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PLC在混凝土搅拌站中的应用【2张CAD图纸+毕业论文】

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plc 混凝土 搅拌 中的 应用 利用 运用
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摘 要

混凝土搅拌站是随着水泥的诞生而产生和发展的。它是建筑、桥梁、道路、大坝等工程施工中的必备设备,它由贮料、配料、搅拌、放料等结构部件组成,是一个受多环节制约的复杂系统。而随着我国经济建设的高速发展,综合国力不断增强,国家对基础设施建设的投资力度加大,拉动了城市商品混凝土的高速发展,同时,使混凝土搅拌站有了较大的发展空间,最初搅拌站仅以单机的形式出现,混凝土自拌自用,随着基础设施建设大规模的开展,产生了很大的商品混凝土市场,搅拌站的需求越来越大,计量要求越来越高,于是出现了各种不同形式带有计量装置的搅拌站,从而产生了现代的混凝土搅拌站。

常见的混凝土搅拌站控制方式有继电器直接控制、PLC和计算机结合以及PLC和配料控制器结合3种控制方式。采用PLC和配料控制器结合控制的搅拌站性能可靠、性价比高,可以保证混凝土的质量,提高混凝土生产效率。作为混凝土搅拌站的核心,控制及监控程序在计量精确、控制可靠、管理方便等方面的要求也日益提高。

本文针对PLC和配料控制器结合控制的搅拌站来设计其控制及监控程序设计中主要要完成的任务有系统构造、PLC的I/O分配、工作流程图及PLC程序的编写。本程序通过控制发电机运转、皮带启动、螺旋输送机的运行等方面控制混凝土搅拌站的运行。


关键词:混凝土搅拌站;I/O分配;可编程控制器(PLC);自动控制



ABSTRACT

   Concrete mixing stations were produced and developed with the birth of cement. It is the construction of the necessary equipment for buildings, bridges, roads, dams and other projects. It’s constructed from storage materials, ingredients, stirring, discharge, and other structural components, and it is a subject to the constraints of the complex multi-link system. As China's economic construction and the rapid development, Comprehensive national strength constantly enhance the state's infrastructure construction investment increased to boost the city's rapid development of ready-mixed concrete, so that the concrete mixing stations have larger space for development, the initial Mixing station only in the form of stand-alone, self-mix concrete-occupied, with the construction of infrastructure facilities for large-scale, a lot of ready-mixed concrete market was  developed, the demand for  mixing stations are larger and larger, and measures are increasingly demanded, so the mixing stations with various forms of measurement devices were developed, thereby the modern concrete mixing station was created.

Common concrete mixing stations control ways may be the three kinds:  Relay direct control, PLC and computer combination of ingredients and the PLC and controller combination. But PLC controller and a combination of ingredients control of the mixing station is reliable, cost-effective and can ensure the quality of concrete, increase the production efficiency. As the core of concrete mixing stations. The controlling and monitoring program in the measurement precise, reliable control, easy management and other aspects is increasingly demanded.

This paper for PLC and the combination of ingredients controller to control the mixing station will design its controlling and monitoring program . In the main text I must complete a systematic structure, the I / O distribution of PLC and prepare the work flow chart and PLC program.


Key words: concrete mixing station; the I / O distribution; programmable logic controller                                              (PLC); automatic control


目  录

摘 要III

ABSTRACTIV

1 绪论1

1.1 本课题研究的内容和意义1

1.2 国内研究以及混凝土搅拌机的现状和国内市场分析1

1.2.1 国外PLC发展状况1

1.2.2 国内PLC发展状况2

1.3 本课题应达的要求:2

2 混凝土搅拌站设备3

2.1 水泥的运输、存储3

2.1.1 水泥罐车3

2.2 水泥料仓5

2.2.1 粉料罐5

2.2.2 仓顶收尘机6

2.2.3 压力安全阀6

2.2.4 吹灰管6

2.2.5 料位指示器6

2.2.6 手动蝶阀7

2.2.7 粉料罐7

2.2.8 破拱装置7

2.2.9 检修梯子7

2.2.10 仓体7

2.2.11 支腿7

2.3 水泥料仓的工作原理8

2.4 配料站8

2.4.1 粉料称量8

2.4.2 称重传感器9

2.5 物料输送系统10

2.5.1 骨料输送10

2.5.2 粉料输送10

2.5.3 液体输送10

2.6 混凝土搅拌机11

3 混凝土搅拌站PLC程序设计12

3.1 混凝土搅拌站接线图12

3.2 电器控制构成14

3.2.1 PLC的工作原理15

3.2.2 可编程控制器的选用及组态软件的选择17

3.3.2 模拟输入量包括砂子、石子等重量17

3.2.4 I/O分配表17

3.2.5 PLC接线图18

3.2.6 智能元件19

3.2.7 传感器20

3.2.8 执行机构20

3.3 混凝土搅拌站工作流程20

3.4 系统初始化程序及主程序设计20

3.5 断电保护程序设计22

3.6 模拟量输入地址23

3.7 位存储区(M)的使用概况23

4 混凝土搅拌站控制系统设计24

5 混凝土配合比计算26

5.1 混凝土配制强度计算26

5.2 水灰比计算26

5.3 用水量计算26

5.3.1 干硬性和塑性混凝土用水量的确定27

5.3.2 流动性和大流动性混凝土的用水量宜按下列步骤计算27

5.4 水泥用量计算27

5.5  粗骨料和细骨料用量的计算27

6 结论与展望29

6.1  结论29

6.2  不足与展望29

致 谢30

参考文献31

附 录32


1 绪论

1.1 本课题研究的内容和意义

在建筑行业中使用最多的材料是各种强度的混凝土。不同强度的混凝土是由不同比例的水泥、砂子、石子和水混合搅拌而成。本课题研究内容是利用PLC技术,使混凝土搅拌站实现全自动地配制各种强度的混凝土。现在国内的混凝土的运算制作大部分是由人工完成的,理论上PLC可以代替人工运算混凝土的配合比以及对原材料的称重。使用PLC技术不仅可以提高生产效率,而且还能减轻工人劳动强度,并确保生产的混凝土符合国家标准。

1.2 国内研究以及混凝土搅拌机的现状和国内市场分析[5][6]

