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PD24J化油器怠速孔试密封设备设计【8张CAD图纸+毕业论文】

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关键词：: pd24j 化油器怠速孔试密封设备装备设计

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摘要

机械加工工艺规程是规定产品或零部件机械加工工艺过程和操作方法等的工艺文件。为能具体确切地说明工艺过程，一般将机械加工工艺过程分为工序、安装、工位、工步和走刀。而生产规模的大小、工艺水平的高低以及解决各种工艺问题的方法和手段都要通过机械加工工艺规程来体现。因此，机械加工工艺规程设计是一项重要而又严格的工作。一般包括以下步骤和内容：阅读装配图和零件图；工艺审查；熟悉或确定毛坯；拟定机械加工工艺路线；确定工艺装备（包括机床、夹具、刀具和量具等）；确定各主要工序的技术要求和检验方法；确定各工序的加工余量、计算工序尺寸；确定切削用量；确定时间定额；填写工艺文件[1]。

夹具是一种装夹工件的工艺装备。它广泛地应用于机械制造过程的切削加工、热处理、装备、焊接和检测等工艺过程。在生产中具有很大的作用，具体表现在：保证加工质量；提高生产率；减轻劳动强度；扩大机床的工艺范围。机床夹具对工件进行安装（又称装夹）包括两层含义：一是把工件安放在机床工作台上或夹具中，使它和刀具之间有相对正确的位置，称为定位；二是将工件固定，使其在加工过程中保持定位位置不变，称为夹紧。

气动系统[2]的设计是设备控制与运行设计的重要内容。根据机电设备对液压、气压系统的具体要求，利用气动传动的基本原理，拟定合理的气动系统图。气压传动是利用空气压缩机将电动机或其他原动机输出的机械能转换为空气的压力能。在控制元件的控制和辅助元件的配合下，通过执行元件把空气能转换为机械能，从而完成直线或回转运动并对外做功。

本次毕业设计的课题是PD24J化油器怠速孔试密封设备设计，首先要对化油器本体进行分析，进行机械部分夹具的设计，包括夹具的定位误差分析和夹紧力的计算；其次是气动部分的设计，包括气动回路的设计和管道的计算；最终是电气部分PLC的设计，包括工作流程图和梯形图。

关键词：工艺规程；夹具；气动系统；夹紧力；PLC

Abstract

The machining process planning is the process of document products or parts machining process and method of operation. In order to exact description of process, the machining process is divided into process, installation, position, working step and walk the knife. While the production level, technology level and means to solve various technical problems are reflected by the machining process planning. Therefore, the machining process planning design is an important and strict working. Generally，it includes the following steps: reading assembly and parts drawings, process recviewing;being familiar with the blank or determining the blank, formulating the route of machining process, determination of process equipments (including machine tool, fixture tool,cutter and measuring tool), determination of the technical requirements of the main process and test methods, determination of machining allowance, the process calculation procedure dimensions, determination of the amount of cutting, determination of the time quota, filling the process documents.

Fixture is a device clamping workpiece. It is widely used in the manufacturing process of machining, heat treatment, welding equipment, and detection technology. It has a great role in the production, specifically manifested in: quality of assurance process, increasing of the rate of productivity, reducing the labor intensity, expanding the scope of technology of machine tool. Machine tool fixture installing on the workpiece (also called clamping) includes two meanings: one is that placing artifact in the workpiece worktable of a machine tool or fixture in order to make a relatively correct position between it and the tool called location. Another is that workpiece is fixed, so as to maintain position position unchanged in the process known as the clamp.

Design of the pneumatic system is an important content of equipment controlling and operation designing. According to the specific requirements of the electrical and mechanical equipment hydraulic, and the basic principle of transmission by gas,we can formulate reasonable pneumatic system diagram. Pneumatic drive can switch mechanical energy into air pressure by air compressor motor or other original motivation. With the help of the control elements and auxiliary components, it can switch air pressure into mechanical energy through the implementation of components,so as to complete the linear or rotary motion and external work.

The design topic is the design of PD24J carburetor idle hole test sealing equipment. Firstly,I must make the analysis to the carburetor body and design mechanical parts of fixture, including the calculation of positioning errors and the clamping force. Secondly,I should make the design of pneumatic parts, including the calculation of the pneumatic circuit and pipeline. The last one is that the design of electrical part of PLC, including the work flow diagram and ladder diagram.

