce time? move faster.d. need speed? slow down.【文章大意】文章讲述了速度策略在商业中所起的重要作用。为了发展，取得效益并不意味着持续加速，也需要适时减速。57.【解析】选b。词义猜测题，由语言环境可以推知“那些想努力获得优势的公司反而最终会失败”。gain an edge获得优势。58.【解析】选d。语意判断题。由第三段的how did they disobey the laws of business physics, taking more time than competitors yet performing better?可知，他们花费更多的时间来赚取利润这是违背基本的商业规律的：花较少的时间，赚取较大利润。59.【解析】选c。细节理解题。由第四段的in our study, higher-performing companies with strategic speed always made changes when necessary.可知。60.【解析】选d。主旨大意题。纵观全文可知速度策略是公司之间最大的不同，想持续发展的反而会慢下脚步。故选d。passage 2 （2011浙江卷 c）in the more and more competitive service industry, it is no longer enough to promise customer satisfaction. today, customer “delight” is what companies are trying to achieve in order to keep and increase market share. it is accepted in the marketing industry, and confirmed by a number of researches, that customers receiving good service will promote business by telling up to 12 other people; those treated badly will tell their tales of woe to up to 20 people. interestingly, 80 percent of people who feel their complaints are handled fairly will stay loyal. new challenges for customer care have come when people can obtain goods and services through telephone call centers and the internet. for example, many companies now have to invest (投资) a lot of money in information technology and staff training in order to cope with the “phone rage” caused by delays in answering calls, being cut off in mid-conversation or left waiting for long periods.“many people do not like talking to machines,” says dr. storey, senior lecturer in marketing at city university business school. “banks, for example, encourage staff at call centers to use customer data to establish instant and good relationship with them. the aim is to make the customer feel they know you and that you can trust them the sort of comfortable feelings people have during face-to-face chats with their local branch manager.”recommended ways of creating customer delight include: under-promising and over-delivering (saying that a repair will be carried out within five hours, but getting it done within two) replacing a faulty product immediately; throwing in a gift voucher (购物礼券)as an unexpected “thank you” to regular customers; and always returning calls, even when they are complaints.aiming for customer delight is all very well, but if services do not reach the high level promised, disappointment or worse will be the result. this can be eased by offering an apology and an explanation of why the service did not meet usual standards with empathy (for example, “i know how you must feel”), and possible solutions (replacement, compensation or whatever fairness suggests best meets the case).airlines face some of the toughest challenges over customer care. fierce competition has convinced them that delighting passengers is an important marketing tool, while there is great potential for customer anger over delays caused by weather, unclaimed luggage and technical problems.for british airways staff, a winning telephone style is considered vital in handling the large volume of calls about bookings and flight times. they are trained to answer quickly, with their name, job title and a “we are here to help” attitude. the company has invested heavily in information technology to make sure that information is available instantly on screen.british airways also says its customer care policies are applied within the company and staff are taught to regard each other as customers requiring the highest standards of service.customer care is obviously here to stay and it would be a foolish company that used slogans such as “we do as we please”. on the other hand, the more customers are promised, the greater the risk of disappointment.50. we can learn from paragraph 2 that _.a. complaining customers are hard to satisfyb. unsatisfied customers receive better servicec. satisfied customers catch more attention d. well-treated customers promote business51. the writer mentions “phone rage”(paragraph 3)to show that _.a. customers often use phones to express their angerb. people still prefer to buy goods onlinec. customer care becomes more demandingd. customers rely on their phones to obtain services52. what does the writer recommend to create customer delight?a. calling customers regularly.b. giving a “thank you”note.c. delivering a quicker service. d. promising more gifts. 53. if a manager should show his empathy (paragraph 6), what would he probably say?a. “i know how upset you must be.” b. “i appreciate your understanding.”c. “im sorry for the delay.” d. “i know its our fault.”54. customer delight is important for airlines because _.a. their telephone style remains unchangedb. they are more likely to meet with complaintsc. the services cost them a lot of moneyd. the policies can be applied to their staff55. which of the following is conveyed in this article?a. face-to-face service creates comfortable feelings among customers.b. companies that promise more will naturally attract more customers.c. a company should promise less but do more in a competitive market.d. customer delight is more important for air lines than for banks.