搅拌站生产在国外一般生产力50 m3/h~300 m3/h,对商品混凝土搅拌站的生产,是相对常见的应用,特别是在大的项目中采用。自20世纪50年代以来,混凝土搅拌站的生产开始独立的研究和开发过程中,选择的类型和主要技术参数主要是基于用户需求和借鉴外国产品自由州。GB gb10171 – 88“混凝土搅拌站(F)类别”和gb10172 – 88“混凝土搅拌站技术”,的颁布实施,混凝土搅拌站(F)在开发和生产的标准管理的轨道,为我们的混凝土搅拌站的职业发展奠定了基础。技术标准和要求的标准在预拌混凝土,混凝土搅拌站技术指标都已达到发达国家的水平。现在国内生产的混凝土搅拌站质量的迅速提高,并逐步取代原来的进口中国制造的混凝土搅拌站主导地位主导国内站,混合控制系统也得到了快速发展。国内制造商的大型混凝土搅拌站包括:三一重工、奇美珠海、上海华剑、南路机器。80年代,中国混凝土机械有两个战略调整产品结构、行业的发展起着举足轻重的作用:第一是年代初期升级混凝土搅拌机由双锥逆向转换,垂直和水平轴强制类型混凝土搅拌机替代鼓式混合机,现在这三个系列产品,技术性能已达到国外同类先进水平模型,从质量数量基本满足国内需求;二是“发展一个站三车”阶段(即混凝土搅拌,混凝土搅拌车,混凝土泵车臂和散装水泥运输车)。所以,我们的国家充满了新的混凝土机械有前途的策略来促进混凝土机械行业产品结构调整的第二反映混凝土机械行业稳定的、可持续的、全面发展的深层次需求。及时引进外国先进的混凝土泵和混凝土搅拌卡车技术、科研机构和生产企业通过联合开发。所以,我们的商品混凝土机械的设计、制造能力和水平有了很大提高,一些产品已批量生产,其技术水平与世界水平同步,减少进口的今天,节约外汇,取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益。在“第十二五”甚至2010年期间,中国建造大量的关键项目,但是也有很多城市道路、城市住宅开发建设,需要大量的混凝土。所以现在是一个有利时机发展混凝土机械作为一个“一站式三车”在一个工厂,混凝土搅拌站占据着举足轻重的地位。


1.2.1 国外PLC发展状况

PLC从1969年问世以来,虽然至今还不到50年,以其具有通用灵活的控制性能,简单方便的使用性能,及可以适应各种工业环境的高可靠性,在各工业领域得到广泛应用,且市场份额每年都在增加。

1970——1980年:PLC的结构定型阶段。在这一阶段,由于PLC刚诞生,各种类型的顺序控制器不断出现,但迅速被淘汰。最终以微处理器为核心的现有PLC结构形成,取得了市场的认可。

1980——1990:年:PLC的普及阶段。在这一阶段,PLC的生产规模日益扩大,价格不断下降,PLC被迅速普及,并且形成了固定I/O点型、基本单元加扩展块行、模块化结构型这三种延续至今的基本结构模型。

1900——2000年:PLC的高性能与小型化阶段,PLC的应用范围由单一的顺序控制向现场控制拓展。

[3][4]根据 ARC 的调查和估计,1997年全球的软PLC市场有3千6百万美元,到2000年 PLC的市场达 到了1亿4千5百万美元,2001年差不多又增长了一倍。 目前, 欧美等西方国家都把软PLC作为一个重点投资对象进行研究开发。工业领域已经开始使用软PLC产品,而且软PLC的市场需求量也在不断的增长。

1.2.2 国内PLC发展状况

PLC的应用在1990年左右就已经传到中国了,但是制作PLC技术大约在 1996 年以后才被介绍到国内来。目前国内的一些工控方面的公司及研究机构在这方面也开展了部分基础技术研究工作,但起步较晚, 现在还没有一家公司或机构 可以推出比较完整的产品。 国内有一些著名的自动化软件公司 (如北京亚控自动化软件科技有限公司)正在研究开发具有自主版权的中文软PLC产品,另外也有一些自动化工程公司 开始代理销售这些商用化的软PLC产品。我国自行开发的DCS系统,如上海自仪公司的SUPMAX- 800,选用法国 CJ International公司的符合IEC61131-3的IsaGraf和美国的强实时操作系统Vxworks。从总的研究情况来看,目前国内软PLC的技术与国外相比,技术水平相差很大。

1.3 本课题应达的要求:

因为PLC可以内部存储执行逻辑运算、顺序运算、计时、计数和算术运算等操作的指令,并能通过数字式或模拟式的输入和输出。所以可以将预先算好的数值输入进机器中,当操作现场需要进行混凝土的制作是PLC可以按照预先的输入的数值控制混凝土搅拌站的工作。

1、按混凝土标号的国家标准,在PLC预先输入不同标号混凝土的水泥、砂、石子和水的比例

2、在触摸屏上输入混凝土的强度和数量;PLC根据预先在计算机中输入的1m3的混凝土需要用到的水泥、砂子、石子和水的用量,再乘以用户指定的混凝土的数量从而计算出水泥、砂、石子用量。

3、PLC控制水泥料仓、配料站和电磁流量计(电磁阀)控制物料的重量。

4、用户从触摸屏输入信息,PLC向水泥料仓中的螺旋输送机发出信号,螺旋输送机开始工作,输出指定量的水泥,同时配料站输出指定量的砂子、石子。材料通过皮带输送进10m3的混凝土搅拌机中。这时PLC开始控制水的注入,到达指定量后电磁阀关闭。混凝土搅拌机开始工作。时间到后混凝土搅拌机倒出搅拌好的混凝土。