Key words: Process specification; Fixture; Pneumatic; Clamping force; PLC

摘要III

AbstractIV

目录V

1 绪论1

1.1 本课题的研究内容和意义1

1.2 国内外的发展概况1

1.3 本课题应达到的要求1

2 总体方案设计2

2.1 本装置的主要组成部分2

2.2 机械部分的作用及其设计原则2

2.3 气动部分的功能2

2.4 PLC部分的功能3

3 机械部分的设计4

3.1 定位基准的选择4

3.1.1 粗基准的选择4

3.1.2 精基准的选择4

3.2 零件表面加工工序的选择4

3.2.1 工序顺序的安排原则4

3.2.2 加工阶段的划分5

3.3 机械加工工艺路线的拟定5

3.4 问题的提出7

3.5 夹具的设计7

3.5.1 夹紧力的计算8

3.5.2 加工误差分析8

3.6 机架的设计9

3.6.1 机架设计的一般要求9

3.6.2 机架的类型9

3.6.3 机架的常用材料及热处理方法10

3.6.4 焊接机架与铸造机架的特点比较10

4 气动部分的设计12

4.1 气动系统的设计12

4.1.1 回路压力的确定12

4.1.2 装置的工作要求12

4.2 气动回路的设计13

4.3 气动元件及配管尺寸的确定13

4.3.1 气缸的计算与选择13

4.3.2 辅助元件及配管尺寸的确定17

4.3.3 管道的计算20

5 电气部分的设计22

5.1 泄漏检测仪的选用22

5.2 PLC的设计23

5.2.1 PLC的优点23

5.2.2 被控对象的控制要求23

5.2.3 工作循环和状态流程图23

5.2.4 I/O接线图25

5.2.5 梯形图25

5.2.6 语句表26

5.2.7 使用注意事项27

5.3 零件的测绘27

6 结论与展望30

6.1 结论30

6.2 不足之处及未来展望30

致谢31

主要参考文献32

1 绪论

毕业设计是大学本科教育培养目标实现的重要阶段，是毕业前的综合学习阶段,是深化、拓宽、综合教和学的重要过程,是对大学期间所学专业知识的全面总结，也是对每个即将毕业的大学生在校四年学习情况的综合测评和考量，具有非常重要的意义。这次毕业设计，不仅是对学校和家长做出一次总结性的汇报，也是对自我能力的一次展示，更是对自我不足的一种审查，同样也是非常有用的一次实践机会。

1.1 本课题的研究内容和意义

研究内容：1、方案设计，确定实用方案。

2、机械部分设计。此设备的机械部分主要是由焊接机架、工件

定位与夹紧部件组成，要进行夹紧力等的计算；并绘制机械部分cad

图纸。

3、气动部分设计。此设备的气动部分主要是由气源三联件、气

缸和气压控制阀组成，需进行气缸的相关计算。

4、部分电气部分设计。电气部分包括PLC控制,全电脑泄漏检测

仪的选用组成。

意义：通过本课题的研究，可以把有关化油器壳体的加工工艺与加工设备有机地结合起来；同时，通过采用优化的工艺方法、先进的加工设备，提高产品的质量稳定性，从而可以降低排放，减少对环境的污染。

1.2 国内外的发展概况[3]

汽油机在正常工作状态下，在小、中负荷时要求化油器随着负荷增加能供给由较浓逐渐变稀的混合气，在满负荷下又要求混合气由稀变浓，为了满足这些要求，在现代化油器上配备了一系列的混合气浓度补偿装置。在新型汽车中，开始普遍地采用燃油喷射系统，因为它可以使燃油效率更高而排放更低。但是，几乎所有的旧式汽车以及所有的像割草机和链锯之类的小设备均使用化油器，因为化油器既构造简单又价格便宜。

1.3 本课题应达到的要求

完成设备的机械部分、气动部分、电气部分的设计及相关计算，绘制好机械部分设计的若干份图纸。

2 总体方案设计

2.1 本装置的主要组成部分

摩托车化油器有严格的密封要求。针对密封性对化油器有着至关重要的地位，提高劳动生产效率，保证加工质量，降低劳动强度。本装置主要包括夹具、气缸、气体泄漏检测仪、试密封实验台等。其中，夹具主要包括以下几部分：定位元件、夹紧装置、导向元件和对刀装置、连接元件、夹具体、其他元件及装置；气缸主要是根据缸径和气缸的行程来确定气缸的型号；试密封试验台主要包括以下几个部分：台架和支撑板等的设计、气体泄漏检测仪的选用和气动元件的选取等。

2.2 机械部分的作用及其设计原则

机械部分的设计主要是为了设计一套夹具，在PD24J化油器进行试密封检测时可以结合气缸将化油器很好地定位与夹紧。从而，可以保证加工质量，如相对位置精度的保证，精度的一致性等；提高生产效率，用夹具来定位、夹紧工件，就避免了手工操作用划线等方法来定位工件，缩短了安装工件的时间；减轻劳动强度，如可用气动、电动夹紧；扩大机床的工艺范围，如在铣床上加一个转台或分度装置，可以加工有等分要求的零件，在车床上加上三爪卡盘，加工短轴类、套筒类零件等要方便的多，有些夹具对保证发挥机床基本性能的作用是很大的，如牛头刨床上没有虎钳是很难进行加工的。

其设计原则应遵循以下几点：

1.标准化原则——所设计的PD24J化油器试密封装备的规格、参数应符合国家标准。试密封装备应能最大限度地检测PD24J化油器产品的同类产品。

2.经济合理原则——所设计试密封装备应该结构先进、功能好、准确性高、成本低、操作简单及使用维修方便、在产品的寿命周内，用最低的成本实现产品的规定功能，做到物美价廉。