【文章大意】本篇阐述了顾客的满意度对企业发展的重要作用。50.【解析】选d。推理判断题。从该段的“.customers receiving good service will promote business by telling up to 12 other people”可以知道，顾客受到很好的服务能够极大地促进行业活动的发展。51.【解析】选c。细节理解题。从该段首句中的“new challenges for customer care.”可以得知，现在满足顾客的要求又面临新的挑战，再结合画线词后的迟接电话、中途挂断电话和让顾客等候时间长等，我们可以知道，现在的顾客要求越来越高。52.【解析】选c。细节理解题。从第五段的“(saying that a repair will be carried out within five hours, but getting it done within two) replacing a faulty product immediately”可以知道，应该是服务迅速快捷。53.【解析】选a。细节理解题。从所给出的例子中可以看出，a项与所给例子意义最接近。54.【解析】选b。细节理解题。从文章第七段“.that delighting passengers is an important marketing tool, while there is great potential for customer anger over delays caused by weather, unclaimed luggage and technical problems.”可以知道，航空公司最有可能遇到一些无法控制的因素从而招致顾客的埋怨。55.【解析】选c。主旨概括题。从文章最后一段最后一句话可以看出，公司承诺越多，顾客失望越大。这是本文所要表达的主旨所在。passage 3 （2011辽宁卷 d） the coalition for the homeless is an organization that seeks to address the needs of the homeless population in the united states. it is a network of offices, some of which provide food and houses for the homeless population, and some of which fight for the passing of laws that would give every american the right to a place to call home. according to the coalitions studies, of over two hundred million people living in the united states, up to three million are homelessand the number is still growing. since the late 1970s, fast-rising house prices, large cuts in government supported housing programs, and economic recession(经济衰退) have made it impossible for many americans to meet housing costs. sadly, this has resulted in a number of persons being forced to leave their homes and/or unable to find new affordable homes. according to another research, families with children appear to be the fastest-growing part of the homeless population, making up 39% of it. the old idea of a homeless person, that of the single man who gets drunk all the time, is no longer true. a much larger part of the population now finds itself homeless. even worse, once a person becomes homeless, he often finds it impossible to find a job, since most employers require anyone who wants a job from them to provide a home address on a job application.67. the word “address” probably means “ ”.a. talk about b. deal with c. fight for d. write to68. how many people are homeless in the u.s. according to the coalition studies?a. 39% of the population. b. 200 million people.c. about 3 million people. d. about one-fifth of the population.69. homeless people often have difficulty finding a job because_.a. they have no home addressesb. they mostly have a drinking problemc. they arent supported by government programsd. they often dont have enough work experience70. what is the main cause of the rising number of the homeless in the u.s.?a. the passing of new housing laws.b. the fast growth of family size.c. the slow construction of houses.d. the ever-rising price of housing.【文章大意】无家可归者联盟是美国一个为了帮助无家可归的人所建立的组织。它是一个办公室网络。一些人为无家可归的人提供食物和住所，一些人为了能够通过确保每个美国人都有权利拥有一个住所的法律而争斗。目前美国约有300万人无家可归，而且这一数字正在增长。自从20世纪70年代以来，房价快速增长，政府大幅度减少住房建设支持和经济衰退使得越来越多的人买不起住房，而且买不起房子的人更有可能找不到工作。67.【解析】选b。词义猜测题。根据文章可知，这一组织的人员是在努力为无家可归的人做一些事情来解决他们的需要。deal with处理，解决，符合句意。fight for斗争，在此处语气过于强烈。故选b。68.【解析】选c。细节理解题。根据文章第三句up to three million are homeless.可知正确答案为c。69.【解析】选a。细节理解题。根据文章最后一句.since most employers require anyone who wants a job from them to provide a home address on a job application.可知是因为他们在工作申请表上没有家庭住址可填，故选a。70.【解析】选d。推理判断题。根据文章第四句句意 “自从20世纪70年代末以来，房价快速增长，政府大幅度减少住房建设支持和经济衰退使得越来越多的人买不起住房”可知不断攀升的房价是无家可归的人数量增长的主要原因，故选d。passage 4 （2011上海卷 c） human remains of ancient settlements will be reburied and lost to science under a law that threatens research into the history of humans in britain, a group of leading archaeologists (考古学家) says. in a letter addressed to the justice secretary, ken clarke, 40 archaeologists write of their “deep and widespread concern” about the issue. it centers on the law introduced by the ministry of justice in 2008 which requires all human remains unearthed in england and wales to be reburied within two years, regardless of their age. the decision means scientists have too little time to study bones and other human remains of national and cultural significance. “your current requirement that all archaeologically unearthed human remains should be reburied, whether after a standard period of two years or a further special extension, is contrary to basic principles of archaeological and scientific research and of museum practice,” they write. the law applies to any pieces of bone uncovered at around 400 dig sites, including the remains of 60 or so bodies found at stonehenge in 2008 