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编号无锡太湖学院毕业设计(论文)题目: PLC在混凝土搅拌站中的应用 信机 系 机械工程及自动化 专业学 号: 0951295 学生姓名: 孙天奇 指导教师: 陈浩 (职称:高级工程师 ) (职称: )2013年5月25日2编号无锡太湖学院毕业设计(论文)相关资料题目: PLC在混凝土搅拌站中的应用 信机 系 机械工程及自动化专业学 号: 0951295学生姓名: 孙天奇 指导教师: 陈浩 (职称:高级工程师) (职称: )2013年5月25日目 录一、毕业设计(论文)开题报告二、毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译及原文三、学生“毕业论文(论文)计划、进度、检查及落实表”四、实习鉴定表无锡太湖学院毕业设计(论文)开题报告题目: PLC在混凝土搅拌站中的应用 信机 系 机械工程及自动化 专业学 号: 0951295 学生姓名: 孙天奇 指导教师: 陈浩 (职称:高级工程师 ) (职称: ) 2012年11月25日课题来源从1903年德国建造世界上第一座预拌混凝土搅拌站以来,商品混凝土作为独立的产业己有100多年的历史。随后,美国于1913年,法国于1933年建立了自己的搅拌站。二次大战后,尤其是60年代到70年代,由于各国抓紧发展经济,医治战争的创伤,混凝土搅拌站得到了快速发展。在70年代左右出现的可编程控制器采用计算机储存程序和顺序执行的原理,使得人们很容易地学习使用。将混凝土搅拌站和PLC控制程序相结合可以大大的减少劳动强度和工作时间。科学依据1、课题的科学意义在建筑行业中使用最多的材料是各种强度的混凝土。不同强度的混凝土是由不同比例的水泥、砂子、石子和水混合搅拌而成。本课题研究内容是利用PLC技术,使混凝土搅拌站实现全自动地配制各种强度的混凝土。现在国内的混凝土的运算制作大部分是由人工完成的,理论上PLC可以代替人工运算混凝土的配合比以及对原材料的称重。使用PLC技术不仅可以提高生产效率,而且还能减轻工人劳动强度,并确保生产的混凝土符合国家标准。2、PLC应用在混凝土搅拌站研究状况及其发展前景随着我国经济建设的飞速发展,许多大型的基础工程及建筑工程相继开工。在工地上需要用到大量的优质的混凝土,而且人们的环保意识日益增强,为了配合和谐社会的建设、减少城市噪声污染,政府会要求施工使用的混凝土进行集中的生产和管理。这样会使混凝土的配料精度提高,并且要求生产速度要快质量要好。因此混凝土生产过程中搅拌设备的自动控制系统越来越受到人们的重视。可编程控制器具有可靠性高、功能完善、编程简单直观等优点可以有效的弥补继电器控制系统的缺失。国外生产的搅拌站一般生产率在50m3/ h300m3/h,对于商品混凝土生产,搅拌站形式应用比较普遍,尤其在大型工程中被采用。我国混凝土搅拌站的研制是从50年代开始的,在其发展过程中,型式的选取和主要技术参数基本上是根据用户要求和参考国外产品的自由状态。国标GB10171-88混凝土搅拌站(楼)分类和GB10172-88混凝土搅拌站技术条件的颁布实施,将混凝土搅拌站(楼)的研制和生产纳入了标准管理的轨道,为其发展奠定了基础。产品技术标准和预拌混凝土标准的要求中,对于混凝土搅拌站的技术指标已达到发达国家水平。当今国内生产的混凝土搅拌站质量迅速提高,逐步取代了进口搅拌站,在国内已经占主导地位,其控制系统也得到快速发展。国内大型混凝土搅拌站生产厂商包括:三一重工、珠海志美、上海华建、南方路机等。自八十年代以来,我国混凝土机械有两次战略性产品结构调整,对行业的发展起到了举足轻重的作用:一是八十年代初期混凝土搅拌机的升级换代,由双锥反转型、立轴和卧轴强制式混凝土搅拌机替代鼓筒型搅拌机,现在这三大系列产品的技术性能己达到国外同类机型的先进水平,从质量到数量上基本满足了国内需求;二是八十年代末到九十年代初“发展一站三车(即混凝土搅拌楼、混凝土搅拌输送车、臂架式混凝土泵车和散装水泥车),把我国商品混凝土机械搞上去”的战略,推动了混凝土机械行业的第二次产品结构调整,反映了混凝土机械行业稳定、持续、全面发展的深层次要求。经过科研院所和生产企业的共同开发,适时引进国外先进的混凝土泵和混凝土搅拌输送车技术,使我国在商品混凝土机械的设计、制造能力和水平都有了很大提高,一些产品已有批量生产,其技术水平与当今世界水平同步,减少了进口,节约了外汇,取得了较好的经济效益和社会效益。在“十五”乃至2010年期间,我国要建设一大批大型煤矿、油田、电站、机场、港口、高速铁路、高等级公路等重点工程,同时也要进行大量的城市道路、城镇住宅的开发与建设,这都需要大量的混凝土。所以现在正是大力发展混凝土机械的大好时机,作为“一站三车”中的一站,混凝土搅拌楼占有举足轻重的地位。3、应用前景 根据ARC的调查和估计,2000年是PLC的市场达到1亿4千5百万美元,2001年差不多又增长了一倍,所以PLC与工业、建筑等领域的结合的前景是非常广阔的前景。研究内容 了解混凝土搅拌站的工作原理,国内外的研究发展现状; 完成混凝土搅拌站的接线图; 完成I/O模块; 熟练掌握S7-200的使用,在使用编写梯形图; 完成设计说明书的撰写,并翻译外文资料1篇。拟采取的研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析了解完混凝土搅拌站所有设备之后,不难发现其工作的原理和各个设备之间运行的先后顺序。于是可以先确定各个设备起到的作用,在整个混凝土搅拌站中起到的作用。比如说水泥料仓起到储存、运送、计量水泥的功能,配料站可以储藏砂子、石子和添加剂等原料。传送带可以将输出的原料送到搅拌机中,不同重量比的水泥、砂子、石子和水在搅拌机中搅拌一定时间后就可以得到不同标号的混凝土了。控制混凝土搅拌站的所有设备可以由PLC进行控制。因为它具备逻辑控制、定时、计数等功能,完全可以控制混凝土搅拌站中各个设备的先后启动顺序。控制启动时间。 根据三年多所学的专业知识及通过参阅电器控制与PLC应用、PLC控制系统工作方式的分析和研究及相关图册资料,综合考虑混凝土的制造成本和周期,本人拟采用的总体方案是:事先在PLC中输入不同混凝土标号的标准单位的水泥、砂子、石子和水的重量比。当用户要制作混凝土时PLC可自行运算,将基本数值乘以需要制作的混凝土的重量。程序通过运算得到的混凝土原料的重量,然后PLC控制各个设备的运行输出定量的原料,经过搅拌机的搅拌得到用户指定标号、重量的混凝土。 该设计方案经慎重考虑,多次试验,多次论证,应该是切实可行的。研究计划及预期成果研究计划:2012年11月12日-2012年11月27日:按照任务书要求查阅论文相关参考资料,填写毕业设计开题报告书。2012年11月28日-2012年2月10日:填写毕业实习报告,学习并翻译一篇与毕业设计相关的英文材料。2013年2月15日-2013年2月27日:完成毕业设计开题报告。2013年3月1日-2013年3月10日:混凝土搅拌站接线图。2013年3月11日-2013年3月 26 日:I/O分配表、梯形图。2013年4月 1 日-2013年5月10日:毕业论文撰写。2013年5月 10日-2013年 5月20日:毕业论文修改工作。成果: 通过编写的程序混凝土搅拌站能够有效的节约时间生产成本和制作出符合国家标准的混凝土。可以准确的生产不同标号的混凝土。特色或创新之处(1)能解决生产效率低、劳动强度大的问题,还大大提高了效率。已具备的条件和尚需解决的问题已具备的条件:设计过程中所需要的各种软硬件资源和相关产品实物照片。尚需解决的问题:相关文献资料的缺乏,对一些程序部分的具体编写指导,以及在实际中运行的测试。指导教师意见 指导教师(签名): 年 月 日教研室(学科组、研究所)意见 系主任(签名): 年 月 日系意见主管领导签名: 年 月 日 英文原文PLC technique discussion and future developmentAlong with the development of the ages, the technique that is nowadays is also gradually perfect, the competition plays more strong; the operation that list depends the artificial has already cant satisfied with the current manufacturing industry foreground, also cant guarantee the request of the higher quantity and high new the image of the technique business enterprise.The people see in produce practice, automate brought the tremendous convenience and the product quantities for people up of assurance, also eased the personnels labor strength, reduce the establishment on the personnel. The target control of the hard realization in many complicated production lines, whole and excellent turn, the best decision etc., well-trained operation work, technical personnel or expert, governor but can judge and operate easily, can acquire the satisfied result. The research target of the artificial intelligence makes use of the calculator exactly to carry out, imitate these intelligences behavior, moderating the work through persons brain and calculators, with the mode that persons machine combine, for resolve the very complicated problem to look for the best pathWe come in sight of the control that links after the electric appliances in various situation, that is already the that time generation past, now of after use in the mold a perhaps simple equipments of grass-roots control that the electric appliances can do for the low level only; And the PLC emergence also became the epoch-making topic, adding the vivid software control through a very and stable hardware, making the automation head for the new high tide.The PLC biggest characteristics lie in: The electrical engineering teacher already no longer electric hardware up too many calculations of cost, as long as order the importation that the button switch or the importation of the sensors order to link the PLC up can solve problem, pass to output to order the conjunction contact machine or control the start equipments of the big power after the electric appliances, but the exportation equipments direct conjunction of the small power can.PLC internal containment have the CPU of the CPU, and take to have an I/ O for expand of exterior to connect a peoples address and saving machine three big pieces to constitute, CPU core is from an or many is tired to add the machine to constitute, mathematics that they have the logic operation ability, and can read the procedure save the contents of the machine to drive the homologous saving machine and I/ Os to connect after pass the calculation; The I/ O add inner part is tired the input and output system of the machine and exterior link, and deposit the related data into the procedure saving machine or data saving machine; The saving machine can deposit the data that the I/ O input in the saving machine, and in work adjusting to become tired to add the machine and I/ Os to connect, saving machine separately saving machine RAM of the procedure saving machine ROM and dates, the ROM can do deposit of the data permanence