3.安全性原则——要确保证操作者和管理者,设备本身的安全，以及保证设备对周围环境无危害。

2.3 气动部分的功能

气动就是以压缩空气为动力源，带动机械完成伸缩或旋转动作。因为是利用空气具有压缩性的特点，吸入空气压缩储存，空气便像弹簧一样具有了弹力，然后用控制元件控制其方向，带动执行元件的伸缩与旋转。从大气中吸入多少空气就会排出多少到大气中，不会产生任何化学反应，也不会消耗污染空气的任何成分，另外气体的粘性较液体要小，因此流动速度快，且节能环保。由于本系统为一般的气动系统，故选系统压力[2]为0.5Mpa。执行元件用气缸，但由于化油器本体结构所限，且开闭行程较小以及安全性要求，拟采用单杆双作用气缸。气缸的动作速度一般为50~500mm/s。

2.4 PLC部分的功能[4]

PLC即可编程控制器（Programmable Logic Controller）是指以计算机技术为基础的新型工业控制装置。它采用可以编制程序的存储器，用来在其内部存储执行逻辑运算、顺序运算、计时、计数和算术运算等操作的指令，并能通过数字式或模拟式的输入和输出，控制各种类型的机械或生产过程。具有以下几个特点：可靠性高，抗干扰能力强；灵活性强，控制系统具有良好的柔性；编程简单，使用方便；控制系统易于实现，开发工作量小，周期短；维修方便；体积小，能耗低；功能强，性价比高；另外，PLC所提供的软元件的触点（如软继电器）可以无限次使用，方便地实现复杂的控制功能。同时，PLC的连网通信功能有利于实现分散控制、远程控制、集中管理等功能，与同等规模或成本的继电-接触器控制系统相比，无论其功能和性能，都具有无可比拟的优势。