that date back to 3,000 bc. archaeologists have been granted a temporary extension to give them more time, but eventually the bones will have to be returned to the ground. the arrangements may result in the waste of future discoveries at sites such as happisburgh in norfolk, where digging is continuing after the discovery of stone tools made by early humans 950,000 years ago. if human remains were found at happisburgh, they would be the oldest in northern europe and the first indication of what this species was. under the current practice of the law those remains would have to be reburied and effectively destroyed. before 2008, guidelines allowed for the proper preservation and study of bones of sufficient age and historical interest, while the burial act 1857 applied to more recent remains. the ministry of justice assured archaeologists two years ago that the law was temporary, but has so far failed to revise it. mike parker pearson, an archaeologist at sheffield university, said：“archaeologists have been extremely patient because we were led to believe the ministry was sorting out this problem, but we feel that we cannot wait any longer.” the ministry has no guidelines on where or how remains should be reburied, or on what records should be kept.72. according to the passage, scientists are unhappy with the law mainly because _.a. it is only a temporary measure on the human remainsb. it is unreasonable and thus destructive to scientific researchc. it was introduced by the government without their knowledged. it is vague about where and how to rebury human remains73. which of the following statements is true according to the passage?a. temporary extension of two years will guarantee scientists enough time.b. human remains of the oldest species were dug out at happisburgh.c. human remains will have to be reburied despite the extension of time.d. scientists have been warned that the law can hardly be changed.74. what can be inferred about the british law governing human remains?a. the ministry of justice did not intend it to protect human remains.b. the burial act 1857 only applied to remains uncovered before 1857.c. the law on human remains hasnt changed in recent decades.d. the ministry of justice has not done enough about the law.75. which of the following might be the best title of the passage?a. new discoveries should be reburied, the government demands.b. research time should be extended, scientists require.c. law on human remains needs thorough discussion, authorities say.d. law could bury ancient secrets for ever, archaeologists warn.【文章大意】本文是一篇关于考古话题的议论文。英国法律规定出土的文物要重新埋入地下，考古学家们认为这对考古工作是有害的。72.【解析】选b。归纳总结题。根据文章第二段中的.is contrary to basic principles of archaeological and scientific research and of museum practice.和第四段中的under the current practice of the law those remains would have to be reburied and effectively destroyed.可知考古学家们认为此项法律是不合理的，对考古工作也是有破坏性的，故选b。73.【解析】选c。细节理解题。根据第三段第二句archaeologists have been granted a temporary extension to give them more time, but eventually the bones will have to be returned to the ground.可知c项正确，a项错误；由第四段中的if human remains were found at happisburgh, they would be the oldest in northern europe and the first indication of what this species was.可知b项错误；文章中没有提到d项所叙述的内容。74.【解析】选d。推理判断题。由文章最后一段the ministry has no guidelines on where or how remains should be reburied, or on what records should be kept.可推出d项说法正确；a项说法与文章内容相悖；由第五段可知b项中的副词only太绝对，不正确；c项中的in recent decades说法有误。75.【解析】选d。主旨大意题。本文主要讲述考古学家们对法律要求出土的文物要重新被埋入地下一事进行的论述，故选d。passage 5 （2011北京卷 d）as the railroads and the highways shaped the american west in the past centuries, a new electrical generating (发电) and transmission (输送) system for the 21 st century will leave a lasting mark on the west, for better or worse. much of the real significance of railroads and highways is not in their direct physical effect on the scenery, but in the ways that they affect the surrounding community. the same is true of big solar plants and the power lines that will be laid down to move electricity around.the 19th century saw land grants (政府拨地) offered to railroad companies to build the transcontinental railroads, leaving public land in between privately owned land. in much of the west, some of the railroad sections were developed while others remained undeveloped, and in both cases the landownership has presented unique challenges to land management. with the completion of the interstate highway system, many of the small towns, which sprang up as railway stops and developed well, have lost their lifeblood and died.big solar plants and their power lines will also have effects far beyond their direct footprint in the west. this is not an argument against building them. we need alternative energy badly, and to really take advantage of it we need to be able to move electricity around far more readily than we can now.so trade-offs will have to b