in the saving machine, but RAM only for the CPU computes the temporary calculation usage of hour of buffer space.The PLC anti- interference is very and excellent, our root need not concern its service life and the work situation bad, these all problems have already no longer become the topic that we fail, but stay to our is a concern to come to internal resources of make use of the PLC to strengthen the control ability of the equipments for us, make our equipments more gentle.PLC language is not we imagine of edit collected materials the language or language of Cs to carry on weaving the distance, but the trapezoid diagram that the adoption is original after the electric appliances to control, make the electrical engineering teacher while weaving to write the procedure very easy comprehended the PLC language, and a lot of non- electricity professional also very quickly know and go deep into to the PLC.Is PLC one of the advantage above and only, this is also one part that the people comprehend more and easily, in a lot of equipments, the people have already no longer hoped to see too many control buttons, they damage not only and easily and produce the artificial error easiest, small is not a main error perhaps you can still accept; But lead even is a fatal error greatly is what we cant is tolerant of. New technique always for bringing more safe and convenient operation for us, make we a lot of problems for face on sweep but light, do you understand the HMI? Says the HMI here you basically not clear what it is, also have no interest understanding, change one inside text explains it into the touch to hold or man-machine interface you knew, and it combines with the PLC to our larger space.HMI the control not only is reduced the control press button, increase the vivid of the control, more main of it is can sequence of, and at can the change data input to output the feedback with data, control in the temperature curve of imitate but also can keep the manifestation of view to come out. And can write the function help procedure through a plait to provide the help of various what lies in ones power, the one who make operate reduces the otiose error. Currently the HMI factory is also more and more, the function is also more and more strong, the price is also more and more low, and the noodles of the usage are wide more and more. The HMI foreground can say that think to be good very.At a lot of situations, the list is a smooth movement that cant guarantee the equipments by the control of the single machine, but pass the information exchanges of the equipments and equipments to attain the result that we want. For example fore pack and the examination of the empress work preface, we will arrive wrapping information feedback to examine the place, and examine the information of the place to also want the feedback to packing. Pass the information share thus to make both the chain connect, becoming a total body, the match of your that thus make is more close, at each other attain to reflect the result that mutually flick.The PLC correspondence has already come more body now its value, at the PLC and correspondence between PLCs, can pass the communication of the information and the share of the dates to guarantee that of the equipments moderates mutually, the result that arrive already to repair with each other. Data conversion the adoption RS232 between PLC connect to come to the transmission data, but the RS232 pick up a people and can guarantee 10 meters only of deliver the distance, if in the distance of 1000 meters we can pass the RS485 to carry on the correspondence, the longer distance can pass the MODEL only to carry on deliver.The PLC data transmission is just to be called a form to it in a piece of and continuous address that the data of the inner part delivers the other party, we, the PLC of the other party passes to read data in the watch to carry on the operation. If the data that data in the watch is a to establish generally, that is just the general data transmission, for example today of oil price rise, I want to deliver the price of the oil price to lose the oil ally on board, that is the share of the data; But take data in the watch for an instruction procedure that controls the PLC, that had the difficulty very much, for example you have to control one pedestal robot to press the action work that you imagine, you will draw up for it the form that a procedure combine with the data sends out to pass by.The form that information transport contain single work, the half a work and the difference of a workers .The meaning of the single work also is to say both, a can send out only, but a can receive only, for example a spy he can receive the designation of the superior only, but cant give the superior reply; A work of half is also 2 and can send out similar to accept the data, but cant send out and accept at the same time, for example when you make a phone call is to cant answer the phone, the other party also; But whole pair works is both can send out and accept the data, and can send out and accept at the same time. Be like the Internet is a typical example.The process that information transport also has synchronous and different step cent: The data line and the clock lines are synchronous when synchronous meaning lie in sending out the data, is also the data signal and the clock signals to be carry on by the CPU to send out at the same time, this needs to all want the specialized clock signal each other to carry on the transmission and connect to send, and is constrained, the characteristics of this kind of method lies in its speed very quick, but correspond work time of take up the CPU and also want to be long oppositely, at the same time the technique difficulty also very big. Its request lies in canting have an error margins in a dates deliver, otherwise the whole piece according to compare the occurrence mistake, this on the hardware is a bigger difficulty. Applied more and more extensive in some appropriative equipments, be like the appropriative medical treatment equipments, the numerical signal equipments.etc., in compare the one data deliver, its result is very good.And the different step is an application the most extensive, this receive benefit in it of technique difficulty is opposite and want to be small, at the same time not need to prepare the specialized clock signal, its characteristics to lie in, its