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内容简介：: 编号无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）相关资料题目：PD24J化油器怠速孔试密封设备设计信机系机械工程及自动化专业学号： 0923209学生姓名：周亚芳指导教师：冯鲜（职称：讲师）（职称：）2013年5月25日目录一、毕业设计（论文）开题报告二、毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译及原文三、学生“毕业论文（论文）计划、进度、检查及落实表”四、实习鉴定表无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）开题报告题目：PD24J化油器怠速孔试密封设备设计信机系机械工程及自动化专业学号： 0923209 学生姓名：周亚芳指导教师：冯鲜（职称：讲师）（职称：） 2012 年 11 月 25 日课题来源当今社会人们对汽车的需求越来越普遍，汽车制造业已经成为我国制造业的支柱产业。汽车配件产业也是重要的制造产业，其中汽车的铝合金配件制造是一个技术性很强的行业。摩托车化油器实际上是给摩托车发电机提供可燃混合气的开关,是节制燃油和平衡气压的开关。汽油经过化油器的雾化，送到燃烧室，通过火花塞点火，启动发动机运转是摩托车的主要供油系统,关系到车的动力，所以本课题进行了化油器的研究。科学依据（包括课题的科学意义；国内外研究概况、水平和发展趋势；应用前景等）（1）课题的科学意义：化油器作为一种精密的机械装置，它对发动机的重要作用可以称之为发动机的“心脏”。化油器的作用就是将一定数量的汽油与空气混合，以使发动机正常运行。通过本课题的研究，可以把有关化油器壳体的加工工艺与加工设备有机地结合起来；同时，通过采用优化的工艺方法、先进的加工设备，提高产品的质量稳定性，从而可以降低排放，减少对环境的污染。（2）研究状况及其发展前景：汽油机在正常工作状态下，在小、中负荷时要求化油器随着负荷增加能供给由较浓逐渐变稀的混合气，在满负荷下又要求混合气由稀变浓，为了满足这些要求，在现代化油器上配备了一系列的混合气浓度补偿装置。如主供油泵、怠速系、省油器、加速系及起动系等，以确保汽油机在不同工作状态下，化油器能供给适当浓度的混合气。摩托车化油器有严格的密封要求。针对密封性对化油器有着至关重要的地位：提高劳动生产效率,保证加工质量,降低劳动强度。PD24J化油器的试密封夹具装置主要是通过气缸对PD24J化油器怠速孔进行定位与夹紧。化油器的主要缺点是向气缸充气和混合气的分配并不理想，影响发动机的动力性和经济性的提高，对达到排放要求很不利。在新型汽车中，开始普遍地采用燃油喷射系统，因为它可以使燃油效率更高而排放更低。但是，几乎所有的旧式汽车以及所有的像割草机和链锯之类的小设备均使用化油器，因为化油器既构造简单又价格便宜。研究内容1、方案设计，确定实用方案。 2、机械部分设计。此设备的机械部分主要是由焊接机架、工件定位与夹紧部件组成，要进行夹紧力等的计算；并绘制机械部分图。 3、气动部分设计。此设备的气动部分主要是由气源三联件、气缸和气压控制阀组成，需进行气缸的相关计算。 4、部分电气部分设计。电气部分包括PLC控制,全电脑泄漏检测仪的选用组成。拟采取的研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析1、根据“六点定位原理”将化油器进行定位；2、设计夹紧装置将化油器进行夹紧；3、采用气缸通过压缩空气产生的力来提供夹紧力；4、将整体装置放到待检测区域，进行试密封性的检测。研究计划及预期成果研究计划：2012年11月20日2012年12月20日：按照任务书要求查阅论文相关参考资料，填写毕业设计开题报告书。2012年12月25日2013年2月25日：填写毕业实习报告。2013年2月26日2013年3月3日：按照要求修改毕业设计开题报告。2013年3月4日2013年3月14日：学习并翻译一篇与毕业设计相关的英文材料。2013年3月15日2013年4月1日：机械部分设计。2013年4月2日2013年4月15日：气动部分设计。2013年4月16日2013年4月26日：部分电气部分设计。2013年4月27日2013年5月21日：毕业论文撰写和修改工作。预期成果：完成设备的机械部分、气动部分、电气部分的设计及相关计算，绘制好机械部分设计的二维图纸。特色或创新之处已具备的条件和尚需解决的问题1、对化油器有一定的了解，定位准确且夹紧可靠，具备试密封性试验的检测条件，可以进行密封性检测。2、检测装置的能力仍有待提高。指导教师意见指导教师签名：年月日教研室（学科组、研究所）意见教研室主任签名：年月日系意见主管领导签名：年月日无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译信机系机械工程及自动化专业院（系）：信机系专业：机械工程及自动化班级：机械95班姓名：周亚芳学号： 0923209 外文出处：机械专业英语教程附件： 1.译文；2.原文；3.评分表 2012 年 5 月 25 日英文原文1. The carburetorCarburetor is under the effects of the vacuum engine working, will be a percentage of the fuel and air mixing mechanism. It to important function that the engine can be called the heart of the engine. The complete device shall include starting device, idle speed device, medium load, full load device, accelerating device. Carburetor will according to the requirements of different working state of the engine, automatically matching the corresponding concentration, output the corresponding amount of mixture, in order to make the mixture mixed more evenly, carburetor has make fuel atomization effect, for the normal operation of machine.Simple carburetor is made up of 3 three parts, the part with air inlet and the float chamber, the middle section there are pipes, orifice, nozzle, how a portion of the valve, etc. Float chamber is a rectangular container, store of gasoline from the gasoline pump, there is a float container using surface (oil level height controls the input. In the middle of an oil inlet and the amount of float chamber nozzle hole, the other end oil outlet in throat throat.It is throat waist, two big middle small, of which the minimum cross-sectional area of throat. Suction when the engine is started the piston downward, inhalation of maximum speed when the airflow through the throat, static pressure is the lowest, so the throat pressure less than atmospheric pressure, that is to say throat throat and produced the pressure difference between the float chamber, that is the people often say vacuum, the greater the pressure range of vacuum. Under the action of gas in the vacuum from the oil outlet nozzle jet, because of throat throat 25 times that of gas flow rate of air flow, so the nozzle jet flow that is dispersed by high speed air flow, forming fog particles of various sizes, namely atomization. Initial atomizing oil mixed with air into a mixture, through the throttle, air intake pipe and inlet valve into the combustion chamber of cylinder. Here, the throttle opening size and rotational speed of engine, determined the throats of vacuum degree, and the throttle opening change directly affects the mixture ratio of ingredients, these are the important reason for affecting the operation of the engine.Changes due to the concentration of the mixture with engine under various operating conditions of load change is closely related, simple carburetor far cannot satisfy the change request at any time, so people on the simple carburetor constantly add new device used for adjusting the working state of the carburetor. Development today, has formed the carburetor has a variety of auxiliary equipment, mainly are idle, tangy, acceleration and initiating device. Now 4 cylinder engine common dynamic carburetor carburetor is double cavity, it has two pipes, and according to the different engine operating conditions or work at the same time, respectively. 