data is partition, the long-lost send out and accept, be the CPU is too busy of time can grind to a stop sex to work, also reduced the difficulty on the hardware, the data throw to lose at the same time opposite want to be little, we can pass the examination of the data to observe whether the data that we send out has the mistake or not, be like strange accidentally the method, tired addition and eight efficacies method etc., can use to helps whether the data that we examine to send out have or not the mistake occurrence, pass the feedback to carry on the discriminator.A line of transmission of the information contains a string of and combine the cent of: The usual PLC is 8 machines, certainly also having 16 machines. We can be an at the time of sending out the data a send out to the other party, also can be 88 send out the data to the other party, an and 8 differentiations are also the as that we say to send out the data and combine sends out the data. A speed is more and slowly, but as long as 2 or three lines can solve problem, and can use the telephone line to carry on the long range control. But combine the ocular transmission speed is very quick of, it is a string of ocular of 25600%, occupy the advantage in the short distance, the in view of the fact TTL electricity is even, being limited by the scope of one meter generally, it combine unwell used for the data transmission of the long pull, thus the cost is too expensive.Under a lot of circumstances we are total to like to adopt the string to combine the conversion chip to carry on deliver, under this kind of circumstance not need us to carry on to deposited the machine to establish too and complicatedly, but carry on the data exchanges through the data transmission instruction directly, but is not a very viable way in the correspondence, because the PLC of the other party must has been wait for your data exportation at the time of sending out the data, it cant do other works.When you are reading the book, you hear someone knock on door, you stop to start up of affair, open the door and combine to continue with the one who knock on door a dialogue, the telephone of this time rang, you signal hint to connect a telephone, after connecting the telephone through, return overdo come together knock on door to have a conversation, after dialogue complete, you continue again to see your book, this kind of circumstance we are called the interruption to it, it has the authority, also having sex of have the initiative, the PLC had such function .Its characteristics lie in us and may meet the urgently abrupt affairs in the operation process of the equipments, we want to stop to start immediately up of work, the whereabouts manages the more important affair, this kind of circumstance is we usually meet of, PLC while carry out urgent mission, total will keep the current appearance first, for example the address of the procedure, CPU of tired add the machine data etc., be like to stick down which the book that we see is when we open the door the page or simply make a mark, because we treat and would still need to continue immediately after book of see the behind. The CPU always does the affair that should do according to our will, but your mistake of give it an affair, it also would be same to do, this we must notice.The interruption is not only a, sometimes existing jointly with the hour several inside break, break off to have the preferred Class, they will carry out the interruption of the higher Class according to persons request. This kind of breaks off the medium interruption to also became to break off the set. The Class that certainly break off is relevant according to various resources of CPU with internal PLC, also following a heap of capacity size of also relevant fasten.The contents that break off has a lot of kinds, for example the exterior break off, correspondence in of send out and accept the interruption and settle and the clock that count break off, still have the WDT to reset the interruption etc., they enriched the CPU to respond to the category while handle various business. Speak thus perhaps you cant comprehend the internal structure and operation orders of the interruption completely also, we do a very small example to explain.Each equipment always will not forget a button, it also is at we meet the urgent circumstance use of, which is nasty to stop the button. When we meet the Human body trouble and surprised circumstances we as long as press it, the machine stops all operations immediately, and wait for processing the over surprised empress recover the operation again. Nasty stop the internal I/ O of the internal CPU of the button conjunction PLC to connect up, be to press button an exterior to trigger signal for CPU, the CPU carries on to the I/ O to examine again, being to confirm to have the exterior to trigger the signal, CPU protection the spot breaks off procedure counts the machine turn the homologous exterior I/ O automatically in the procedure to go to also, be exterior interruption procedure processing complete, the procedure counts the machine to return the main procedure to continue to work. Have 1:00 can what to explain is we generally would nasty stop the button of exterior break off to rise to the tallest Class, thus guarantee the safety.When we are work a work piece, giving the PLC a signal, counting PLC inner part the machine add 1 to compute us for a day of workload, a count the machine and can solve problem in brief, certainly they also can keep the data under the condition of dropping the electricity, urging the data not to throw to lose, this is also what we hope earnestly.The PLC still has the function that the high class counts the machine, being us while accept some dates of high speed, the high speed that here say is the data of the in all aspects tiny second class, for example the bar code scanner is scanning the data continuously, calculating high-speed signal of the data processor DSP etc., we will adopt the high class to count the machine to help we carry on count. It at the PLC carries out the procedure once discover that the high class counts the machine to should of interruption, will let go of the work on the hand immediately. The trapezoid diagram procedure that passes by to weave the distance again explains the high class for us to carry out procedure to count machine would automatic performance to should of work, thus rise the Class that the high class counts the machine to high one Class.You heard too many this phrases perhaps: crash, the meaning that is mostly is a workload of CPU to lead greatly, the internal resources shortage etc. the circumstance cant result in procedure circulate. The PLC also has the similar circumstance, there is a watchdog WDT in the inner part of PLC, we can establish time that a procedure of WDT circulate, being to appear the procedure to jump to turn the mistake in the procedure movement process or the procedure is busy, movement time of the procedure exceeds WDT constitution time, the CPU turn but the WDT reset the appearance. The procedure restarts the movement, but will not carry on the breakage to the interruption.The PLC development has already entered for network ages of correspondence from the mode of the one, and together other works control the net plank and I/ O card planks to carry on the share easily. A state software can pass all se hardwires link, more animation picture of keep the view to carries on the control, and cans pass the Internet to carry on the control in the foreign land, the blast-off that is like the absolute being boat No.5 is to adopt this kind of way to make airship go up the sky.The development of the higher layer needs our continuous effort to obtain. The PLC emergence has already affected a few persons fully, we also obtained more knowledge and precepts from the top one experience of the generation, coming to the continuous development PLC technique, push it toward higher wave tide.Knowing the available PLC network options and their best applications will ensure an efficient and flexible control system design.The programmable logic controllers (PLCs) ability to support a range of communication methods makes it an ideal control and data acquisition device for a wide variety of industrial automation and facility control applications. However, there is some confusion because so many possibilities exist. To help eliminate this confusion, lets list what communications are available and when they would be best applied.To understand the PLCs communications versatility, lets first define the terms used in describing the various systems.ASCII: This stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. As shown in Fig. 1, when the letter A is transmitted, for instance, its automatically coded as 65 by the sending equipment. The receiving equipment translates the 65 back to the letter A. Thus, different devices can communicate with each other as long as both use ASCII code.ASCII module: This intelligent PLC module is used for connecting PLCs to other devices also capable of communicating using ASCII code as a vehicle.Bus topology: This is a linear local area network (LAN) arrangement, as shown in Fig. 2A, in which individual nodes are tapped into a main communications cable at a single point and broadcast messages. These messages travel in both directions on the bus from the point of connection until they are dissipated by terminators at each end of the bus.CPU: This stands for central processing unit, which actually is that part of a computer, PLC, or other intelligent device where arithmetic and logical operations are performed and instructions are decoded and executed.Daisy chain: This is a description of the connection of individual devices in a PLC network, where, as shown in Fig. 3, each device is connected to the next and communications signals pass from one unit to the next in a sequential fashion.Distributed control: This is an automation concept in which portions of an automated system are controlled by separate controllers, which are located in close proximity to their area of direct control (control is decentralized and spread out over the system).Host computer: This is a computer thats used to transfer data to, or receive data from, a PLC in a PLC/computer network.Intelligent device: This term describes any device equipped with its own CPU.I/O: This stands for inputs and outputs, which are modules that handle data to the PLC (inputs) or signals from the PLC (outputs) to an external device.Kbps: This stands for thousand bits per second, which is a rate of measure for electronic data transfer.Mbps: This stands for million bits per second.Node: This term is applied to any one of the positions or stations in a network. Each node incorporates a device that can communicate with all other devices on the network.Protocol: The definition of how data is arranged and coded for transmission on a network.Ring topology. This is a LAN arrangement, as shown in Fig. 2C, in which each node is connected to two other nodes, resulting in a continuous, closed, circular path or loop for messages to circulate, usually in one direction. Some ring topologies have a special loop back feature that allows them to continue functioning even if the main cable is severed.RS232. This is an IEEE standard for serial communications that describes specific wiring connections, voltage levels, and other operating parameters for electronic data communications. There also are several other RS standards defined.Serial: This is an electronic data transfer scheme in which information is transmitted one bit at a time.Serial port: This the communications access point on a device that is set up for serial communications.Star topology. This is a LAN arrangement in which, as shown in Fig. 2B, nodes are connected to one another through a central hub, which can be active or passive. An active hub performs network duties such as message routing and maintenance. A passive central hub simply passes the message along to all the nodes connected to it.Topology: This relates to a specific arrangement of nodes in a LAN in relation to one another.Transparent: This term describes automatic events or processes built into a system that require no special programming or prompting from an operator.Now that were familiar with these terms, lets see how they are used in describing the available PLC network options.PLC network optionsPLC networks provide you with a variety of networking options to meet specific control and communications requirements. Typical options include remote I/O, peer-to-peer, and host computer communications, as well as LANs. These networks can provide reliable and cost-effective communications between as few as two or as many as several hundred PLCs, computers, and other intelligent devices.Many PLC vendors