6 cylinder engine common carburetor is double cavity and carburetor, it is actually two single cavity carburetor and together, each cavity is responsible for half of the number of mixture gas cylinder. And multi-cavity carburetor, usually assembled on large power engine.Carburetor of the multiple functions of device, the main oil supply unit is in addition to the idle speed, engine working condition of various other needs of oil supply device, is the basic fuel supply carburetor structure. The idle device is in idle speed runtime provides few but strong mixture device, with the lowest stable engine speed. Add device is big engine load extra oil supply device, in order to make up for the inadequacy of the main oil supply. Accelerating device is increased when the car suddenly accelerated time of valve opening extra oil supply device, when the engine speed and power can be increased rapidly. Starter is to provide extremely rich mixture when the engine cold start device, the common way is in the front hose to a choke valve to control the volume.The speed of particular mention here. Working condition of engine idle speed is the most commonly used for engine thermal process and no parking stall and so on. For the car performance has very important significance, especially in city driving, idle speed condition often determine the cars fuel consumption and emission level.Engine idle speed running speed is typically 600 800 RPM, throttle close to shut down, the speed of pipes, vacuum degree cant float chamber gasoline it sucked out smoothly, but the throttle at the back of the vacuum degree is high. So just on the basis of simple carburetor of setting up a idle oil duct, the nozzle is located in the throttle, the problem is solved.Due to idle need less thick mixture, the engine operation condition is more sensitive, stable and should be the minimum speed of the idle state, to control the oil amount of the adjustment and the opening of throttle. Now the carburetor of idle speed device has two adjusting screw, adjust the oil and the throttle opening respectively. At the same time, in order to prevent the phenomenon of close auto ignition switch and the engine is still running, the oil in the carburetor idle way will also include a idle speed solenoid valve, specifically responsible for opening and closing the idle oil duct, guarantee engine can quickly shut down.2. The working principle of the carburetorCarburetor is actually a pipe, tube middle there is a called the throttle adjustable plate door plank, is used to control the flow of air through the tube. Tube has a section called venturi contraction, the shrinkage will form a vacuum. The contraction section orifice, the use of vacuum can be hole inhale fuel from now on.Motorcycle carburetor looks very complex, but as long as grasp some principle, can adjust the motorcycle to the best state. All carburetors are working under the basic principle of atmospheric pressure. Atmospheric pressure is a power to put pressure on everything. It will have slight variations, but usually fifteen pounds of pressure per square inch (PSI). This means that the atmospheric pressure in anything is fifteen pounds per square inch pressure. By changing atmospheric pressure within the engine and carburetor, you can change the pressure and make the fuel and air flow through the carburetor.The atmospheric pressure will spread from high pressure to low pressure. When two stroke engine piston at top dead center (or four stroke engines piston at the check point), under in the crankcase piston (four-stroke engine piston above) will form a low pressure. At the same time, the low pressure can also cause low pressure in the carburetor. Because of the high pressure compared to the outside of the engine and carburetor, will burst into the carburetor and air into the engine until the pressure is balanced. Air flowing through the carburetor will drive the fuel, and fuel will be mixed with air.Inside the carburetor is a throat. Throat is inside the carburetor forced air speed through the contraction section. Can all of a sudden narrowing river to illustrate the situation of occurred in the carburetor. Narrow the river near the Banks of the river will speed up, if Banks continuous narrow will be faster. If the same thing happen in the carburetor, accelerate the flow of air will lead to the inside of the carburetor air pressure is reduced.Gasoline is the fuel tank through the fuel filter again into the carburetor, fuel filter the impurities can be mixed with gasoline and the scale filter inside the tank. If the filter quality defective, there are still some impurities through the filter into the carburetor. Other gasoline contained can form gel ingredients after long time deposit will condense out of the colloid, attached to the carburetor parts (such as orifice), oil and float on the surface.Air is through air filter into the carburetor, based on the air intake resistance cannot be too big and other