offer proprietary networking systems that are unique and will not communicate with another make of PLC. This is because of the different communications protocols, command sequences, error-checking schemes, and communications media used by each manufacturer.However, it is possible to make different PLCs talk to one another; whats required is an ASCII interface for the connection(s), along with considerable work with software.Remote I/0 systemsA remote I/O configuration, as shown in Fig. 4A, has the actual inputs and outputs at some distance from the controller and CPU. This type of system, which can be described as a master-and-slave configuration, allows many distant digital and analog points to be controlled by a single PLC. Typically, remote I/Os are connected to the CPU via twisted pair or fiber optic cables.Remote I/O configurations can be extremely cost-effective control solutions where only a few I/O points are needed in widely separated areas. In this situation, its not always necessary, or practical for that matter, to have a controller at each site. Nor is it practical to individually hard wire each I/O point over long distances back to the CPU. For example, remote I/O systems can be used in acquiring data from remote plant or facility locations. Information such as cycle times, counts, duration or events, etc. then can be sent back to the PLC for maintenance and management reporting.In a remote I/O configuration, the master controller polls the slaved I/O for its current I/O status. The remote I/O system responds, and the master PLC then signals the remote I/O to change the state of outputs as dictated by the control program in the PLCs memory. This entire cycle occurs hundreds of times per second.Peer-to-peer networksPeer-to-peer networks, as shown in Fig. 4B, enhance reliability by decentralizing the control functions without sacrificing coordinated control. In this type of network, numerous PLCs are connected to one another in a daisy-chain fashion, and a common memory table is duplicated in the memory of each. In this way, when any PLC writes data to this memory area, the information is automatically transferred to all other PLCs in the network. They then can use this information in their own operating programs.With peer-to-peer networks, each PLC in the network is responsible for its own control site and only needs to be programmed for its own area of responsibility. This aspect of the network significantly reduces programming and debugging complexity; because all communications occur transparently to the user, communications programming is reduced to simple read-and-write statements.In a peer-to-peer system, theres no master PLC. However, its possible to designate one of the PLCs as a master for use as a type of group controller. This PLC then can be used to accept input information from an operator input terminal, for example, sending all the necessary parameters to other PLCs and coordinating the sequencing of various events.Host computer linksPLCs also can be connected with computers or other intelligent devices. In fact, most PLCs, from the small to the very large, can be directly connected to a computer or part of a multi drop host computer network via RS232C or RS422 ports. This combination of computer and controller maximizes the capabilities of the PLC, for control and data acquisition, as well as the computer, for data processing, documentation, and operator interface.In a PLC/computer network, as shown in Fig. 4C, all communications are initiated by the host computer, which is connected to all the PLCs in a daisy-chain fashion. This computer individually addresses each of its networked PLCs and asks for specific information. The addressed PLC then sends this information to the computer for storage and further analysis. This cycle occurs hundreds of times per second.Host computers also can aid in programming PLCs; powerful programming and documentation software is available for program development. Programs then can be written on the computer in relay ladder logic and downloaded into the PLC. In this way, you can create, modify, debug, and monitor PLC programs via a computer terminal.In addition to host computers, PLCs often must interface with other devices, such as operator interface terminals for large security and building management systems. Although many intelligent devices can communicate directly with PLCs via conventional RS232C ports and serial ASCII code, some dont have the software ability to interface with individual PLC models. Instead, they typically send and receive data in fixed formats. Its the PLC programmers responsibility to provide the necessary software interface.The easiest way to provide such an interface to fixed-format intelligent devices is to use an ASCII/BASIC module on the PLC. This module is essentially a small computer that plugs into the bus of the PLC. Equipped with RS232 ports and programmed in BASIC, the module easily can handle ASCII communications with peripheral devices, data acquisition functions, programming sequences, number crunching, report and display generation, and other requirements.Access, protocol, and modulation functions of LANsBy using standard interfaces and protocols, LANs allow a mix of devices (PLCs, PCs, mainframe computers, operator interface terminals, etc.) from many different vendors to communicate with others on the network.Access: A LANs access method prevents the occurrence of more than one message on the network at a time. There are two common access methods.Collision detection is where the nodes listen to the network and transmit only if there are no other messages on the network. If two nodes transmit simultaneously, the collision is detected and both nodes retransmit until their messages get through properly.Token passing allows each node to transmit only if its in possession of a special electronic message called a token. The token is passed from node to node, allowing each an opportunity to transmit without interference. Tokens usually have a time limit to prevent a single node from tying up the token for a long period of time.Protocol: Network protocols define the way messages are arranged and coded for transmission on the LAN. The following are two common types.Proprietary protocols are unique message arrangements and coding developed by a specific vendor for use with that vendors product only.Open protocols are based on industry standards such as TCP/IP or ISO/OSI models and are openly published.Modulation: Network modulation refers to the way messages are encoded for transmission over a cable. The two most common types are broadband and baseband.Network transmission interfacesThe vast majority of PLC communications is done via RS232C and twisted pair cables. Most PLCs have an RS232 port and are capable of handling communications with host computers, printers, terminals, and other devices. Maximum transmission speed is 19.2 Kbps.The distance and data transmission rates are standards for the various interfaces. Their actual performance is a function of the driving devices and varies significantly between manufacturers. As such, you should consult the manufacturers specifications for actual distance and data transmission rate capabilities.The only real limitation on RS232C is the 50-ft recommended distance between devices. While RS232C installations often can achieve cabling distances greater than this, the unbalanced design of the interface results in a greater susceptibility to surrounding electrical noise and reduced data integrity. This is particularly true where electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio-frequency interference (RFI) are known to exist.When longer transmission distances are needed, RS422 is a better choice. Unlike the RS232C interface, RS422 is balanced. Each of its primary signals consists of two wires that are always at opposite logic levels, with respect to signal ground. As a result, the interface can achieve longer transmission distance (4000 ft) and higher data transmission rates (up to 90 Kbps). In shorter runs (less than 50 ft), data transfer can reach 10 Mbps.Fiber optic communications are gaining greater acceptance and are being used in more and more installations. Fiber optic cable is virtually impervious to harsh environmental conditions and electrical noise. Also, these links can span extremely long distances and transmit data at very high speeds. For example, in some LAN systems, these links can transmit at relatively high speeds and span long distances before requiring a repeater. When repeaters are used, virtually unlimited distances can be achieved.中文翻译可编程控制器技术随着时代的发展,当今的技术也日趋完善、竞争愈演愈烈;单靠人工的操作已不能满足于目前的制造业前景,也无法保证更高质量的要求和高新技术企业的形象. 人们在生产实践中看到,自动化给人们带来了极大的便利和产品质量上的保证,同时也减轻了人员的劳动强度,减少了人员上的编制.在许多复杂的生产过程中难以实现的目标控制、整体优化、最佳决策等,熟练的操作工、技术人员或专家、管理者却能够容易判断和操作,可以获得满意的效果.人工智能的研究目标正是利用计算机来实现、模拟这些智能行为,通过人脑与计算机协调工作,以人机结合的模式,为解决十分复杂的问题寻找最佳的途径我们在各种场合看到了继电器连接的控制,那已经是时代的过去,如今的继电器只能作为低端的基层控制模块或者简单的设备中使用到;而PLC的出现也成为了划时代的主题,通过极其稳定的硬件穿插灵活的软件控制,使得自动化走向了新的高潮。PLC的最大特点在于:电气工程师已不再电气的硬件上花费太多的心计,只要将按钮开关或感应器的输入点连接到PLC的输入点上就能解决问题,通过输出点连接接触器或继电器来控制大功率的启动设备,而小功率的输出设备直接连接就可以。PLC的内部包含了具有中央处理器的CPU,并带有外部I/O口扩展的I/O接口地址和存储器三大块组成,CPU的核心是由一个或者多个累加器组成,它们具有逻辑的数学运算能力,并能读取程序存储器的内容通过计算后去驱动相应的存储器和I/O接口;I/O口将内部累加器和外部的输入和输出系统连接起来,并将相关的数据存入程序存储器或者数据存储器中;存储器可以将I/O口输入的数据存入存储器中,并在工作时调转到累加器和I/O接口上,存储器分程序存储器ROM和数据存储器RAM,ROM可以将数据永久的存入存储器中,而RAM只能作为CPU计算时临时计算使用的缓冲空间。PLC的抗干扰是极其优秀的,我们根本不用去关心它的使用寿命和工作场合的恶劣,这些所有的问题已不再成为我们失败的主题,而留给我们的是关心如何来利用PLC的内部资源为我们加强设备的控制能力,使我们的设备更加的柔性。PLC的语言并不是我们所想象的汇编语言或C语言来进行编程,而是采用原有的继电器控制的梯形图,使得电气工程师在编写程序时很容易就理解了PLC的语言,而且很多的非电气专业人士也对PLC很快认识并深入。以上仅仅是PLC的优点之一,这也是人们比较容易理解的一部分,在很多的设备中,人们已不再希望看到太多的控制按钮,它们不但容易损坏而且极易产生人为的失误,小的并不是主要的失误也许你还能够接受;但过大的甚至是致命的失误是我们无法容忍的。新的技术总是为了给我们带来更安全和便捷的操作,使得我们面临的一大堆问题一扫而光,你有了解过HMI吗?这里说HMI你根本不清楚它是什么,也没有兴趣了解,换一个中文把它说明为触摸屏或者人机界面你就知道了,它和PLC的结合给了我们更大的空间。HMI控制不仅仅是减少了控制按钮,增加控制的灵活性,更主要的它是可顺序性的,而且在能够改变数据输入和数据输出反馈,在温度控制曲线的模拟也能直观的显示出来。并且能够通过编写功能帮助程序来提供各种力所能及的帮助,使得操作者减少不必要的失误。HMI的厂商目前也越来越多,功能也越来越强,价格也越来越低,使用的面越来越广。HMI的前景可以说十分的看好。在很多场合,单靠单机的控制是无法保证设备的顺畅运行,而通过设备与设备的信息交流达到我们想要的效果。比如在前包装和后工序的检测,我们就要将包装的信息反馈到检测处,而检测处的信息也要反馈到包装来。这样通过信息共享来使得两者之间链接起来,形成一个共体,从而使的两者间的配合更加的紧密,在彼此间达到映影相挥的效果。PLC的通信已经愈来愈体现它的价值,在PLC与PLC之间的通信,能够通过信息的沟通和数据的共享来保证设备之间的相互协调,已达到互补的效果。PLC之间的数据转换采用RS232接口来传送数据,而RS232接口只能保证10米的传输距离,如果在1000米的距离内我们可以通过RS485来进行通信,更长的距离只能通过MODEL来进行传输。PLC的数据传送只是将内部的数据传送到对方的一块连续的地址中,我们把它称为一个表,对方的PLC通过读取表中的数据来进行操作。如果表中的数据是一个一般设置的数据的话,那只是一般的数据传送,比如今天的油价上升了,我要把油价的价格传送到所有的输油机上,那就是数据的共享;而当表中的数据是一段控制PLC的指令程序,那就很有难度了,比如你要控制一台机器人来按你想象的动作工作,你会给它编制一段程序并以数据的形式发送过去。信息输送的形式有单工位、半双工位和全双工位的分别。单工位的意义也就是说两者之间,一个只能发送,而一个只能接收,比如一个特务他只能接收上司的指示,而无法给上司回复;半双工位也就是两个能都能发送和接受数据,但不能同时发送和接受,比如你打电话时是不能接电话,对方也一样;而全双工位是两者之间都能发送和接受数据,并可同时发送和接受。像互联网就是典型的例子。信息输送的过程也有同步和异步之分:同步的意义在于发送数据时数据线和时钟线是同步的,也就是数据信号和时钟信号同时由CPU进行发送,这需要彼此都要专门的时钟信号来进行传送和接送,并且是强制性的,这种方法的特点在于它的速度极快、但相应占用CPU的工作时间也相对的要长、同时技术难度也非常的大。它的要求在于在一帧的数据传送中不能有一位的误差,不然的话整个数据将发生错误,这在硬件上是一个比较大的难度。在一些专用的设备中应用的越来越广泛,像专用的医疗设备、数字信号设备等,在比较单一数据的传输中,它的效果非常的好。而异步是应用范围最广泛的,这得益于它的技术难度相对要小、同时不需要配制专门的时钟信号、它的特点在于,它的数据是间隔性的,离散性的发送和接受,当CPU太忙的时候可以停顿性去工作,在硬件上也减少了难度,同时数据的丢失相对要少,我们可以通过数据的检测来观察我们发送的数据是否有错误,像奇偶法、累加法和八位效验法等,都可以用来帮助我们检测发送的数据是否有错误发生,通过反馈来进行辨别。信息的传送口线有串口和并口之分:通常的PLC是8位机,当然也有16位机。我们在发送数据的时候可以是一位一位的发送给对方,也可以8位8位的将数据发送到对方,一位和8位区别也就是我们所说的串口发送数据和并口发送数据。串口速度比较慢,但只要两条或者三条口线就能解决问题,并能借用电话线来进行远程控制。而并口的传送速度是极快的,它是串口的256倍,在短距离占有优势,由于是TTL电平,一般限于1米的范围,它并不适用于长距离的数据传送,这样成本太昂贵了。很多的情况下我们总喜欢采用串并转换芯片来进行传输,这种情况下不需要我们进行过于复杂的寄存器设置了,而直接通过数据传送指令进行数据交流,但在通信中并不是一个十分可行的办法,因为在发送数据的时候对方的PLC必须一直等待你的数据输出,它不能去做其他的工作。当你在看书的时候,你听到有人敲门、你停下手上的事情、去打开门、并同敲门者对话、这个时候电话响了、你示意接个电话、在接完电话后、回过头来同敲门者继续对话、对话完毕后、你再继续看你的书,这种情况我们把它称为中断,它具有权威性,也具有优先性,PLC具备了这样的功能。它的特点在于我们在设备的操作过程中可能会遇到紧急的突发事件,我们要立刻的停下手上的工作,去处理更重要的事情,这种情况是我们经常所遇到的,PLC在去执行紧急的任务时,总会先保存目前的状态,比如程序的地址,CPU的累加器数据等,就像我们去开门时要记下我们看的书在第几页了或者干脆作个记号,因为我们待会还要继续接着看后面的书。CPU总是按照我们的意愿去做应该做的事情,但你错误的给它一件事情,它也会同样的去做,这一点我们必须注意。中断并不是只有一个,有时会同时存在几个中断,中断具有优先的级别,他们会根据人的要求去执行更高级别的中断。这种中断中的中断也就形成了中断嵌套。当然中断的级别根据各种PLC内部CPU的资源有关,同时也跟堆栈的容量大小也有关系。中断的内容有很多种,比如外部中断、通信中的发送和接受中断、定时和计数的时钟中断、还有WDT复位中断等,它们丰富了CPU在处理各种事务时响应种类。这样讲也许你并不能完全理解中断的内部结构和操作顺序,我们做一个小小的例子来说明.每一个设备总是不会忘记有一个按钮,它也是在我们遇到紧急情况时使用的,那就是急停按钮。当我们遇到人身事故和意外情况时我们只要按下它,机器立即停止所有的操作,并等待处理完意外后再恢复操作。急停按钮连接PLC内部CPU的内部I/O接口上,当按钮给CPU一个外部触发信号时,CPU对I/O进行再次检测,当确认有外部触发信号时,CPU保护现场并将程序计数器自动转到相应的外部I/O中断程序中去,当外部中断程序处理完毕,程序计数器返回到主程序继续工作。有一点可以说明的是我们一般会把急停按钮的外部中断升至最高级别,从而保证安全。当我们在工作完一个工件时,给PLC一个信号,将PLC的内部计数器加1来计算我们一天的工作量时,一个简单的计数器能解决问题,当然它们也能够在掉电的情况下保持数据,促使数据不丢失,这也是我们所渴望的。PLC还具有高级计数器的功能,当我们在接受一些高速的数据时,这里所说的高速是在在微秒级的数据,比如条码扫描机在不断的扫描数据,数据处理器DSP计算的高速信号等,我们就要采用到高级计数器来帮助我们进行计数。它在PLC执行程序时一旦发现高级计数器对应的中断,就会立即放下手上的工作。经过再次编程的梯形图程序说明我们在执行程序时高级计数器会自动的执行对应的工作,从而将高级计数器的级别升至高一级别。你也许听过太多的这个词:“死机”,大致的意思是CPU工作量过大,内部资源不足等情况造成程序无法运行。PLC也有类似的情况,在PLC内部有一个看门狗WDT,我们可以设置WDT一个程序运行的时间,当程
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本文标题:PLC在混凝土搅拌站中的应用【2张CAD图纸+毕业论文】
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