factors to consider, filtering device cannot too tight, so part of the tiny impurities in the air will enter the carburetor through air filter. If the filter quality defective, can cause more serious influence.Composition in the airways of the carburetor oil duct, more spare parts, such as the main measure holes, idle hole orifice, primary air, idle air hole, the foam pipe, and so on all have inside a small hole (diameter between 0.3 1.5 mm), into the carburetor petrol impurity, colloid and impurities in the air, tend to the aperture change or jams, cause carburetor airway, poor oil duct, make the carburetor fuel supply characteristics change, even cause the carburetor performance failure.3. The pneumatic systemPneumatic technology is one of the ways in which industrial production mechanization and automation. Pneumatic system the use of safe, reliable, can be in high temperature, vibration, corrosion, inflammable, explosive, more dust, strong magnetic, radiation, etc. Work under the bad environment, which application is increasingly wide. Pneumatic system and hydraulic system, are made by one or more of the most simple of basic circuits. Pneumatic circuit and common basic circuit is in order to achieve the specific functions and pneumatic components and pipes in a certain way of combined structure, analysis, design and use of the pneumatic system is.Pneumatic transmission and control is one of the most effective way in the production process automation and mechanization, but its working medium (compressed air) manufacturing cost is high, the energy utilization rate is quite low. Pneumatic actuators is mainly used to make linear reciprocating motion. Engineering practice, this kind of movement form used most, such as many machines or devices transmitting device, product processing workpiece feeding, positioning and clamping workpiece, workpiece assembly and material forming are linear motion form. But some pneumatic actuators can make rotation movement, such as the oscillating cylinder (swing Angle is 360 ). Pneumatic technology application range, in addition to the individual circumstances, to do linear motion form, from the technology from a cost point of view, all mechanical SheBi cannot compared with pneumatic equipment. (from the technical and cost point of view, cylinder as actuator is the best form of complete linear motion, like motor to complete rotation movement.) Pneumatic technology, the interaction between actuators and control element is based on the simple element. Mission requirements, these components can be assembled into a variety of system solutions. Pneumatic control agencies or equipment greatly improve the mechanization degree, and can realize fully automated, pneumatic technology has made a significant contribution to the cheap automation. In fact, a single pneumatic components, such as various types of cylinder and control valve) can be as modular components, this is pneumatic components must be combined, to form a control loop used to complete a specific assignments. Broadly speaking, pneumatic equipment can be applied to any engineering field. Pneumatic equipment is often by a small amount of pneumatic components and several basic loop combination. Pneumatic control system composition is reproducible, it laid the foundation for combination and pneumatic components and applications. In general, the combination of pneumatic components with many reservations within functions. Batch feeder is also often used as a component to provide the whole machine. Thus greatly simplify the pneumatic system design, reduce the workload of design and installation debugging personnel, make the pneumatic system cost is reduced greatly.Pneumatic system basic composition: composition of the pneumatic circuit to drive mechanism for various purposes, its content is: the three most important control force, the size of the force direction and speed of movement. Connected to production devices of various types of cylinder, by pressure control valves, directional control valves and flow control valve, the contents of the three control is implemented, i.e., the pressure control valve, pneumatic control the size of the output force, direction control valves, control the movement direction of the cylinder, the speed control valve - control the movement of the cylinder. A pneumatic systems typically include air equipment (air compressor, gas), gas source treatment components, after cooler, filter, dryer and drainage), a pressure control valve (pressure valve, pressure reducing valve, relief valve, sequence valve, etc.), lubrication components (oil mist, centralized lubrication components), direction control valves, solenoid directional control valve, pneumatic directional control valve, control reversing valve, mechanical control reversing valve, check valve, etc.), various types of sensors (magnetic switch, limit switches, pressure switches, pneumatic sensor), flow control valve (speed control valve, cushion valve, quick discharge valve), cylinder actuators (cylinder, gas motors, vacuum suction cup, etc), other auxiliary components (muffler, connection and trachea, hydraulic buffers, converter gas and liquid, etc.). A typical pneumatic system consists of direction control valves, pneumatic actuators, pneumatic auxiliary components and air purification device.4.The PLCPLC is a specialized in industrial environment application and design of the electronic device digital computing operations. It can adopt program memory, used in its internal storage implementation logic operation, sequence operation, timing, counting and arithmetic operation instruction, and can through digital or analog input and output, control various types of machinery or production process. PLC and related peripheral equipment should be in accordance with the easily and industrial control system to form a whole, easy to expand its function design principles. Early Programmable Controller called Programmable Logic Controller (Programmable Logic Controller, PLC), it mainly used instead of relay realize Logic control. With the development of technology, which USES a microcomputer technology of industrial control device functionality is considerably more than the scope of logic control, therefore, today the device called the programmable controller, hereinafter referred to as PC. But in order to avoid and Personal Computer (Personal Computer) abbreviation confusion, it will be referred to as PLC programmable controller. PLC data since 1969, when the American equipment corporation (DEC) is developed, the United States, Japan, Germany, the programmable controller of high quality, powerful function. PLC is a specialized in industrial control computer, its hardware structure is basically the same with a microcomputer, basic structure as follows:a. The powerPLC power plays a very important role in the whole system. If you dont have a good and reliable power supply system is unable to work normally, so PLC manufacturer of power supply design and manufacturing also attaches great importance to. General ac voltage fluctuation within + 10% (+ 15%), can not take other measures to PLC directly connected to the ac gridb. A central processing unit (CPU)The central processing unit (CPU) is the control center of the PLC. Which is in accordance with the function of the PLC system program to receive and storage from the programming device type in the user program and data; Check that the power supply, memory, I/O and warn the timer state, and diagnose the grammatical errors in the user program. When PLC in operation, the first it receives in the form of scanning field state of each input device and data, and deposited in the I/O image area respectively, and then from the user program memory to read a detailed user program, after command interpretation shall be governed by the provisions of the directive arithmetic or logical operations into the I/O image area or the result of the data register. Etc. After all of the user program has been completed, and finally to the I/O image in the output state or output register data transmitted to the appropriate output device, so cycle run, until stop running.In order to further improve the reliability of PLC, to large PLC also adopts double CPU redundancy system, CPU or the use of three voting system. In this way, even if a CPU fails, the whole system can still run normally.c.The memoryMemory to store system software is called the system program memory, memory storage applications called user program memory.d.The input and output interface circuit1. The input interface circuit and microcomputer by optical coupling circuit of the input interface circuit, PLC is used with the control interface interface input channel.2. The output interface circuit by the output data registers, called the road and interrupt request circuit integration, the function of PLC through the output interface circuit output corresponding control signal to perform on site components.e. The function moduleSuch as counting, positioning function module.f.The communication moduleSuch as Ethernet and RS485, profibus-dp communication module, etc.5. The characteristics of the PLC(1) the function is perfect, flexible combination, extension, convenient and practical. The functions of modern PLC and its various extension units, intelligent units and special function modules, can be convenient, flexible, varying in size and require the control system, in order to adapt to the needs of all kinds of industrial control. To switch quantity control for the specialty; Can continuous process PID loop control; And with the upper body into a complex control system, such as DDC and DCS, realize the comprehensive automation of production process.(2) easy to use, simple programming, using simple ladder diagram, logic diagram or statements table such as programming language, without the need for computer knowledge, so the system development cycle is short, the scene debugging easier. The use of PLC can modify the program online, change control schemes without having to tear open machine equipment. It can run in a different environment, the reliability is very strong.(3) simple installation, easy maintenance. PLC can be run directly under all kinds of industrial environment, you only need to the scene of the various devices connected to the PLC corresponding I/O at, write programs to run. On various modules are run and fault indication device, making it easy for users to understand operation and malfunction. PLC has strong self-checking function, which provides the convenience for its maintenance.(4) the ability of anti-jamming and reliability are strong, far higher than other models. Isolation and filtering, are two main measures of anti-interference. Of the PLCs internal power also took measures such as shielding, voltage stability, protection, in order to reduce interference, ensure the quality of power supply. In addition to input/output interface circuit of the power independent of each other, in order to avoid interference between the power supply. Right choice grounding place and perfect system is the PLC control system is one of the important measures of resistance to electromagnetic interference. In order to adapt to the severe environment of working site, also USES the sealing, dustproof, seismic shell encapsulation structure. Through the above measures to ensure that the PLC can reliable operation in harsh environment, the average time between failures, fault repair time is short.(5) low environmental requirements. PLC technology can conditions in high temperature, vibration, shock, dust and other harsh environments, able to work under the environment of strong electromagnetic interference and reliable. This is market survival value of PLC products.(6) easy to learn and easy to use. PLC is an industrial and mining enterprises of the industrial control equipment, easy interface, programming language is easy to accept for engineering and technical personnel. Similar relay control USES mostly PLC programming ladder diagram of the circuit form, for users, dont need to have specialized knowledge of a computer, therefore, it is easy to understand and grasp by general engineering and technical personnel.中文译文1.化油器化油器是在发动机工作产生的真空作用下，将一定比例的汽油与空气混合的机械装置。它对发动机的重要作用可以称之为发动机的“心脏”。其完整的装置应包括起动装置、怠速装置、中等负荷装置、全负荷装置、加速装置。化油器会根据发动机的不同工作状态需求，自动配比出相应的浓度，输出相应的量的混合气，为了使配出的混合气混合的比较均匀，化油器还具备使燃油雾化的效果，以供机器正常运行。简单的化油器由上中下三部分组成，上部分有进气口和浮子室，中间部分有喉管、量孔和喷管，下部分有节气门等。浮子室是一个矩形容器，存储着来自汽油泵的汽油，容器里面有一只浮子利用浮面（油面）高度控制着进油量。中部的喷管一头进油口与浮子室的量孔相通，另一头出油口在喉管的咽喉处。喉管呈蜂腰状，两头大中间小，其中间咽喉处的截面积最小。当发动机启动时活塞下行产生吸力，吸入的气流经过咽喉处时速度最大，静压力却最低，故喉管压力小于大气压力，也就是说喉管咽喉处与浮子室之间产生了压力差，即有了人们常说的真空度，压力差愈大真空度愈大。汽油在真空度的作用下从喷管出油口喷出，因为喉管咽喉处的空气流速是汽油流速的25倍，因此喷管喷出的油流即被高速的空气流冲散，形成大小不等的雾状颗粒，即“雾化”。初步雾化的油粒与空气混合成“混合气”，经节气门、进气管道和进气门进入气缸的燃烧室。在这里，节气门的开度大小和发动机的转速决定了喉管处的真空度，而节气门的开度变化直接影响着混合气的比例成份，这些都是影响发动机运行的重要原因。由于混合气的浓度变化与发动机在各种运行条件下的负荷变化紧密相关，简单的化油器远远满足不了这种随时变化的要求，因此人们在简单化油器上不断添加新的装置用于调整化油器的工作状态。发展到今天，就形成了有多种辅助装置的化油器，主要有怠速、加浓、加速和启动装置。目前4缸发动机常见的化油器是双腔分动式化油器，它有两个喉管，按照发动机不同工况分别或同时工作。6缸发动机常见的化油器是双腔并动式化油器，它实际上是两个单腔化油器并在一起，每一个腔体负责一半数目的气缸的混合气供气。还有多腔化油器，通常装配在功率较大的发动机上。化油器的多种功能装置之中，主供油装置是除怠速外，发动机其它各种工况都需要的供油装置，是化油器的基本供油结构。怠速装置是在怠速运行时提供少而浓的混合气的装置，以维持发动机稳定的最低转速。加浓装置是发动机大负荷时额外供油的装置，以弥补主供油的不足。加速装置是当汽车加速时节气门开度突然增大时额外供油的装置，使发动机转速及功率能够迅速增大。启动装置是当发动机冷启动时提供极浓混合气的装置，常见方式是在喉管前方装一阻风门来控制进气量。在这里特别要提一下怠速。怠速是最常用的发动机工况，用于发动机热启过程和不熄火停车等。对于汽车行驶性能有十分重要的意义，特别是在城市中行驶，怠速的状况往往决定着汽车行驶的耗油量和排污程度。发动机怠速运转的转速一般只有600800转/分，节气门接近关闭，这样的转速所产生的喉管真空度无法将汽油从浮子室顺利吸出，但节气门后面的真空度却很高。因此只需在简单化油器的基础上另设一条怠速油道，其喷孔设在节气门之后，问题就迎刃而解了。由于怠速需要少而浓的混合气，对发动机运行状况比较敏感，实现既要稳定又要最低转速的怠速状态，就要进行油量控制的调整和节气门最小开度的调整。现在的化油器怠速装置有两个调整螺钉，分别调整油量和节气门开度。同时，为了防止出现汽车关闭点火开关而发动机仍然运行的现象，在化油器怠速油道中还设有怠速电磁阀，专门负责开通和截止怠速油道，保障发动机能够迅速熄火。2.化油器工作原理化油器实际上就是一根管，管中间有一块称为节气门板的可调板，用于控制通过管的空气流量。管中有一个称为文丘里管的收缩部分，在此收缩部分会形成真空。此收缩部分有量孔，利用真空可从此孔吸入燃油。摩托车化油器看起来非常复杂，但是只要掌握一些原理，就能把摩托车调整到最佳状态。所有的化油器都是在大气压力的基本原理下工作的。大气压是一种对万事万物施加压力的强大力量。它会有细微变化，但是通常情况下每平方英寸有十五磅压力（PSI）。这意味着大气压对任何事物都是每平方英寸有十五磅压力。通过改变引擎和化油器内的大气压，就能够改变压力并使燃料和空气通过化油器流动。大气压力会从高压扩散到低压。当二冲程引擎的活塞处于上止点（或四冲程引擎的活塞处于下止点）时，在曲轴箱里的活塞下面（四冲程引擎的活塞上面）会形成一个低压。同时这个低压也会引起化油器里的低压。因为在引擎和化油器外面的压力比较高，空气将会冲进化油器并且进入引擎直到压力均衡。通过化油器流动的空气将会带动燃料，接着燃料将会与空气混合。在化油器里面是一段喉管。喉管是在化油器里面迫使空气加速通过的收缩部分。能用突然变窄的河流来说明发生在化油器里面的情形。河水在靠近变窄的河岸时会加快速度，如果河岸连续变窄的话将会更快。相同的事情如果发生在化油器里面，加速流动的空气将会引起化油器里面的气压降低。汽油是由油箱再通过汽油滤清器进入化油器的，汽油滤清器可将混入汽油中的杂质及油箱内的氧化皮过滤掉。如果滤清器质量有缺陷，仍有部分杂质通过滤清器进入化油器。另外汽油中含有能形成胶质的成分，经长时间沉积会凝结出胶质，附着在化油器的零部件（如量孔）、油道及浮子室表面上。空气是通过空气滤清器进入化油器的，基于进气阻力不能过大和其他因素的考虑，过滤装置不能过于致密，因而空气中的部分微小杂质仍会通过空滤器进入化油器中。如果滤清器质量有缺陷，会造成更严重的影响。组成化油器油道、气道中的较多零部件，如主量孔、怠速量孔、主空气量孔、怠速空气量孔、主泡沫管等等都有内径很小的孔(内径在0.31.5mm之间)，进入化油器内的汽油杂质、胶质和空气中的杂质，往往会将这些孔径改变或堵塞，导致化油器气道、油道不畅，使化油器供油特性变化,甚至引起化油器性能故障。3.气动系统气动技术是实现工业生产机械化、自动化的方式之一。气动系统使用安全、可靠，可以在高温、振动、腐蚀、易燃、易爆、多尘、强磁、辐射等恶劣环境下工作，因而应用日益广泛。气动系统与液压系统一样，都是由一个或多个最简单的基本回路组成的。气动基本回路和常用回路是为了实现特定功能而把某些气动元件和管道按一定的方式组合起来的结构，是分析、设计和使用气动系统基础。气压传动和控制是生产过程自动化和机械化最有效手段之一，但其工作介质（压缩空气）制造成本高，能量利用率又相当低。气动执行元件主要用于作直线往复运动。工程实际中，这种运动形式应用最多，如许多机器或设备上传送装置、产品加工时工件进给、工件定位和夹紧、工件装配以及材料成形加工等都是直线运动形式。但有些气动执行元件也可以作旋转运动，如摆动气缸（摆动角度可达360）。气动技术应用范围内，除个别情况外，对完成直线运动形式来说，是从技术从成本角度看，全机械涉笔都无法与气动设备相比。（从技术和成本角度看，气缸作为执行元件是完成直线运动最佳形式，如同用电动

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